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GEN
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 00865 3005
GENEALOGY 979.402 SA519Y V.1
M. L.
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
John P. Young
SAN FRANCISCO
A HISTORY OF THE PACIFIC COAST METROPOLIS
By JOHN P. YOUNG
VOLUME I
THE S. J. CLARKE PUBLISHING COMPANY CHRONICLE BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO PONTIAC BUILDING, CHICAGO
1259354
PREFACE
The reader who will take the trouble to peruse these pages will discover that the writer has dealt with events rather than with the men who brought them about or who figured in them. A variety of reasons prompted this course, but among them is not included lack of appreciation of the value of biography, nor of the interest which most people take in the doings of those who took part in acts worth recording, and of scenes meriting description. These can be more fittingly treated separately, and under circumstances which will permit their authors to preserve the sense of historical proportion, which suffers disturbance when the personal element forms too large a part of the narrative of a people's progress, thus subordinating the actions of the whole community, which after all that may be said on the subject, makes or mars its own fortunes and shapes its own destiny.
Although the period of active life of San Francisco has been a short one, as historical periods go, it has been crowded with incident. Enough of the latter could be found to present a vivid picture of the career of the metropolis of the Pacific coast, but in this work something more has been attempted than a mere recital of occurrences. It has been the purpose of the author to trace the causes of the growth of the City, and to describe the manifold activities of its citizens. In his effort to do so he has discovered an urgent necessity for condensation, and the elimination of a vast quantity of material at his command. Had he used a tithe of that placed at his disposal the history would have attained enormous proportions. This data, pro- vided by accommodating and zealous friends, to whom I here wish to express my gratitude and obligations, is of a character which would permit of the writing of many monographs with an amplitude of detail which would perhaps make them more interesting to the special reader than these two volumes will be to the public generally.
If the general reader whose familiarity with particular phases of metropol- itan life finds that their treatment has been inadequate, he is begged to recall that the activities of a great city are numerous, and that opinions respecting their im- portance are almost as varied as the number who give them consideration. He is reminded that the writer has sought to deal with a hundred subjects, half, or more, of which would lend themselves to amplification of the sort the minute reader exacts, but which in these volumes the exigencies of space have compelled the compression into a few pages, and sometimes into paragraphs. Episodes in the history of the City which other writers have ably dealt with at great length have necessarily been epitomized in order that a more comprehensive survey of the period in which they occurred might be taken, and because of the writer's belief that their details will grow less interesting as the years wear on until at last they become a mere speck in the historical perspective of San Francisco.
Perhaps that will be the fate of most of that which we now regard as important. In the multitude of happenings which the universal historian has to draw upon he
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PREFACE
finds comparatively few that he deems worth recording, and fewer still to which he devotes pages of description. Appalling calamities he passes over with a mere men- tion. Gibbon in his monumental history of Rome tells of the destruction of 250,000 lives in a great earthquake which nearly destroyed the city of Antioch in 551 A. D., and furnishes the reader no other information concerning it than is contained in his conjecture that "the domestic population of the city was swollen by the conflux of strangers to the festival of the Ascension," and he passes over the calamity which befell the Roman world in the second year of the reign of Valentinian with a mere reference to a tidal wave which drowned 50,000 people and to the disruption of a mountain ; and his relation of the seismic disaster which overthrew the Colossus of Rhodes is confined to the recital of that fact coupled with a statement of the dispo- sition made of the metal of the statue, which he appears to have introduced, more for the purpose of giving an idea of its size than to illustrate the misfortunes of the Rhodians.
The information, and the imagination necessary to present a graphic and more extended account were not lacking, but the historian was dealing with the events of centuries, and was compelled, while observing the limitations of space, to preserve the sense of proportion. To him tragedies and great calamities were as the ripples on the surface of a pond when a stone is thrown into its depths. When the transitory disturbance ceased the stone was forgotten. Whether consciously or unconsciously Gibbon recognized that it is the sum total of human happenings and experience which make history, and by a process of condensation which permitted him to mo- mentarily turn the limelight of his genius on significant occurrences he succeeded in producing a picture from which a vivid impression is derived, although the canvas is crowded in places to the point of confusion.
On a lesser scale the annalist of a municipality seeks to accomplish the same result. He cannot succeed unless he pursues the same method. The description of a few events, no matter how important they may have seemed to those who par- ticipated in them, cannot truthfully portray the growth of a community. Their exceptional character stamps them as aberrations. It is only by the relation of the manner in which a people works out the problem of its everyday existence that a truthful idea of its status can be conveyed. Ebullitions on the surface show that there is heat under the caldron, but they do not tell the story of the causes that produced the heat.
The caldron has boiled fiercely at times in San Francisco and has brought a deal of scum to the top, but when skimmed off and thrown to the side, it is seen that the liquor beneath has been purified in the process. This story is an attempt to truth- fully describe the boiling and the clarification. In doing so it has been found neces- sary to consider many activities and briefly review them, incidentally reciting the causes that have made their practice possible. In the following pages will be found not merely an enumeration and relation of events; they contain, it is hoped, suffi- cient information to enable the reader to form a judgment of the progress of the people of San Francisco both spiritually and materially.
There is something about the great industries of the State of California which have made the growth of the metropolis possible. The trade of the City and its commerce with foreign nations are treated. The development of the facilities of the great Bay of San Francisco is traced. The banking operations of the City at various periods, and its monetary troubles are noted. The labor troubles of the
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community, and its effort to promote manufacturing are dealt with. Its civic aspira- tions and accomplishments in the way of public improvements, receive attention, not in the spirit of the booster, but in a candid fashion which recognizes failures as well as successes. The shortcomings of the people in the administration of the af- fairs of the municipality, are described, and the blame for them placed where the author thinks it belongs. The recreations of the community: its sports and its amusements ; its educational facilities ; its libraries and its literature; its fraternal and social organizations ; its celebrations ; its journalism and periodical publications ; its homes and its hotel and restaurant life; its art and its architecture; its churches and its charities are all included in the survey, and it is hoped that all these varied activities have been so correlated that the reader will find it possible to form a cor- rect judgment of the present status of the metropolis and of the means by which it has been attained.
It has not been deemed necessary by the author to encumber his pages with the sources of his information. He freely confesses his obligations to writers who have dealt with the early periods, and disavows all claims to special research. For infor- mation concerning the events since 1877 he has depended on personal observation and information derived from so many sources that an attempt to make acknowl- edgment in detail would consume as much space as that required for their descrip- tion. But he cannot refrain from renewing his expression of gratitude to those in authority, and in a position to know, for the trouble they have taken to provide him with the data upon which the story of the years after 1877 is largely based, and which he hopes has been told without other bias than that which conviction produces. JOHN P. YOUNG.
SAN FRANCISCO, October 1, 1912.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE SPANISH HUNT FOR A SHORT CUT TO THE INDIES
BALBOA SEES THE PACIFIC-THE SETTLEMENT OF PANAMA-SEEKING A SAFE HARBOR- SPANISH TREASURE FLEETS-SIR FRANCIS DRAKE AND HIS PURSUITS-THE SEARCH FOR ANIAN-SETTLEMENT OF CALIFORNIA ORDERED-THE HARBOR OF MONTEREY- SPANISH NEGLIGENCE OF OPPORTUNITIES-A HUNT FOR ISLANDS OF GOLD-REVIVAL 3 OF INTEREST IN THE SHORT CUT.
CHAPTER II SPAIN'S PURPOSE IN OCCUPYING CALIFORNIA
A HALF WAY HOUSE FOR SHIPS IN THE PHILIPPINE TRADE-THE SANDWICH ISLANDS OVERLOOKED-RUSSIA COVETED CALIFORNIA-EFFECTS OF MISSIONARY ZEAL-THE BELIEF IN THE INSULARITY OF CALIFORNIA-INVESTIGATIONS OF FATHER KINO- SPANISH PROJECTS SLUMBER-THE FRANCISCAN ORDER-EXPULSION OF JESUITS- FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA-SEARCHING FOR MONTEREY-PORTOLA'S DISAPPOINT- 9 MENT-DISCOVERY OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY ..
CHAPTER III
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MISSION OF ST. FRANCIS
SEARCH FOR TIIE BAY OF MONTEREY CONTINUED-LIEUTENANT DE AYALA ENTERS THE GOLDEN GATE-THE EXPEDITION TO SAN FRANCISCO BAY-SELECTION OF A SITE ON MISSION BAY-THE PRESIDIO ESTABLISHED-FATHER SERRA REACHES MISSION DOLORES-SPANISH DRY ROT COMMUNICATES ITSELF TO THE NEW COUNTRY-SPAIN'S TRADE WITH THE PHILIPPINES-THE MISSION INDIANS-THE LIFE AND LABORS OF PADRE SERRA .. 15
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CHAPTER IV
RESULT OF THE LABORS OF THE MISSIONARIES
DEATH OF PADRE SERRA AT MONTEREY-SPANIARDS POOR COLONISTS-MANAGEMENT OF THE MISSIONS-THE MISSION INDIANS-THE AIMS OF THE PADRES-CHARACTER OF CALIFORNIA INDIANS-INDIANS LOW IN THE HUMAN SCALE-WORKING ON UN- PROMISING MATERIAL-INDIANS TAUGHT AGRICULTURE-PRACTICAL ENSLAVEMENT OF THE INDIAN-THE ABORIGINES MELT AWAY UNDER CIVILIZING INFLUENCES. . 23
CHAPTER V
THE UNPRACTICAL CHARACTER OF THE MISSIONARIES
THEIR FAILURE TO INCOURAGE COMMUNICATION-THEY NEGLECT TRAVEL FACILITIES- PASTORAL PURSUITS IN CALIFORNIA-WRETCHED CONDITION OF SETTLERS-YANKEE TRADERS VISIT CALIFORNIA-LARGE NUMBERS OF HORSES AND HORNED STOCK RAISED -PRODUCT OF THE MISSIONS IN 1839-OCCASIONAL INDIAN UPRISINGS-ARCHITEC- - TURE OF THE MISSIONS-INDOLENCE OF SETTLERS-LIFE ON THE RANCHES-PAS- TORAL PURSUITS TEND TO INDOLENCE-AGRICULTURE NEGLECTED AND MANUFAC- TURING IGNORED-NO TRADE EXCEPTING WITH SMUGGLERS. 29
CHAPTER VI
SPANISH DISCOURAGEMENT OF RELATIONS WITH OUTSIDERS
UNCOMMERCIAL METHODS OF SPAIN-THE PREDICTION OF A PADRE CONCERNING SAN FRANCISCO BAY-EARLY YANKEE AMBITIONS-SPANISH FEAR OF THE RUSSIANS- THE VISIT OF RAZENOFF AND HIS ADVICE TO THE CALIFORNIANS-NAVIGATION OF THE BAY DISCOURAGED BY GOVERNOR SOLA-EARLIEST TRAFFIC ON THE BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO-CAPTAIN MORRELL MAKES A SUGGESTION-UNCLE SAM SEEKS AN OUTLET-REPORT OF COLONEL BUTLER ON CALIFORNIA-MEXICO UNAPPRECIATIVE OF CALIFORNIA-ARGUELLO LAUDS POSSIBILITIES OF PROVINCE-THE EARLY IMMI- GRANTS WELCOMED-SHIPS DROP INTO SAN FRANCISCO BAY-THE FOUNDATION OF YERBA BUENA. 35
CHAPTER VII FOUNDATION OF THE VILLAGE OF YERBA BUENA
YERBA BUENA IN 1839-THE FIRST HOUSE ERECTED IN YERBA BUENA-DEDICATION OF THE MISSION OF ST. FRANCIS REZANOFF'S VISIT TO SAN FRANCISCO BAY IN 1806-THE RUSSIAN IS WELCOMED-A ROMANCE OF YERBA BUENA-REZANOFF SECURES SUPPLIES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RUSSIANS IN SITKA-DEATH OF REZANOFF IN SIBERIA-RUSSIAN METHODS IN CALIFORNIA-FEW BOOKS IN CALIFORNIA BEFORE ARRIVAL OF AMERICANS-DANCING FORBIDDEN BY THE PADRES -PATERNAL RULE ON THE RANCHES-THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH .. . . 41
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CHAPTER VIII
LIFE OF NATIVE CALIFORNIANS ON THEIR RANCHES
HOSPITALITY OF THE NATIVE CALIFORNIANS-NATIVE CALIFORNIANS AND THEIR HORSES-THE FEASTING AND MERRYMAKING OF THE PEOPLE-DANCING AND MUSIC AT FIESTAS-LOVE OF FINERY-SOCIAL DISTINCTIONS-INDOLENCE A BE- SETTING SIN-AN EASILY CONTENTED PEOPLE-A GREAT LACK OF CREATURE COM- FORTS-SOAP SPARINGLY USED-SIMPLE DIET OF THE NATIVE CALIFORNIAN-HE DID NOT EXERT HIMSELF TO PROVIDE FOR THE TABLE. 49
CHAPTER IX
LIFE IN CALIFORNIA BEFORE THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION
SOME SQUALID FEATURES-DRINKING AND GAMBLING-VICES ADOPTED BY NEW COMERS -THE CALIFORNIA BULL RING-EXTRAVAGANT HABITS EASILY ACQUIRED-TRADING INSTINCT NOT HIGHLY DEVELOPED-EXCESSIVE FEAR OF LUXURIOUS HABITS THE TROUBLESOME RUSSIANS-CAUSES OF CALIFORNIAN BACKWARDNESS-YANKEE TRAD- ERS ON THE COAST-SMUGGLING A FINE ART-CELEBRATIONS AT THE MISSION ST. FRANCIS-AN UNCONVENTIONAL PEOPLE-SEXUAL MORALITY. 57
CHAPTER X
BEGINNING OF THE AMERICAN INVASION OF CALIFORNIA
THE FIRST SETTLERS OF SAN FRANCISCO-MEXICAN OPINION OF CALIFORNIA-AMERICAN CRITICISM OF SPANISH METHODS-RESTRICTIONS ON IMMIGRATION-FOREIGNERS WELCOMED BY CALIFORNIA WOMEN-THE FIRST AMERICAN INTRUDERS-RUMORED SEIZURE OF THE PORT OF SAN FRANCISCO-FRICTION WITH FOREIGNERS-INTRIGU- ING AMERICANS-TRADE WITH NEW MEXICO-ADVANCE GUARD OF THE AMERICAN INVASION-AGGRESSIVENESS OF AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS. 65
CHAPTER XI
COVETOUS EYES CAST ON THE BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO
SEVERAL NATIONS ENVIOUS OF SPAIN-THE SPANISH FAILURE TO MAKE USE OF THE PORT OF SAN FRANCISCO-THE PADRES AND THE MILITARY-THE FATHERS OP- POSED TO REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT-POLITICAL SQUABBLES IN CALIFORNIA-OF- FICIAL LIFE UNDER SPANISH AND MEXICAN RULE-MEXICO . UNCONCERNED ABOUT THE FATE OF CALIFORNIA-CONCILIATORY AMERICANS-FRENCH AND BRITISH INTRIGUES STIMULATING DISLIKE OF AMERICANS-FREMONT APPEARS ON THE SCENE-THE "PATHFINDERS' " ACTIONS EXCITE SUSPICION 71
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XII
LABOR PROBLEM BEFORE AMERICAN OCCUPATION
CALIFORNIA AND THE SLAVEHOLDERS OF THE UNITED STATES-CHINESE LABOR SUG- GESTED AS EARLY AS 1806-INDIANS AS SLAVES-THE INDIAN AN OBJECT OF DREAD -THE ATTEMPT TO ELEVATE THE INDIAN- ENSLAVEMENT OF INDIAN CHILDREN- INDIANS CRUELLY TREATED-NO REWARDS FOR THE INDIAN LABORER-OPPOSITION TO INDIAN PUEBLOS-INDIAN PUEBLOS NOT A SUCCESS-RELIGIOUS TRAINING OF 77 MISSION INDIANS-UNSATISFACTORY RESULTS ..
CHAPTER XIII
THE SPANISH LAND GRANT SYSTEM IN CALIFORNIA
FIRST LAND GRANTS IN 1773-LIBERAL ALLOTMENTS DID NOT ATTRACT SETTLERS- LARGE RANCHES PRODUCTIVE OF INDOLENCE-THE NEGLECTED STOCK OF THE NA- TIVE CALIFORNIANS-PARALYZING EFFECTS OF THE BAD LAND LAWS-SUPPLIES RE- CEIVED FROM ALASKA-NO MANUFACTURING SKILL DEVELOPED-EARLY CONSERVA- TION SUGGESTIONS-LUMBER SCARCE-CALIFORNIANS NOT LOVERS OF THE SEA- MONTEREY OVERSHADOWS SAN FRANCISCO IN IMPORTANCE. 83
CHAPTER XIV
EARLY TRADING TROUBLES OF THE CALIFORNIANS
SPANISH AND MEXICAN ATTEMPTS TO REPRESS TRADING SMUGGLING POPULARLY AP- PROVED-THE FUR TRADE-SPAIN SURRENDERS NORTHWEST COAST-VISITS OF YAN- KEE SHIPS TO CALIFORNIA-THE FORT ROSS ESTABLISHMENT-AN AMICABLE AR- RANGEMENT WITH THE RUSSIANS-SUTTER AND VALLEJO QUARREL-THE TRADE IN HIDES AND TALLOW-THE WHALERS AND THE WHALING INDUSTRY-HONOLULU A RIVAL OF SAN FRANCISCO-FIRST MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENT IN YERBA BUENA- CONTINUED IMPORTANCE OF MONTEREY-SAN FRANCISCO'S FIRST PUBLIC IMPROVE- 91 MENT-SEVENTY YEARS OF INACTIVITY.
CHAPTER XV
THE EVE OF THE OCCUPATION BY AMERICANS
SPANISH FAILURE TO DISCOVER GOLD IN QUANTITY-A FEW OUNCES FOUND IN LOS ANGELES BEFORE THE SUTTER FORT DISCOVERY-HOPES OF THE AMERICAN SETTLERS -SOUTHERNERS HOODWINK THE NORTHERN PEOPLE-THE PLOTS OF THE SLAVE- HOLDERS-JACKSON'S OFFER TO PURCHASE SAN FRANCISCO BAY-THE WAR WITH MEXICO-FREMONT'S EXPEDITION-FREMONT'S POLICY OF PROVOCATION-WASH- INGTON AUTHORITIES MISLED-FREMONT AND IDE-THE BEAR FLAG EPISODE-WHAT MIGHT HAVE HAPPENED. 99
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XVI
ACQUISITION OF CALIFORNIA BY THE UNITED STATES
THE CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA-YERBA BUENA-EARLY INHABITANTS OF THE VILLAGE -ARRIVAL OF MORMONS-THE DONNER PARTY-YERBA BUENA GROWING-OCCU- PATIONS OF THE FIRST SETTLERS-COMMERCE OF THE PORT IN 1847-TEMPTING THE WHALERS-TRADE WITH NEW MEXICO-THE MISSION DOLORES- MISSION ARCHI- TECTURE-YERBA BUENA CHANGED TO SAN FRANCISCO-FIRST REAL ESTATE TRANS- ACTIONS-THE ORIGINAL STREETS OF YERBA BUENA. 111
CHAPTER XVII
THE BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO AND ITS GREAT IMPORTANCE
SURROUNDED BY A WILDERNESS-THE "GOLDEN GATE" NAMED BY FREMONT-THE NAME "CALIFORNIA"-THE ENTRANCE TO THE HARBOR-THE SHORES OF THE BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO-A NATURAL BASIN FILLED IN BY THE PIONEERS-CONTOUR OF THE BAY NOT GREATLY CHANGED-FIRST STEAM VESSEL ON THE BAY-RUSSIANS IN ALASKA-ALASKA A SOURCE OF SUPPLIES-COMMERCE OF THE PORT IN 1848- HUNDREDS OF SHIPS IN THE HARBOR-THE DAWN OF COMMERCIAL GREATNESS. 121
CHAPTER XVIII
THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD AT SUTTER'S MILL IN 1848
EFFECTS OF THE DISCOVERY- THE CAREER OF SUTTER-A POORLY KEPT SECRET-BE- GINNING OF THE RUSH TO CALIFORNIA-MILITARY GOVERNOR RICHARD B. MASON- PROPOSAL TO CONSERVE THE GOLD-MARSHALL'S LIFE THREATENED-SAN FRAN- CISCO BECOMES THE MINER'S MECCA-MINING AND TEMPERAMENT-EFFECTS OF THE GOLD LURE-THE GOLD HUNTERS-THE RUSH IN 1849-POPULATION IN 1849 -IMMIGRANTS POURING INTO CALIFORNIA-UNSTABLE CHARACTER OF THE NEW POPULATION-DEPENDENCE ON MINING .. 131
CHAPTER XIX
MANY VICISSITUDES EXPERIENCED BY THE PIONEERS
A FLIMSILY CONSTRUCTED CITY-SAN FRANCISCO IN 1848-THE BIG FIRES OF EARLY DAYS -LACK OF PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE-FIVE CONFLAGRATIONS-METHODS OF CON- STRUCTION IMPROVING-FIRST STORE BUILDING IN SAN FRANCISCO-GOOD ARCHI- TECTS-EXPENSIVE BUILDING MATERIALS AND HIGH COST OF LABOR-MISSION STYLE NOT FAVORED BY THE PIONEERS-JERRY BUILDING-NUMEROUS BRICK STRUCTURES -APPEARANCE OF THE CITY IN 1854-EARLY LAND GRABBING-LAYING UP TROUBLE FOR THE FUTURE. 139
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CHAPTER XX
LAND TITLES AND TROUBLES OF PIONEER DAYS
BIG DEMAND FOR TOWN LOTS-WATER FRONT LOTS EAGERLY BOUGHT-ATTEMPT TO VALIDATE FRAUDULENT LAND GRANTS-COLTON GRANTS DECLARED FRAUDULENT -TROUBLESOME SQUATTERS-FEDERAL DETERMINATION OF TITLES-CONFUSION CONCERNING PUEBLOS-AMERICAN ALCALDES IMITATE THEIR PREDECESSORS-OF- FICIALS CONNIVE WITH SPECULATORS-THE SQUATTERS' ARGUMENT-SQUATTING AS AN OCCUPATION-THE CITY AND THE INTERIOR SQUATTER-TITLES IN DOUBT MANY YEARS-JURIES SIDE WITH SQUATTERS-SAN FRANCISCO A PUEBLO-THE LIMAN- TOUR CLAIM-THE LAND COMMISSION-POLITICAL CONDITIONS-NEGLECT OF CIVIC 147 DUTY IN SAN FRANCISCO.
CHAPTER XXI
THE LAYOUT AND BEGINNINGS OF A BIG CITY
NOT MANY PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS AT FIRST-INDIVIDUAL EFFORT THE CHIEF FACTOR IN THE UPBUILDING OF THE EARLY CITY-PRACTICAL NEEDS ATTENDED TO BY PIO- NEERS-THE FIRST CITY HALL-CONFIDENCE IN FUTURE GROWTH OF THE CITY- YERBA BUENA COVE FILLED IN BY PIONEERS-HIGH RENTS-MERCHANTS ABLE TO PAY BIG RENTALS-EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE SPECULATION IN 1853-OPPOSITION TO RECTANGULAR STREET SYSTEM-MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP AND CARE OF STREETS- MISSION PLANKED ROAD-PROVIDING FACILITIES FOR SHIPPING-A WATER FRONT LINE-PERMANENT WATER FRONT LINE ESTABLISHED IN 1851-THE COUNTRY AND THE CITY-STEADY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY-EARLY WATER SUPPLY-A LAKE 157 MERCED PHENOMENON.
CHAPTER XXII
CLIMATIC AND OTHER PHENOMENA OF SAN FRANCISCO
SEISMIC TROUBLES DO NOT DETER IMMIGRATION-ADVANTAGES WEIGHED AGAINST DISADVANTAGES-THE VERIFIED PREDICTION OF A PIONEER-THE CLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA AND OF SAN FRANCISCO-VARIATIONS BUT NO CHANGES-CLIMATIC PECULIARITIES OF SAN FRANCISCO-THE JAPAN CURRENT-ABSENCE OF HUMID- ITY MAKES HEAT ENDURABLE-SNOWFALLS SO RARE THEY BECOME HISTORICAL EVENTS-KILLING A MAN TO START A GRAVEYARD-MAN AND NATURE IN CALI- FORNIA-PRACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PIONEER-THE NAVIGABLE RIVERS OF CALIFORNIA-THE REGION ABOUT THE BAY. 169
CHAPTER XXIII
TAXATION AND OTHER GOVERNMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE PIONEER
NATIVE CALIFORNIANS SLIGHTLY TAXED-EXEMPTION FROM TAXATION NOT A BLESSING -ABUSE OF AN INHERITED SYSTEM-THE SPECULATIVE LURE-GENERAL KEARNY
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AND THE ALCALDES-ALCALDE JUSTICE IN CALIFORNIA-FIRST ALCALDE UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG-SAN FRANCISCO'S FIRST COUNCIL-THE RUSH TO THE GOLD DIGGINGS-PEACE EASILY KEPT-ORDINANCE AGAINST GAMBLING-COUNCILMEN DESERT THEIR POSTS TO DIG FOR GOLD-NATIONAL AND LOCAL POLITICS-FACTIONAL FEELING THREE OPPOSING SETS OF COUNCILLORS-MILITARY INTERFERENCE IN CIVIL AFFAIRS-DELEGATES TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION-THE NEED OF REGULATION-A SHORT BALLOT EXPERIMENT IN 1849-VOTE ON ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION-HORACE HAWES A WELL HATED REFORMER-A DEFIANT AYUNTA-
MIENTO-HAWES TURNED DOWN .. 177
CHAPTER XXIV
MANY EARLY EXPERIMENTS IN MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
CHARTER OF 1850 INSPIRES HOPES OF BETTER GOVERNMENT-SMALL REVENUES AND HIGH SALARIES-EARLY SALARY GRABBERS-CONDONATION OF OFFICIAL TURPITUDE -A SECOND CHARTER GRANTED IN 1851-DEBT CREATED AND CREDIT IMPAIRED- THE PETER SMITH JUDGMENTS-UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO REFUND-TAXATION BURDEN IN 1852-A CITY HALL SCANDAL-NEGLECT OF SANITARY PRECAUTIONS -ANOTHER NEW CHARTER IN 1853-THE CITY SUFFERS FROM SPECIAL LEGISLA- TION-A TAX ON GOODS CONSIGNED TO SAN FRANCISCO MERCHANTS-UNEQUAL TAXATION-WATER FRONT LINE SCANDAL-AN ABANDONED FREE PUBLIC DOCK SCHEME-HARRY MEIGG'S SPECTACULAR CAREER-HE FLIES THE COUNTRY, MAKES A BIG FORTUNE IN PERU AND WISHES TO RETURN TO CALIFORNIA-LEGISLATURE CONDONES HIS OFFENSES-DEATH OF MEIGGS. 189
CHAPTER XXV
THE PIONEERS AND THE CRIMINAL CLASS IN THE FIFTIES
CAUSE OF THE VIGILANTE UPRISING THE "HOUNDS"-KNOW NOTHING TROUBLES- ATTACKS ON FOREIGNERS-A TOWN WITHOUT POLICE-POLITICAL FRIENDS OF THE "HOUNDS"-THE VIGILANTE EPISODE OF 1851-COMPOSITION OF THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE-HIGH HANDED METHODS HANGING FOR STEALING-THE COURTS AND THE LAWS-THE READY REVOLVER-CIVIC DUTY DISREGARDED-INDIFFERENCE OF THE RESPECTABLE CITIZEN-CONDITIONS IN 1855-56-SHOOTING OF RICHARDSON BY CORA-THE BULLETIN'S ATTACK ON CASEY-INTEMPERATE JOURNALISM-EDITOR OF THE BULLETIN MURDERED-CORA AND CASEY HANGED BY THE VIGILANTES- LAW AND ORDER PARTY-CONSTITUTED ANTHORITIES DEFIED-CORRUPTION AT THE POLLS-NUMERICAL SUPERIORITY OF THE BETTER ELEMENT-DAVID S. TERRY- POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE VIGILANTE UPRISING. 199
CHAPTER XXVI
POLITICAL AND OTHER RESULTS OF THE VIGILANTE UPRISING
VIGILANCE COMMITTEE REFORMS ITSELF- THE IDEA OF CIVIC DUTY BEGINS TO ASSERT ITSELF- THE RECALL METHOD IN 1856-ORGANIZATION OF THE PEOPLE'S PARTY-
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PLATFORM OF THE NEW PARTY-RESULT OF ATTENTION TO CIVIC DUTY-A SECRET NOMINATING BODY-ONLY A HALF REFORM ACHIEVED-BRODERICK AND THE VIGI- LANTES-POLITICAL CAREER OF BRODERICK-BRODERICK'S MODE OF KEEPING UP THE ORGANIZATION-UNSETTLED OPINION CONCERNING SLAVERY-FOR OR AGAINST BRODERICK-COLLISION OF NATIONAL AND MUNICIPAL INTERESTS-POLITICAL JUDGMENT OF VIGILANTE LEADERS-DISSOLUTION OF THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE- RETURN OF THE PROSCRIBED-THE QUESTION OF TITLES-VIGILANCE COMMITTEE RECEIVES A GOLD BRICK-STORIES OF CRIMINAL ASCENDENCY A MYTH-FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE VIGILANTES-SHERMAN'S PART IN THE AFFAIR-SOLIDARITY OF THE VIGILANTES .. 211
CHAPTER XXVII
AFFAIRS AT LOOSE ENDS IN THE EARLY FIFTIES
THE PEOPLE NOT INTRACTABLE-BAD ELEMENTS NOT HARD TO CONTROL-VICES OF PIONEERS NOT OF THE HIDDEN SORT-HIGH LIGHTS ON SHORTCOMINGS-FIXING RESPONSIBILITY FOR EVIL PRACTICES-PUTTING THE BLAME ON FOREIGNERS- THE GOLD SEEKERS-GROWING COSMOPOLITANISM OF THE CITY-NEGLECT OF MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS-EVERYBODY BOARDED-PREVALENCE OF GAMBLING-THE GLITTERING BAR ROOMS -- PORTSMOUTH SQUARE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS-GAM- BLING HOUSE PROPRIETORS GROW RICH -- REGULATING THE SOCIAL EVIL-A MIXED STATE OF AFFAIRS SOCIALLY-NO HOME RESTRAINTS -- EARLY PHILOSOPHERS- PLENTY OF COLLEGE BRED MEN IN THE CITY-ATTEMPTS TO ERADICATE EVIL-
- PROGRESS TOWARDS ORDER. 223
CHAPTER XXVIII
CONDITIONS IMPROVE SOCIALLY AND OTHERWISE IN THE CITY
A STRUGGLE FOR DECENCY-FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS-CHURCHES FOUNDED-ALL THE DENOMINATIONS REPRESENTED-A UNION OF PROTESTANT CONGREGATIONS- SUNDAY OBSERVANCE-FIRST PROTESTANT SERMON IN CALIFORNIA-THE CATHOLIC CHURCH-BISHOP ALEMANY ARRIVES-THE PIOUS FUND-SAN FRANCISCO'S FIRST CATHEDRAL-ATTEMPTS TO CHRISTIANIZE THE CHINESE-IMPROVED MANNERS AND MORALS-THANKSGIVING DAY-PIONEER DIVORCES-PASSAGE OF A SUNDAY LAW. 233
CHAPTER XXIX
LABOR CONDITIONS AND THE COST AND MODE OF LIVING
SAN FRANCISCO A VICTIM OF EXAGGERATION-SUMMARY MODES OF ABATING EVIL MIS- UNDERSTOOD-CONDITION OF THE WORKER IN SAN FRANCISCO-CHANGE IN LABOR CONDITIONS-PLENTY OF WORKERS WHEN THE GOLD RUSH WAS UNDER WAY- HURRY UP WAGES PAID-LABOR ORGANIZATIONS FORMED-RELATION OF EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYED-ENVIABLE CONDITION OF THE WORKER-INFLUX OF CHINESE- THE COST OF LIVING IN THE EARLY FIFTIES-IMPORTED FOOD STUFFS-EFFECT ON DOMESTIC PRODUCTION-PRICES FALL-THE LOW PRICE OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA-
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