USA > Arkansas > A pictorial history of Arkansas, from earliest times to the year 1890. A full and complete account, embracing the Indian tribes occupying the country; the early French and Spanish explorers and governors; the colonial period; the Louisiana purchase; the periods of the territory, the state, the civil war, and the subsequent period. Also, an extended history of each county in the order of formation, and of the principal cities and towns; together with biographical notices of distinguished and prominent citizens > Part 25
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The Governor replied that he would not permit the garrison to be farther re-inforced, nor the arms therein to be destroyed, but was not willing as yet to take possession of the place. Soon after this rumors were set afloat, and generally accred- ited, that other troops were on their way to re-inforce the gar- rison. Citizens in numbers, singly and in squads, began to assemble at the capital, and urged in the papers, in mass meetings and in speeches, that the Arsenal should be taken possession of to prevent farther collection of troops there. In view of this state of public disquiet, Governor Rector ad- dressed a communication to Capt. Totten, of date January 28th, 1861, informing him that the Executive would sanction no attempt to take possession of the Arsenal as long as the State of Arkansas was a member of the Federal Union, un- less it was because of attempts either to destroy the State's
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THE YEAR 1861.
arms therein, or to re-inforce the troops stationed there, and stating, that if assurance could be given, that neither of these would be attempted, it would greatly tend to quiet the public mind and prevent collision between the citizens and the troops.
Captain Totten made a courteous reply, stating his desire to do all that his official position would permit, to prevent any collision and bloodshed, and that he did not believe the garrison was to be re-inforced, but could not officially say what would be the future action of his government in the premises.
By the 6th of February matters had grown so alarming, that Governor Rector felt constrained to again address Capt. Totten, and this time to demand possession of the Arsenal with its munitions, to be held until the 4th of March. To this Captain Totten replied that, believing that the presence of a large armed force in the city would likely occasion a conflict, he would deliver the post to the Governor, on condition that the troops should be allowed to depart, taking with them their public and private property, and marching away from the place with all the honor due them as Federal officers and sol- diers, "who do not surrender their trust, but simply evacuate a post for want of instructions from their superior officers, and to prevent the bringing on of civil war among their country- men." These conditions being agreed to, the troops de- parted February 8th, 1861, and the Arsenal was at once taken possession of by the State authorities, and garrisoned with a company called the "Phillips Guards," of Helena, under Captain Otey. In recognition of the forbearance of Captain Totten and his manly course in the affair, citizens of Little Rock made a present to him of a handsome sword before his departure from the city. One of the companies which came to Little Rock on this occasion was commanded by Captain, afterwards General, Patrick R. Cleburne.
Having learned that the United States Government had or- dered 1,000 men to re-inforce Fort Smith, Governor Rector en-
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
trusted an adequate force to Col. Sol. Borland, with instruc- tions to occupy that post immediately, in the name of the State of Arkansas. This was done, and General N. B. Burrow put in command.
In all the other Southern States in which forts and ar- senals were situated, similar movements were made for their possession. The chief of these, and the one out of which the first collision grew, was the case of Fort Sumter, situated in Charleston Harbor. The State of South Carolina demanded possession of this fort, which was garrisoned by Major Robert Anderson, of the United States Army, with about 80 men. A fleet of seven ships, with 285 guns and 2,400 men, under sealed orders, was fitted out and put to sea early in April, from the port of New York and the Norfolk Navy Yard, it having been declared the purpose of the Government to hold Fort Sumter. The Confederate authorities declared that the sailing of the fleet was a declaration of war.
When it was known that this fleet was nearing Fort Sum- ter, Gen. Beauregard, by command of the Secretay of War of the Confederate Government, demanded its surrender. This being refused, its bombardment was commenced. After 32 hours' continuous fire, Major Anderson capitulated and withdrew, leaving the fort in the hands of the Confederacy.
President Lincoln immediately issued a call for 75,000 men to put down the rebellion, and called on the unseceded Southern States for their quota ..
Notwithstanding many discouragements, the Union senti- ment had, up to this time, been strong in Arkansas. A large portion of the people, probably not an absolute majority, but a strong, and nearly equal minority, held to the view that some settlement might be found for the troubles which were upon us. They were satisfied with the Union under the Con- stitution, and wanted no other. The papers were filled with letters and articles affirming the right of secession as an ab- stract right, and numberless speakers were advocating, not
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THE YEAR 1861.
only the right, but the expediency and advisability of it, but still the people were slow to adopt this idea wholly, until an entire change came about, through the President's call for troops.
We have seen that the Legislature of 1860 to 1861 passed an Act, January 15th, 1861, requiring the Governor to issue his proclamation for an election, to be held February 18th; 1861, to determine the question of whether a convention should be held to take into consideration the state of public affairs, and to determine what course the State of Arkansas should pursue in the exigency of the times. On the next day after the passage of the Act, Governor Rector issued his pro- clamation for the election, as directed. The election was held at the appointed time, and resulted in a majority of 11,586 for convention. Accordingly the Governor issued his second proclamation convening the Body to be in session March 4th, I86I.
The Delegates assembled at the capital on Monday, March 4th, and the convention organized by the election of Judge David Walker, of Fayetteville, President, and E. C. Boudi- not, of Fort Smith, Secretary.
The following is a list of the Delegates composing the convention, sent from the following counties :
Arkansas, James L. Totten.
Ashley, . Marcus L. Hawkins.
W. F. Slemons. Benton, S A. W. Dinsmore.
H. Jackson. Bradley, Josiah Gould.
Carroll, W. W. Watkins.
B. H. Hobbs. Clark, . Harris Flanagin. Calhoun, Philip H. Echols.
Columbia,
( George P. Smoote.
Hot Springs, Joseph Jester.
M. Shelby Kennard.
Conway,
S. J. Stallings.
Independence,. Urban E. Fort. Chicot, . . Isaac Hilliard.
Frank W. Desha. Izard, Alexander Adams. Craighead, not represented.
Jackson, J. H. Patterson. Crittenden, . Thomas H. Bradley.
Crawford, § Hugh F. Thomason.
Jesse Turner.
Dallas, Robert T. Fuller.
Desha, . Jilson P. Johnson.
Drew, J. A. Rhoades.
Franklin, . W. W. Mansfield.
Fulton, . S. W. Cochran.
Greene,
J. W. Bush.
Hempstead, Alfred H. Carrigan.
Rufus K. Garland.
Isaiah C. Wallace.
James Yell.
Jefferson, .. William Porter Grace.
23
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
Johnson. S Felix I. Batson.
W. W. Floyd.
Lafayette, . Wiley P. Cryer.
Lawrence, Milton D. Baber.
Samuel Robinson.
Marion, Thomas F. Austin.
Madison, Isaac Murphy.
H. H. Bolinger.
Monroe, .
. Wm. M. Mayo.
Montgomery, . Alexander M. Clingman. Mississippi, . Felix R. Lanier.
Newton, . Isaiah Dodson.
Ouachita, A. W. Hobson.
Pike, Samuel Kelly.
Polk,
Archibald Ray.
Perry, L. D. Hill.
Pope, William Stout.
Poinsett, . H. W. Williams.
Pulaski, Augustus H. Garland.
Joseph Stillwell.
Phillips,
Thomas B. Hanly.
Charles W. Adams.
Prairie, .Benjamin C. Totten.
Randolph, ... .. James W. Crenshaw.
Saline,
Jabez M. Smith.
Sebastian, § William M. Fishback.
Samuel L. Griffith.
Scott, E. T. Walker.
Benjamin S. Hawkins. Sevier, James S. Dollarhide.
St. Francis, J. W. Shelton.
G. W. Laughinghouse.
Searcy, . John Campbell.
H. Bussey.
Union,
William V. Tatum.
Van Buren, .... James Henry Patterson. L David Walker.
James H. Stirman. Washington,
John P. A. Parks.
T. M. Gunter.
White,
Jesse N. Cypert.
Yell,
W. H. Spivey.
It was a notable assembly of Delegates. Arkansas had sent her best men to deliberate for her in the terrible crisis which was upon her. On the second day of the session, a motion that a Committee of Thirteen be appointed to draft an ordi- nance of secession was presented, but after a prolonged dis- cussion was withdrawn before a vote was had. It was re- newed several times during the session, but was each time re- jected, either by direct vote or by parliamentary procedure. The important steps taken by the convention, were a measure introduced by Judge Felix I. Batson, amended by Benjamin C. Totten, of Prairie county, submitting to a vote of the peo- ple the question whether they would co-operate with the Ad- ministration or would secede from the Union, the form of vote to be "for co-operation" or "for secession ;"' and one electing Albert Rust,.Samuel H. Hempstead, T. H. Bradley, E. A. Warren and J. P. Spring, Delegates to attend the Border State Convention, proposed by the States of Missouri and Virginia, to be held at Frankfort, Kentucky, on the 27th of May; one tendering a vote of thanks to Hons. John J. Crittenden, Stephen A. Douglas and Albert Rust, for their
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THE YEAR 1861.
efforts to procure a peaceable settlement of existing difficulties, and adjourning March 2Ist, to meet again August 19th, but with power in the President of the convention to call the Body together again at an earlier date, if any exigency should, in his opinion, require it.
This was as far as the conservative sentiment of the mem- bers would allow the convention to go at that time. The general result was not pleasing to the Secessionists, who com -. plained of the form in which the vote on "co-operation" or "secession" was to be taken, as "gulling the people with honied words." The temper of the convention may be gath- ered from the following Resolution, presented by Mr. Rufus K. Garland, of Hempstead county :
"Resolved, as the sense of this convention, that the peo- ple of Arkansas prefer a perpetuity of this Federal Union to its dismemberment or disruption, provided it can be perpetu- ated upon a basis recognizing and guaranteeing equal rights and privileges to every State in the Union, South as well as North."
This Resolution was placed on the calendar, but did not reach a vote. Similar Resolutions were also presented by other members. The strength of the Union sentiment in the convention was farther testified to in the following sarcastic Resolutions, presented by Mr. Echols, of Calhoun county :
"Whereas, the remarkably strong Union sentiment which prevails in this convention leaves no hope for the secession of the State of Arkansas from the Federal Union and, whereas, the predominating sentiment of this convention seems to be, submission to the administration of Lincoln, therefore, be it resolved, that this convention ad- journ sine die, that the people be requested to take their des- tiny into their own hands, and determine to live like men or die as soldiers."
On a vote, the Resolutions were rejected.
After the convention had adjourned, the friends of the Union were pleased that that Body had not precipitated them
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
into a Revolution, and that there yet was hope that a peace- able solution might ensue. All possibility of such a conclu- sion was destroyed by the proclamation of President Lincoln, calling for 75,000 men to put down the rebellion. When this was done, all hope of Arkansas remaining longer in the Union was destroyed. There was practically no Union sen- timent afterwards. The moment it was determined by the Administration to make war upon the South, the people of Arkansas declared that they would not stand idly by and see it done, and certainly would not aid in it. Mr. Cameron, Secretary of War, sent to Governor Rector a demand on the State to furnish 780 men to assist in subjugating the South. To this demand, Governor Rector returned the following in- dignant reply, of date April 22d, 1861 :
"HON. SIMON CAMERON, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C .:
Sir :- In answer to your demand for troops from Arkansas, to subjugate the Southern States, I have to say that none will be furnished. The demand is only adding insult to injury. The people of this commonwealth are free men, not slaves, and will defend to the last extremity their honor, lives and property against Northern mendacity and usurpation.
HENRY M. RECTOR, Governor of Arkansas."
Judge Walker, the President of the convention, in pur- suance of the authority vested in him by the ordinance, issued his proclamation, April 20th, convening the Body to be in session May 6th, 1861. The Convention met on that day as required. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon the Committee on Ordinances and Resolutions, by Col. W. Porter Grace, of Jefferson county, Chairman, presented an ordinance dissolv- ing the union existing between the State of Arkansas and those united with her under the compact, entitled "The Con- stitution of the United States of America."
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THE YEAR 1861.
Upon its being presented, Mr. Yell, of Jefferson, moved that the ordinance be adopted, Mr. Dinsmore, of Benton, moved an amendment that it be submitted to a vote of the people in an election to be held on the first Monday in June.
On motion of Mr. Patterson, of Jackson, the amendment was laid on the table. Action was then had on the adoption of the ordinance. Upon a call of the roll the vote stood sixty- five in the affirmative, and five in the negative. Before the vote was announced, four of those voting in the negative changed their votes from negative to affirmative, leaving the vote as announced, sixty-nine in the affirmative, and one in the negative. The one in the negative was Isaac Murphy, Delegate from Madison County. The vote was concluded at ten minutes past 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and the announce- ment of the result was followed by a scene of intense excite- ment ; the assembly, lobby and galleries breaking forth in the wildest cheering, that fairly shook the building. Just back of the building, overlooking the river, the Pulaski Artillery, under command of Capt. William E. Woodruff, had been stationed, anticipating the result, and when the vote was de- clared, the guns bellowed forth in a salute that added to the intensity of the occasion.
The taking of the vote had been a solemn and impressive occasion. An eye-witness thus described it :
"Every member seemed impressed with the vote he was giving. The hall of the House of Representatives was crowded almost to suffocation. The lobby, the gallery and the floors of the Chamber were full, and the vast crowd seemed excited to the very highest pitch. A profound stillness pre- vailed all the time, as vote after vote was taken and recorded, except occasionally, when some well-known Union man would rise and preface his vote with expressions of patriotic Southern sentiments, the crowd would give token of its approba- tion, but the adoption of the ordinance of secession was the sig- nal of one general acclamation, which shook the building to its
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
very foundation. Doubtless each member realized when he" gave his vote that it meant a conflict, but what else could be done? Since the North had already begun the attempted subjugation of the South, it was war if we remained in the Union and war if we went out. It was war waged by us and through us, if we stayed in, and war waged on us and against us, if we went out. But every principle of honor and right dictated that we should rather be made war upon, than that we should, either actively or passively, suffer our- selves to aid in making war .upon the other Southern States."
Among the acts of this Convention was one repealing the former action, in submitting to a vote of the people the ques- tion of "co-operation" or "secession," thus withdrawing it from a public vote. There was now no necessity or even propri- ety for it, since they had themselves adopted the Act of Seces- sion, one of the subjects to be voted on.
Thus it will be seen that the Act of Secession was no hasty conclusion, impelled by the excitement of the moment, but was a step taken in the deliberate judgment, that a recogni- tion of the sacred ties of kinship and affinity demanded it. She had been slow to part from the old Union, but when the issue was forced upon her, that she must either make war against the South by remaining in it, or with the South, by going out, she promptly withdrew, and cast her fortunes with her Southern sisters, with all the strength of men and mate- rial that her resources could command.
What was eloquently said by Senator John W. Daniel, of Virginia, with relation to Virginia, under similar circum- stances, may well be applied to Arkansas also, in her present action. In an exquisite address delivered by him at the University of Virginia, in 1866, he said :
"When at the beginning of the late struggle there seemed a possibility of staying the hand of violence, she remembered the Divine precept, "Blessed are the peace makers" and sent her counselors to restrain it. . But when she saw the black
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THE YEAR 1 861.
Northern storm sweeping Southward she bent before its fury in no craven spirit. She sent word to her sisters, 'Virginia will be with you.' Then taking down her ancient shield and spear from her capital walls, she moved grandly to the head of the battle line, with all the enthusiasm of the novice, and all the intrepidity of the veteran. As her bugle blast resounded through her borders, there came pouring forth from her lowly hamlets and her stately cities, from her mountain fastnesses . and her secluded valleys, a shining host of warriors, as brave and true as ever clustered under a conqueror's banner."
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1
1
CHAPTER XVII.
1861.
PREPARATIONS FOR WAR .- ORGANIZATION OF TROOPS.
As a part of its labors, the convention adopted a Constitu- tion for the State, known as the Constitution of 1861, and under this Constitution Arkansas was admitted a member of the Southern Confederacy, May 20th, 1861. Robert W. Johnson, A. H. Garland, Hugh F. Thomason, Albert Rust and W. W. Watkins were chosen delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States, then in session at Mont- gomery, Alabama. Albert Pike was appointed Commis- sioner to the Choctaw and Cherokee Indians, to secure, if possible, their co-operation with the State in the impending struggle.
A Military Board was created, composed of the Governor, Henry M. Rector, Benjamin C. Totten, of Prairie county, and Christopher C. Danley, of Little Rock, to arm and equip troops. Samuel W. Williams, of Little Rock, succeeded Captain Danley as a member of this Board, and upon Colonel Williams going into the service, L. D. Hill, of Perry county, succeeded him.
All was now the utmost excitement. Companies, regi- ments, batteries of artillery and other commands were rapidly formed all over the State, and arming themselves as best they could, hurried to the front, to take part in active operations. The Military Board issued a proclamation that sounded like a trumpet call, headed : "To arms !" to arms !"
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THE YEAR 1861.
calling for 10,000 volunteers, in addition to those already in the field, and these regiments, with many others, were speed- ily raised and took part in the struggle. In short, it may be said that out of a voting population of 61, 198 in 1860, fully five-sixths of the number, or 50,000 men, entered the Con- federate service during the progress of the conflict.
Before the call made by the Military Board, President Davis had authorized T. C. Hindman, James B. Johnson and Thompson B. Flournoy to raise regiments in the State: The following is a list of the
REGIMENTS RAISED IN ARKANSAS.
First Arkansas Infantry, Confederate, Col. James F. Fa- gan; First Arkansas Infantry, State, afterwards Fifteenth Arkansas, Confederate, Col. Patrick R. Cleburne; First Ar- kansas Mounted Rifles, Col. T. J. Churchill; Second Arkan- sas Infantry, Confederate, Col. T. C. Hindman ; Second Ar- kansas Riflemen, Col. James McIntosh; Second Arkansas Cavalry, Col. W. F. Slemons ; Second Arkansas Battalion, called Jones' Battalion, Lieut .- Col. Batt Jones ; Third Ar- kansas Infantry, Confederate, Col. Albert Rust; Third Con- federate Infantry, Col. John S. Marmaduke; Third Arkan- sas Infantry, State, Col. John R. Gratiot; Third Arkansas Cavalry, State, Col. DeRosey Carroll; Third Arkansas Cav- alry, Confederate, Col. Solon Borland; Fourth Arkansas In- fantry, State, Col. David Walker ; Fourth Arkansas Infantry, Confederate, Col. Evander McNair; Fourth Arkansas Bat- talion, Col. Francis A. Terry ; Fifth Arkansas, State, Col. Thomas P. Dockery ; Fifth Arkansas Infantry, Confederate, Col. David C. Cross; Fifth Arkansas Battalion, Col. Frank W. Desha; Sixth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Richard Lyons ; Seventh Arkansas Infantry, Col. R. G. Shaver ; Eighth Ar- kansas Infantry, Col. William K. Patterson ; Ninth Arkansas Infantry, Col. John M. Bradley; Tenth Arkansas Infantry,
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
Col. T. D. Merrick ; Eleventh Arkansas Infantry, Col. Jabez M. Smith; Twelfth Arkansas Infantry, Col. E. W. Gantt ; Thirteenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. J. C. Tappan ; Four- teenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Powers ; Fifteenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. James Gee ; Sixteenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. John F. Hill; Seventeenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. G. W. Lemoyne; Seventeenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Frank Rec- tor; Eighteenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. D. W. Carroll; Nineteenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. C. L. Dawson ; Nine- teenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. H. P. Smead; Twentieth Arkansas Infantry, Col. George King; Twenty-First Arkan- sas Infantry, Col. McCarver; Twenty-Second Arkansas In- fantry, Col. John P. King; Twenty-Third Arkansas Infantry, Col. Charles W. Adams ; Twenty-Fourth Arkansas Infantry, Col. E. E. Portlock ; Twenty-Fifth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Charles J. Turnbull; Twenty-Sixth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Asa Morgan; Twenty-Seventh Arkansas Infantry, Col. Shaler ; Twenty-Eighth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Dandridge McRae; Twenty-Ninth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Pleasants ; Thirtieth Arkansas Infantry, Col. A. J. McNeill; Thirty- First Arkansas Infantry, Col. Thomas M. McCrary ; Thirty- Second Arkansas Infantry, Col. C. H. Matlock ; Thirty-Third Arkansas Infantry, Col. H. L. Grinstead; Thirty-Fourth Ar- kansas Infantry, Col. W. H. Brooks ; Thirty-Fifth Arkansas Infantry, Col. A. T. Hawthorne; Thirty-Eighth Arkansas Infantry, Col. R. G. Shaver ; Thirty-Ninth Arkansas Infan- try, Col. R. A. Hart.
The following regiments were called by the names of the Colonels commanding them :
Crandle's Regiment ; Crabtree's Regiment ; Coffee's Reg- iment ; Gordon's Regiment ; Reeves' Regiment.
The following regiments in the Trans-Mississippi Depart- ment, were called by the names of the Colonels commanding them :
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THE YEAR 1861.
Glenn's Regiment, J. E. Glenn, Colonel ; Gause's Regi- ment, Lucien C. Ganse, Colonel; McGee's Regiment, Mc- Gee, Colonel; Freeman's Regiment, Freeman, Colonel ; Adam's Regiment, Charles W. Adams, Colonel; Ruther- ford's Regiment, George Rutherford, Colonel; Coleman's Regiment, Coleman, Colonel; Baber's Regiment, Cavalry, M. D. Baber, Colonel; Monroe's Regiment, called also First Arkansas Cavalry, J. C. Monroe, Colonel; Newton's Regi- ment, called also Fifth Arkansas Cavalry, Robert C. Newton, Colonel; Crawford's Regiment, William A. Crawford, Col- onel; Dobbin's Regiment, Cavalry, Archibald Dobbins, Col- onel ; Wright's Regiment, John C. Wright, Colonel; Car- roll's Regiment, Cavalry, Charles A. Carroll, Colonel ; Thompson's Regiment, Lee L. Thompson, Colonel; Hill's Regiment, John F. Hill, Colonel; Gunter's Regiment, T. M. Gunter, Colonel.
BATTALIONS.
Anderson's Battalion, Major W. L. Anderson ; Rapley's Battalion, Major W. F. Rapley; McCairn's Battalion ; Wheat's Battalion, Major Pat. H. Wheat ; Pfeiffer's Battal- ion, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles W. Pfeiffer ; Trader's Bat- talion, First Battalion Arkansas Mounted Volunteers, W. H. Trader, Colonel; Crawford's Battalion ; Cook's Battalion ; Chrisman's Battalion ; Cheek's Battalion of Sharpshooters ; Witherspoon's Battalion ; Venable's Cavalry ; Scott's Squad- ron, in service in North Arkansas, Captain John R. Homer Scott.
ARTILLERY COMMANDS.
Woodruff's Battery enlisted as State troops, and were mus- tered out at Elm Springs, Washington county. A new Bat- tery was raised by Captain Woodruff in the winter of 1861. This Battery was subsequently formed into a Battalion, Cap- tain Woodruff becoming Major of the Battalion. Clarkson's Battery; Reed's Battery ; C. B. Etter's Battery ; Gaines' Battery; McCairns' Battery, Jacksonport ; Roberts' Battery,
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
Arkadelphia ; West's Battery; Hart's Battery ; Hill's Bat- talion ; Humphreys' Battery, Captain J. T. Humphreys ; 3 Batteries of Artillery, under Major F. A. Shoup, numbering 4 guns to the Battery, 150 men, to-wit: Second Battery, Captain John H. Trigg; Third Battery, Captain George T. Hubbard. The First Battery being that of Captain G. C. Swett, composed of Vicksburg men, but toward the end of the war recruited with some new Arkansas men, and a Bat- tery that did as much service as any in the entire Confederate Army.
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