USA > Arkansas > A pictorial history of Arkansas, from earliest times to the year 1890. A full and complete account, embracing the Indian tribes occupying the country; the early French and Spanish explorers and governors; the colonial period; the Louisiana purchase; the periods of the territory, the state, the civil war, and the subsequent period. Also, an extended history of each county in the order of formation, and of the principal cities and towns; together with biographical notices of distinguished and prominent citizens > Part 39
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"GENERAL :- The General desires that you will take strong position in the gorge of the mountain, and attempt to check pursuit of the enemy. He must be pun- ished until our train and the rear of our troops get well advanced. The reports from the rear are meagre, and the General is not thoroughly advised of the state of things there. Will you be good enough to report fully,
Respectfully, GEORGE W. BRENT, Assistant Adjutant-General.
"MAJOR-GENERAL CLEBURNE.
"Leaving staff officers to conduct troops across the river to the position desig- nated, I went forward myself to examine the ground and form a place for its defense.
"The town of Ringgold, a place of two or three thousand inhabitants, stands on a plain between the East Chickamauga river and the range of hills known as Taylor's Ridge. It is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, about twenty miles southeast of Chattanooga. Taylor's Ridge, which rises immediately back of the town, runs in a northerly and southerly direction. Opposite the town the ridge is intersected by a narrow gap, which admits the railroad, a wagon road, and good size creek, a tributary of the Chickamauga. The creek hugs the southernmost or left-hand hill as you face Ringgold; the wagon and railroad ran close to this creek. At its western mouth next to Ringgold, the gap widens out to a breadth of - hundred yards, leaving room for a patch of level woodland on each side of the roads. The gap is almost half a mile through, but the plain immediately in front of its east or rear mouth is so cut up by the windings of the creek, that three bridges, or three fords, have to be crossed in the first half mile of road leading from the gap to Dalton.
"It will be perceived at once that this was a most dangerous position to be caught in, if the enemy should succeed in turning either flank. The gap and the hills on either hand are thinly wooded, except the base of the right-hand hill, along which, next to the town, a heavy fringe of young timber extended from the gap northward for three or four hundred yards. Behind this fringe of trees I placed two regiments of Smith's Texas Brigade, Colonel H. B. Granberry, Seventh Texas, commanding. The Sixth, Tenth and Fifteenth consolidated, Captain Jno. R. Kennard commanding on the left. The Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Texas dismounted cavalry consolidated, Major W. A. Taylor commanding on the right. The remaining regiment of the brigade, the Second Texas, Captain C. E. Tally commanding, I sent to the top of the right-hand hill, with instructions to keep out of view, but watch well the
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
right flank of its brigade at the foot. On a precipitous hill to the left of the gap and creek I placed the Sixteenth Alabama, Major F. A. Ashford command- ing, of Lowry's Alabama and Mississippi Brigade, with instructions to conceal it- self and guard the left flank. I also sent on the face of the hill, fronting Ring- gold, three companies of the Sixth and Seventh Arkansas, consolidated of Lid- dell's Arkansas Brigade, under charge of Lieutenant Doolin, of General Lid- dell's staff. For the defense of the gap itself I disposed the rest of the Arkansas Brigade, under command of Colonel D. C. Govan; the Fifth and Thirteenth Arkansas consolidated, Colonel John E. Murray commanding, I placed in a small ravine running across the mouth of the gap, from the right-hand hill to the railroad embankment. The Eighth and Nineteenth Arkansas consolidated, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel A. L. Hutchinson, fifty paces in rear and parallel to the former regiment. The Sixth and Seventh Arkansas consolidated, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Snider, and the Second, Fifteenth and Twenty-fourth Arkansas Regiments consolidated, under command of Lieu- tenant-Colonel E. Warfield, at suitable distances in rear, and covered as well as the nature of the ground would permit-thus giving me four short lines across the gap. From these regiments I sent a body of skirmishers to occupy the patch of woods at the mouth of the gap and left of the road, and that portion of the bank of the creek close to the mouth of the gap. In front of the mouth of the gap, supported by Govan's foremost regiment in the ravine, I placed a section of Semple's Battery-two Napoleon guns, commanded by Lieutenant Goldthwaite. I had screens of withered branches built up in front of these, so as to effectually conceal them from view, and made the artillerymen shelter themselves in the ravine close by. The remaining three regiments of Lowrey's Brigade, consisting of the Thirty-second and Forty-eighth Mississippi Regiments, consolidated, under command of Colonel A. B. Hardcastle. The Thirty-third Alabama, under command of Colonel Samuel Adams, and the Forty-fifth Ala- bama, Lieutenant-Colonel H. D. Lampley commanding, I placed in reserve in the centre of the gap. The portion of Polk's Tennessee and Arkansas Brigade with me, consisting of the First Arkansas, Colonel J. W. Colquitt commanding; the Second Tennessee, Colonel W. D. Robinson commanding, and the Third and Fifth Confederate Regiments, consolidated under Lieutenant-Colonel J. E. Cole, I ordered to take position temporarily near the rear mouth of the gap, with di- rections to observe my right flank, and prevent the enemy from turning me in that quarter.
"I had scarcely half an hour to make these dispositions in, when I was in- formed the enemy's skirmishers were crossing the Chickamauga, driving our cavalry before them. Immediately after the cavalry retreated through the gap at a trot, and the valley in front was clear of our troops, but close in rear of the ridge our immense train was still in full view, struggling through the fords of the creek and the deeply cut-up roads leading to Dalton, and my division, silent, but cool and ready, was the only barrier between it and the flushed and eager advance of the pursuing Federal Army. Shortly after 8 o'clock, A. M., the enemy's skirmishers were in view advancing. They opened fire, and under cover of it his lines of battle were placed, and moved with the utmost decision and celerity against the ridge on the right of the gap. So quick and confident was their attack, the enemy must have been acting on a concerted plan, and must have had guides who knew well the nature of the country. As his first line
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THE YEAR 1863.
moved towards the ridge its right flank became exposed at canister range to my artillery, in the mouth of the gap. Five or six rapid discharges broke the right of this line to pieces, and caused them to run for shelter under the railroad em- bankment. Farther to his left, however, he continued to advance, and made a heavy attack on the right-hand ridge. He continued to advance in the face of a deadly fire from Major Taylor's Regiment, with the determination to turn the right flank of the Texas Brigade. Major Taylor deployed skirmishers up the hill, at right angles to his line of battle, and held him in check while he in- formed Colonel Granberry of the state of affairs.
"Colonel Granberry sent two companies of his left regiment to re-inforce his right. With three companies of his own regiment, Major Taylor charged down the hill upon the force attempting and routed it, capturing between 60 and 100 prisoners, and the colors of the Twenty-ninth Missouri Regiment. In the mean- time, I had ascertained that the enemy was moving another line of battle some distance beyond my then right, with the view of ascending the ridge in that quarter. I immediately notified Brigadier-General Polk, stationed in the rear of the gap, to ascend the ridge and meet the attempt of the enemy. Luckily, General Polk had already heard of this movement from a breathless straggler of our army, who was flying before the enemy, and anticipating my order, led the First Arkansas up the hill and met the enemy's skirmishers within a few yards of the top. With the assistance of the Seventh Texas Regiment, after an obsti- nate fight, the enemy was driven down the hill. By this time large bodies of the enemy had crossed the Chickamauga, and it was evident that the main attack was about to be made upon the right. I ordered General Lowrey to move his command up the hill, assist General Polk in defending that position. Moving rapidly ahead of his command, General Lowrey found the First Arkansas again heavily engaged, but heroically holding its ground against great odds. Assuring the regiment that support was at hand, he brought up the Thirty-second and Forty-fifth Mississippi in double time, and threw them into the fight at the critical moment. The enemy gave way, and went down the ridge in great con- fusion. Lowrey now brought up the two remaining regiments of his brigade, and Polk brought up the two regiments of his command. The enemy, con- stantly re-inforcing, made another powerful effort to crown the ridge still further to the right.
"Taylor's Ridge is the wavy conformation of its north side. The enemy moving up in a long line of battle, suddenly concentrated opposite one of the depressions in the wavy surface, and rushed up it in heavy columns. General Polk, with the assistance of General Lowrey, as quickly concentrated a double line opposite this point, at the same time placing the Second Tennessee in such a position as to command the flanks of any force emerging from it. The attack was again defeated, and the enemy hurled down the hill with the loss of many killed on the spot, several prisoners, and the colors of the Seventy-sixth Ohio Regiment. The colors and most of the prisoners were captured by the First Arkansas. In a fight where all fought nobly, I feel it my duty to particularly compliment this regiment for its courage and constancy in the battle; the officers fought with pistols and with rocks, and so close was the fight, that some of the enemy were knocked down with the latter missiles and captured.
"Apprehending another attack, General Polk rapidly threw up some slight defenses in his front. But I must now return to the extreme left-which the
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
enemy attempted to turn. He sent what appeared to be a brigade of three regiments to the creek upon my left, and crossed over some companies of skirmishers there, and were promptly met and stopped by a detachment from the Sixteenth Alabama posted on the left-hand hill, and the main body was for some time held in check by Doolin's skirmishers on the face of the left-hand hill, and the other skirmishers of Govan's Brigade on the creek bank and in the patch of woods to the left of the railroad. He got possession, however, of some houses and barns opposite this point, from which he annoyed us with a constant and well-directed fire of sharpshooters. At length, collecting in large numbers behind these houses, he made a charge upon Govan's skirmishers on the left of the railroad. Lieutenant Goldthwaite quickly turned round his guns, and swept them at quarter range with a load of canister and a solid shot. They ran back, leaving several dead and a stand of colors on the ground. Lieutenant Gold- thwaite then shelled the houses, and greatly relieved us of the firing from that quarter. The stand of colors lay temptingly within sixty yards of my line, and some of the officers wanted to charge and get it, but as it promised no solid advantage to compensate the loss of brave soldiers, I would not permit it. About 12 o'clock, M., I received a dispatch from Lieutenant-General Hardee, to the effect that the train was now well advanced, and I might safely withdraw. On consultation with Generals Breckenridge and Wheeler, both of whom were present lending me their personal assistance, I determined to withdraw from Taylor's Ridge, and take up a new position on some wooded hills one mile in the rear. About 1 o'clock, P. M., I rebuilt the same screen in front of the artillery which had been partially blown away, and then withdrew both pieces by hand without loss. By the time the enemy had concentrated a large portion of his army at Ringgold, and were doubtless preparing to throw an overwhelming force on my flanks, he opened a rapid artillery fire down the gap and on the crest of the ridge, but showed no disposition to advance in front. I now simultaneously withdrew the brigades, leaving a few skirmishers to hold the front, which they did without difficulty.
Soon after 2 o'clock, P. M., I withdrew my skirmishers-fired the bridges in my rear, and proceeded to form line of battle in my new position. The enemy was visible on the ridge in about half an hour after I had withdrawn my skirmishers. He saw my new dispositions for defense, but showed no further inclination to attack, and ceased from all further pursuit of our army.
"I took into the fight in Polk's Brigade, 545; Lowrey's Brigade, 1,330; Smith's Texas Brigade, 1,266; Liddell's Brigade, 1,016-effective men, making a total of 4,157 bayonets. My loss was, killed and wounded, 190; missing 11. I am confident the enemy's loss was out of all proportion greater than mine. The conduct of officers and men in the fight needs no comment; every man, as far as Iknow, did his whole duty. To Brigadier-Generals Polk and Lowrey, and Colonels Govan and Granberry I must return my thanks-four better officers are not in the service of the Confederacy. Lieutenant Goldthwaite of the artillery proved him- self a brave and skillful officer. The following officers of my staff have my thanks for the efficient manner in which they discharged their respective and dangerous duties : Major Calhoun Benham, Assistant Adjutant-General; Major J. K. Dixon, Assistant Adjutant-General; Captain Irving A. Buck, Assistant Adjutant-General; Captain C. S. Hill, Ordnance Officer; Surgeon D. A. Linthi- cum; Lieutenant L. H. Mangum, and S. P. Hanley, Aides-de-camp; Captain
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THE YEAR 1863.
Charles H. Byron, Volunteer Aide-de-camp, also Messrs. Henry Smitte and Wil- liam Ruckner, of the Signal Corps, who volunteered their services, and whom I found very efficient and useful.
"I forward herewith the reports of the brigade, regimental and battery com- manders. General Liddell was absent on leave, but hearing of the fight re- turned, and rendered me all the assistance in his power. He selected and re- formed the new line after we withdrew from our first position.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
P. R. CLEBURNE, Major-General, P. A. C. S. COLONEL KINLOCK FALCONER, Assistant Adjutant-General.
At the ravine where Govan's Brigade of Arkansians was posted, the fighting was very desperate and bloody. Opposite to their position was a house, called the "Jobe House," which was occupied by some of Hooker's men, who kept up a sharp fire on the Confederates on the ridge and in the pass. In return, those in the pass kept a storm of bullets pouring on the house, which, with a fire from Lieutenant Goldthwaite's guns, drove out the occupants, and relieved the attack in that direction.
Shortly after this battle General Bragg was, at his own re- quest, relieved from command, and General Joseph E. John- ston was placed in charge, December 27th, 1863. Long- street was re-called from Knoxville, where his siege had been ineffectual.
In Arkansas but little was done in a military way, after the capture of Little Rock. The Federal Army soon made preparations for wintering there, and the Confederate Army established their winter camp on the banks of the Ouachita.
The only movement of importance was an attack made October 25th, by General John S. Marmaduke, on the town of Pine Bluff, which was defended by General Powell Clay- ton. General Clayton established barricades of cotton bales in the streets, behind which he posted his troops, about 600 in number, who offered such a stubborn resistance to the Confederate attack, that General Marmaduke was obliged to desist and retreat without having effected the capture of the town. In this engagement the Confederate loss was stated at 35
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
about 50 killed, wounded and missing, and that of the Federals not so large.
Commencing in the year 1862, seven regiments, two com- panies and one battery, partly white troops and partly colored, were recruited from Arkansas for service in the Federal Army. The total number of colored troops from the State was 5,526.
The following is a list of Federal Regiments from Arkansas :
WHITE TROOPS :
First Arkansas Cavalry .- M. La Rue Harrison, Colonel ; Thomas J. Hunt, Lieutenant-Colonel; Albert W. Bishop, Lieutenant-Colonel; R. H. Wimpey, Major ; Frank Strong, Major ; Hugo C. C. Botefuhr, Major, at different times. Or- ganized at Springfield, Mo., July Ioth to October 5th, 1862, for 3 years' service.
Second Arkansas Cavalry .- John E. Phelps, Colonel ; Hugh Cameron, Lieutenant-Colonel; Jeremiah Hackett, Major. Organized at Springfield and Pilot Knob, Mo., July, 1862, to January, 1864.
Third Arkansas Cavalry .- Abraham H. Ryan, Colonel ; Daniel W. Mason, Lieutenant-Colonel; David Hamilton, Major. Organized at Little Rock, February, 1864.
Fourth Arkansas Cavalry .- Lafayette Gregg, Colonel ; Horace L. Moore, Lieutenant-Colonel; Harris S. Green, Major; M. Hazen White, Major, at different times. Organ- ized at Dardanelle, Little Rock, Cedar Glades, Pine Bluff and Helena, from December, 1863, to September, 1864.
Fourth Arkansas Mounted Infantry .- Elisha Baxter, Col- onel.
First Arkansas Battery .- Henry H. Easter, Captain ; Wm. Mayes, Second Lieutenant. Organized at Springfield, Mo., August 31st, 1863, for 3 years' service.
First Arkansas Infantry .- James M. Johnson, Colonel ; Elhanah J. Searle, Lieutenant-Colonel; Francis M. John-
1
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THE YEAR 1863.
son, Major. Organized Fayetteville, from February 14th, 1863, to March 25th, 1863.
Second Arkansas Infantry. - Marshal L. Stephenson, Colonel; Charles Brauerlich, Major. Organized at Fort Smith, from October, 1863, to February, 1864.
First Arkansas Battalion .- John C. Bundy, Lieutenant- Colonel; Thomas J. Williams, Captain ; Lorenzo D. Toney, Captain. Organized at Helena, July 20th, 1862, for 6 months' service.
Fourth Regiment (one company) - Ira D. Bronson, Captain ; R. S. Crampton, First Lieutenant ; W. W. Tibbs, Second Lieutenant. Organized at Fort Smith, January to May, 1864. Consolidated with Second Arkansas Infantry.
COLORED TROOPS :
Eleventh Regiment (five companies)-James M. Steele, Lieutenant-Colonel ; Stephen Wheeler, Adjutant.
Forty-sixth Regiment. - Eliphalet Whittlesey, Colonel ; Wm. Lyon, Lieutenant-Colonel; George A. Barnes, Major. Fifty-fourth Regiment .- John E. Cone, Colonel; Charles Fair, Lieutenant-Colonel; George W. Burchard, Major.
Fifty-seventh Regiment .- Thomas D. Seawall, Colonel ; Silas Hunter, Lieutenant-Colonel.
One Hundred and Thirteenth Regiment.
The following is a summary of military operations in Ar- kansas for 1863 :
December 31st, 1862, to January 25th, 1863, Marmaduke's command moves from Lewisburg, Arkansas, on an expedition into Missouri; January 2d, 1863, skirmish at White Spring,- Boston Mountain; January 6th, 1863; skirmish at Fort Law- rence, Beaver Station, Missouri; January 7th, 1863, Ozark, Missouri, captured by the Confederates; January 8th, 1863, engagement at Springfield, Missouri; January 9th, 1863, capture of Haitville, Missouri, with the garrison thereof ; January IIth, 1863, engagement at Haitville; January 14th ;
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
the Southwestern Army, Confederate, constituted under com- mand of General E. Kirby Smith; January 25th, 1863, Mar- maduke's command reaches Batesville; January Ist, 1863, affair near Helena; January 9th to 12th, 1863, expedition from Huntsville to Buffalo river; January 12th, 1863, skir- mish at Lick Creek; January 13th to 19th, capture of St. Charles, Clarendon, Devall's Bluff and Des Arc; January 23d to 27th, scout from Fayetteville to Van Buren ; January 8th to IIth, capture of Arkansas Post, with Confederate gar- rison, 3,000 men, under General T. J. Churchill, by a su- perior force under Federal General McClernand; February 2d and 3d, 1863, skirmishes at Vine Prairie and near the mouth of the Mulberry river ; February 4th, 1863, skirmish at Batesville, and capture of the place by the Federals ; Feb- ruary 5th to 12th, skirmish near Van Buren, between 100 men of Tenth Illinois Cavalry, and 125 men of the Ist Arkansas Federal Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel James Stuart, of Tenth Illinois, and a detachment of Colonel Charles S. Car- roll's men ; February 9th, the Southwestern Army, Confed- erate, extended so as to embrace the Trans-Mississippi De- partment ; February 15th, 1863, Captain Brown, with 83 men, was driven out of the mountains of the Ouachita river, near Arkadelphia, by a force of old men and boys, raised for the purpose, under the command of Judge Henry B. Stuart, of Arkadelphia.
February 19th, 1863, the village of Hopefield, opposite Memphis, burned, by orders of Major-General S. A. Hurlbut. Four Companies of the Sixty-third Illinois Infantry, under command of Captain Joseph K. Lemon, are sent with orders to "commit no depredations nor offer any insults to the in- habitants," but to burn every house in the place. The citi- zens were given "one hour's notice of the destiny of their vil- lage. The torch was applied and the place was consumed."
February 27th, Major-General Sterling Price ordered to the Trans-Mississippi Department,
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THE YEAR 1863.
March 5th and 12th, 1863, expedition from Helena up the St. Francis and Little rivers, and skirmish at Madison. The Federal force consisted of 50 men of the Twenty-fourth In- diana; 25 cavalry of the Third Iowa, and a section of the Second Ohio Battery, 6 pounders, under command of Colonel Powell Clayton, of the Fifth Kansas Cavalry.
March 6th and 10th, skirmishes at Big and Lick creeks ; March 7th, General E. Kirby Smith assumes command of the Confederate forces ; March 18th, General Theophilas H. Holmes assumes command of District of Arkansas; April 18th, 1863, action at Fayetteville; May 11th, skirmish at Crowley's Ridge ; July 4th, 1863, battle of Helena ; August Ist and 8th, 1863, Federal Cavalry, under General J. W. Davidson, moved from Wittsburg to Clarendon; August 10th, Steele's forces advance from Helena; August 13th, expedition up the White and Little Red rivers, including engagement, on the 14th, at West Point, and a skirmish, on the 16th, at Harrison's Landing; August 17th, skirmish at Grand Prairie; August 25th, skirmish at Brownsville; August 26th, skirmish near Bayou Meto ; August 27th, action at Reed's Bridge, on Bayou Meto; August 30th, skirmish at Shallow Ford, on Bayou Meto; September 2d, skirmish near Shallow Ford; Septem- ber 9th, skirmish at Ashley's Mills; September 10th, 1863, capture of Little Rock; September 10th, the Confederates retreat southward to Rockport and Arkadelphia.
July 17th to September 14th, operations by General W. L. Cabell's command, including action of Backbone Mountain ; September Ist, 1863, September 5th, skirmish near Mays- ville.
September 22d, General J. O. Shelby sets out from Ark- adelphia on a raid through Upper Arkansas and into Missouri, returning to Arkansas, near Washington, October 30th, hav- ing fought five battles, had daily skirmishes, traveled 1,500 miles, captured and paroled 500 prisoners, destroyed 6 rail- road bridges, torn up 30 miles of track, lost 125 men, and increased his command 600 men.
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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
October 25th, attack on Pine Bluff, by General John S. Marmaduke; November 9th, skirmish near Huntsville, be- tween Federals and troops under Colonel W. H. Brooks; November 10th, skirmish near Kingston, same; November IIth, skirmish at Caddo Gap; November 13th, skirmish at Mount Ida; November 31st, skirmish at Jacksonport; De- cember Ist, 1863, skirmish near Benton ; December 8th, skir- mish at Princeton ; December 29th, attack on Waldron by Confederates, under Major Gibson.
Thus the third year of the gigantic struggle drew to a close. In it the heaviest reverses had fallen on the Confederates. They had lost all of Tennessee, two-thirds of Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas; Vicksburg and Port Hudson had fallen ; the siege of Knoxville had failed; they had suffered great defeats at Gettysburg, Helena and Missionary Ridge ; and these were only offsett by Lee's victory over Hooker at Chancellorsville, and over Sedgwick at Salem Heights; Cle- burne's exploit at Ringgold Gap, and Bragg's barren victory at Chickamauga.
CHAPTER XXIV.
1864.
PROGRESS OF THE WAR, CONTINUED .- BATTLES OF ATLANTA AND FRANKLIN.
THE reverses which had befallen the Confederates during 1863 were followed by a number of successes in the early part of 1864, which encouraged and stimulated them, notwith- standing their armies were greatly depleted, and their re- sources reduced to the last extremity. The war spirit of the North having "healed of its wound," put forth stupendous efforts to bring the struggle to a close. They had an army of a million of men in the field at various points, while those of the Confederacy did not aggregate 150,000.
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