USA > Connecticut > The trade of Revolutionary Connecticut > Part 25
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20 S. R. V, 115.
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388.
Conclusions
Local trade was the basic type in colonial Connecticut, It involved, in a general way, most of Connecticut's citizens who displayed the typical Yankee penchant for trading. Despite the self-sufficient nature of the average household, most Connecticut farmers had some surplus produce to exchange for needed manufactured goods and tropical products. Barter trade was still very prevalent at the local level due to the orying shortage of specie. The "merchants," in the strict sense, constituted only a small group, but in this group were found many notable figures in Connecticut's history, including such men as Jonathan Trumbull, Jeremiah Wadsworth, Nathaniel Shaw, Benedict Arnold, and Roger Sherman. The most important trading markets of the late colonial era were found in New Haven, Middletown, Hartford, Litchfield, Windhan, Norwich, and New London. In general, real specialization in selling had not yet appeared, even in the matter of division into wholesalers and retailers. Furthermore, the number of colonial merchants who carried on a large-scale business was
. extremely small.
The intercolonial trade of Connecticut involved largely an exchange of the local agricultural surpluses for manufactured goods, chiefly of British origin, and for East Indian goods. Both types were imported chiefly through Boston, l'export, and New York. As a whole, trade with L'assachusetts bulked largest, but that with New York and Rhode Island also reached a large total. Trade with all of the other mainland colonies fell into the intermittent, small-scale pattern.
Connecticut's overseas trade possessed the distinctive character of being largely direct trade with the West Indies. This involved much trade both with the British islands, and with the French, and other foroim
:
389.
islands. The latter was carried on even in wartime when it could be classified as illicit trade. The triangular trading routes, so popular with merchants in most of the other mainland colonies, never developed to any large degree in Connecticut.
The outbreak of war in April, 1775 found Connecticut far more unified, politically and psychologically, than was the case in most of the other revolting colonies. In fact, aside from the fundamental shift involved in breaking away from the Mother Country, Connecticut simply continued to function throughout the Revolution under her colonial frame of government, and with the same ruling, clique. It was in the economic sphere that the war produced the most significant changes in Connecticut.
V'any of the economic repercussions of the war were slow in being felt, but the State's leaders were far slower in taking action to meet the new economic problems. Except for the embargo laws, no real economio legislation was passed until after about one and one-half years of war- fare. Although some governmental regulation of economic affairs had been accepted as a part of the colonial scene, it still was found difficult to impose large additional amounts of regulation in wartime, and even more difficult to enforce it. The real wonder is that sa much economic control was instituted.
The effects of the war upon internal trade in the State were very marked. The supply of goods brought in from outside sources was frequently cut off or reduced, and even local sources of supply could not always be relied upon since commissarios often purchased produce directly from farmers. In general, the coastal areas suffered a moderate recession in trade, while the interior areas enjoyed a moderate boom. Hartford, W'iddletom, Windham, Norwich, and Litchfield all displayed an expanding
390.
and vigorous mercantile life during the war years. In view of the serious British naval blockade of the Sound, the coastal toms commercially held their om surprisingly well until the time of the marauding expeditions of Tryon, and later, of Arnold, which caused heavy damage in Norwalk, Fairfield, New Haven, and New London. 1 Danbury, a supply depot, was the only inland town to suffer serious losses from a British incursion.
The war not only affected towns very unequally, but individuals likewise. Fow men, for example, who served for long periods with the Continental Army prospered, as the pay was too small and irregular. Men with large families, unless they were wealthy, could soarcely be expected to leave their families for long periods; and therefore, they generally confined their service to short periods with the militia. Even so, Connecticut contributed one of the largest totals of men of any of the states to the Continental Army, and this affected adversely the production of foodstuffs and the course of trade.
It is very difficult to make any precise evaluation of the overall effects of the war upon economic groups as a whole, such as the merchants, manufacturers, farmers, professional men, etc. In the final analysis the effects of the war were felt by individuals. From an examination of scores of account books and other source materials one is impressed by the highly unequal economic impact of the War. The effects in Connecticut, for instance, ranged all the way from providing the basis for Jeremiah
1 In Fairfield, for example, most of the tom, to the extent of two hundred and eighteen buildings, was put to the torch by Tryon's raiders. Three days later, on July 11, 1779, the same troops attacked Norwalk and again indulged in wholesale incendiarism and plundering. No less than one hundred and thirty-five dwellings, eighty-nine barns, ,twenty-four shops, and four mills were destroyed-a staggering loss. C. C. S. II, 143-146.
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Wadsworth's vast fortune of the early national period to the complete ruin which engulfed William Beadle, the Wethersfield retailer and led him, in a fit of insanity, to destroy his family and himself.
2 By and large, despite depreciating currency and other serious complexities, the average Connecticut merchant more than held his own during the war as compared with the preceding two decades, or so. Unfortunately, those who adhered faithfully to the price-fixing laws fared worse, at least for short periods, than those who charged what the traffic would bear.
The overseas trade of Connectiout was greatly reduced in amount by the British blockade. Cocasional voyages were made, but the risks were great and complete loss frequent. Privateering was an exciting substitute, but far less profitable, on the average, than the peacetime West Indian trade.
What chiefly prevented Connecticut from having a wartime mercantile depression was the supply business. Because of a group of favoring factors, Connecticut was able to provide an enormous amount of foodstuffs for the Continental Army, as well as its own militia, and out of this business to reap large profits. Koroover, these profits were widely distributed among thousands of farmers and hundreds of merchants in all parts of the State. The chief beneficiaries among the farmers were those with superior lands and large surpluses; and, among the merchants, those
2 Ecadle had built up a prosperous retailing business in wethersfield since his settlement there in 1772. He gave no credit, and built up a large stock of goods. When the War came, he made no advances in prico and accerted all currency offered to him. He laid by his money and determined to hold on to it until it should again be worth as much as when he took it. As a result the swift course of depreciation wiped out his fortune, and gradually drove him to despair and mental collapse. The dreadful mass slaughter end suicide followed on December 11, 1782. Stiles, Wethersfield, pp. 695-697.
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who actively engaged in full or part-time work as commissary agents. . Most of the merchants in such wartime boom towns as Hartford and Middletown also enjoyed an unusual degree of prosperity. Moreover, taxation, although increased, failed to absorb any large part of increased wartime: profits, except as currency depreciation may be considered an automatic form of taxation.
It should be remembered that Connecticut's economy still was a relatively simple one with much barter trade. Development of large- scale institutions and instruments of credit and banking lay in the future. Hence, the opportunity for making fabulous wartime profits of the Civil War or twentieth-century type simply did not exist. If the vitriolic attacks in the press against "engrossers," "monopolizers," and "gold bugs" meant anything, however, they signified a widespread feeling that some merchants and farmers did make excessive profits by unjust methods. Among the merchants the profiteers probably numbered only several score in all, a drop in the bucket compared with the vast majority who enjoyed only a moderate or no increase in real income and standard of living.
In some states the Revolution brought a profound realignment of classes and redistribution.of wealth. Kuch of this was accomplished through confiscation of large estates of Loyalists, as in New York, and the parceling out of this land to Patriots. In Connecticut, however, no social upheaval occurred. A few Loyalists lost their estates, but the number was too small to affect importantly the total economic and social picture.
In conclusion, it is well not to overlook the great broadening in the horizons of the Connecticut merchants which ocoured during the war. A
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It scemed as if Connecticut, for the first time, had emerged into the main currents of American economic life. Connecticut indeed had moved far from the colony of 1750 or 1760 with its small traders and their narrow interests. The necessary wartime increase in interstate economic activities had exerted a profound influence in weakening the very provincial commercial outlook of earlier, colonial days. The old order, admittedly, lingered on in the political realm for several decades more. In the realm of mercantile affairs, however, the grip of the old order had been conclusively broken, and a new order had begun to take shape. The road had been cleared for Connecticut's rapid commercial expansion during the next half-century.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Manuscripta
Location
A. A. S .- American Antiquarian Society
C. R. S .- Connecticut Historical Society
C. S. L. - Connecticut State Library
C. U. B. L .- Columbia University Business Library
L. C .- Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division
N. H. S. - 'assachusetts Historical Society Ii. A .- National Archives
". Y. P. L .- New York Public Library
T. T. C .- Library of the University of l'orth Carolina Y .- Sterling Library of Yale University
Allen, Thomas (A. A. S.)
American Revolution, I, Letters to Roval Flint c. H. G. .
Archives at Connecticut State Library (actually used)
Boardman, William F. J., Collection of Connecticut l'acuscripts, 1661- 1835,
Extracts fre :. Farmin-ton Revolutionary Records, 1774-1734.
Extracts from Hartford Revolutionary Records, 1774-1784.
Extracts from Litchfield Revolutionary Records, 1774-1784.
Extracts from New London Revolutionary Records, 1774-1794. Extracts from Norwich, Revolutionary Records, 1774-1784.
Finance and Currency, 1677-1789, vol. 5.
Fitch, John, Papers, Official Letter Book.
Industry, 1708-1789, vols. 1, 2.
Osborn Collection, Revolutionary Papers, 1777-1782.
Revolutionary War, First Series, ils. 1-37.
Revolutionary War, Second Series, 751s. 10, 39, 40, 53,
1
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395.
Ship Trumbull. Account Book of Provisions, Hammocks, Soap & Tobacco, 1777.
Trade and Maritime Affairs, Series I, 1668-1782, vols. 1, 2.
Travel, Highways, 1700-1788.
Trumbull, Joseph, Abstract of Public Monies Received and Issued by Joseph Trumbull, Esq., Commissary General for the United States of America, August 19, 1775 [to] June 8, 1778.
Trumbull Collection, Governor Joseph, 5 vols.
Trumbull Papers, vols. 1-28.
Connecticut. County Court. New London County. Record of Trials, vol. XXY (November 1781-August 1784). (C.S.L.)
Connecticut. County Court. Windham County Records, vol. IV, Trials, (June 1777-December 1782) (C. S. L.).
Connecticut -- Loan Office, Receipt Book, January 1-September 14, 1781, (c. S. L.).
Connecticut, Miscellaneous, Boxes 1 and 2 ( !.. Y. P. L. ).
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Connecticut Records, Miscellaneous Papers, 1637-1783 (L. c.).
Continental Congress 66 (L. c.).
Dartmouth Manuscripts, 1720-1783 (State Historical Commission, Raleigh).
Grant Papers (c. S. L.).
Hammett, Cornelius, Papors, 1777-1780 (U. N. C.).
Heath Papers, vol. XX (L. E. S.).
Hooker, Hoodiah and Others (c. S. L.).
Huntington, General Jo lidiah, Letters, 3 vols., July 7, 1758-June 10, 1814 (C. H. S. ).
Huntington, Jedidiah and Others, Letters, 1775-1781 (c. H. S.).
Ingersoll Papers (L. C.).
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Iredell, James Sr., Port of Roanoke, 1771-76 (State Historical Commission, Raleigh).
Lane, W. G., Collection, 1772-1776, 1777-1780, 1781-1784.
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l'iddletom Tom Records, Envelope 3 (1773-1778), Envelope 4 1779-1783) (Clerk's Office, City of Middletom ).
Miller's Account vs. Connecticut 1778, Jeremiah (C. S. L.).
Miscellaneous, XV, 1776-1778 (N. H. S.).
New Haven (Customs ), A list of foreigners outwards, September 17, 1762- June 24, 1801 (N. A. ).
New Haven (Customs ), District of New Haven, A list of foreigners invards, September 17, 1762-July 20, 1801 (N. A.).
Now Haven (Customs ), District of New Haven, List of Coasters Inwards, September 27, 1776-July 2, 1779 (N. A. ).
New Haven Naval Officer, An Account of Duties on Run collected by the Haval Officer at New Haven between the 8th June 1767 and 29th July 1770 (New Haven Customs; since transferred to N. A. ).
Norwich, Connecticut Committee of Inspection (c. s. L.).
Record of All Ships and Vessels Registered at New Haven in the Colony of Connecticut, 1752-1795 ( New Haven Customs; since transferred to !!. A. ).
Satterlee, Leroy De Forest and Arcadia Gluckman, American Gun Makers, Buffalo, 1940.
Shaw Papers, Letters 1776; Letters and Accounts 1779 (Y.) Sparks Collection, vols. 12, 59, (Houghton Library, Harvard).
Stewart, Charles, Commissary General, Letters, 1777-1782 (L. C. ). Stewart, Walter (L. c.).
Stiles, Ezra, Diary 1770-1790, 3 vols. (L. c.).
Tallmadge Papers, Number 4 (Litchfield Historical Society).
Trumbull, Joseph, Correspondence, 1761-December, 1775 (c. H. S. ). Trumbull, Joseph, Correspondence, January 1776-June 1776 (C. H. S. ). Trumbull, Joseph, Correspondence, July-December 1776 (C. H. S.).
.
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Trumbull, Joseph, Correspondence, January 1777-February 1778 (C. E. S.). Trumbull, Jonathan, Sr., Diary of, Nay 9, 1733-Kay 31, 1733, etc. (C. H. S.).
Wadsworth, Jeremiah, Miscellaneous Letters, 1777-1883 (L. c.).
Wadsworth, Jeremiah, Commissary General of Purchases, 1779 (C. H. S.).
Wadsworth, J., Letter Books, 1778-1783 (C. H. S.).
Windham, Connecticut, An account of the number of persons belonging to each family in the tomm of Windham, April 29, 1779. (c. S. L.).
Account Books
American Revolution, Accounts (C. H. S.).
Backus, James, Business Correspondence and accounts of James Backus of Norwich, 1770-1815, (C. H. S.).
- Burtch, Thomas, Account Book, 1773-1787 (Y. ).
Butler, Gideon, Account Book (C. U. B. L.).
Collins, David, Shoemaking, 1770-1813 (Baker Library, Harvard).
Dudley, Nathaniel, 2nd, Accounts, Guilford, Connecticut, 1758-1783 (Y.).
Early Connecticut Accounts, 1739-1836 (C. U. B. L.). Ellery, William, Account Book, 1774-1785 (c. H. ". ).
Hopkins, John, Account Book, 1774-1846 (Y. ).
Hubbill, Silas, Account Books from Stratford, Connecticut, 1771-1811 (C. U. B. L.).
Kelsey, Aaron, 1734/5-1798 (Y.).
L'ott, General Sam, General Store, Preston, Connecticut, 1773-1313 TY.).
Newton Family (C. U. B. L.).
Nichols, Benjamin, Book of Accounts, Mansfield, Connecticut, 1775-1815 (C. v. B. L. ).
Perkins, Dr. Joseph (Baker Library, Harvard).
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398.
Seward, David, 1714-1801 (Y.).
Shaw Papers, Account Books, Nos. 4, 7, 9, .26-31, 36, 37, 39; Accounts 1779, No. 57 (Y.).
Shelton, Joseph, Account Book, 1727-1783 (Y.).
Wadsworth, J., Account Books (2) (c. H. S.).
2. Printed Sources
Acts and Laws of the State Connecticut in America, New London, 1784. Adam, Charles Francis, The Works of John Adams, vols. II, VI, VII, IX, Boston, 1850-1856.
Annals of Providence, Collections of the Rhode-Island Historical Society, vol. V, Providence, 1843.
Bailey, Rev. Frederic W., Early Connecticut Marriages as found on Ancient Church Records Prior to 1800, Sixth Bock, New Haven, 1904.
Boston Town Records, 1778 to 1783, Boston, 1895.
Burnett, Edmund C., ed., Letters of l'embers of the Continental Congress, vols. I-VI (August 29, 1774-December 31, 1782), Washington, 1921- 1933.
Deane, Correspondence of Silas, 1774-1776, Collections ofconnecticut Historical Society, vol. II, 125-368.
Deane, Silas, Papers, 1774-1790, Collections of New York Historical Society, vols. XXXIX-XXIII, New York, 1887-1891.
Deane Papers, Collections of Connecticut Historical Society, vol. XXIII. Extract of Letters to Rev. Thomas Prince, Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, III, 271-320.
Finlay, Hugh, Journal Kept by Hugh Finlay, Brooklyn, 1867. Fitzpatrick, John C., ed., Writings of George Washington, Washington, 1938. !
Force, Peter, American Archives, vol. I.
Hinman, Royal Ralph, A Historical Collection from Official Records, Files, etc., of the Part Sustained by Connecticut during the War of the Revolution, Hartford, 1842.
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Huntington, Letters Written by Ebenezer, New York, 1915.
Huntington Papers, Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, vol. XX.
Jones, Matt B., ed., Revolutionary Correspondence of Governor Nicholas Cooke, 1775-1781, Proceedings of American Antiquarian Society, vol. XXXVI, 231-353.
Joslin, Joseph, Journal of Joseph Joslin Jr. of South Killingly, Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, vol. VII, 297-369. 2
Lee Papers, The, Vol. I, Collections of the New York Historical Society, vol. IV, New York, 1872.
Lyman of Sharon, Journal of Simeon, August 10 to December 28, 1775, Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, vol. VIV, 111-134.
l'ackenzie, Diary of Frederick, vols. 1, 2, Cambridge, 1930.
Moore, Frank, Diary of the American Revolution, New York, 1860.
New Haven for Non-Importation, 1770, The Plea of, Bulletin of the New York Public Library, vol. 1, no. 1 (January, 1897).
New York in the Revolution, Albany, 1887,
O'Callaghan, E. B., Documentary History of the State of New York, Albany, 1849.
Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, Ser. 1, 1689-1776, vol. 1-15, Hartford, 1850-1890.
Public Records of the State of Connecticut, Ser. 2, 1776-1781, vols. 1-5, Hartford, 1894-1943.
Record of Service of Connecticut Men in the War of the Revolution, Hartford, 1889.
Records of the Colony of Rhode Island, vols. VII, VIII, IX.
Records of the State of Rhode Island, vols. VII, IX, Providence, 1863, 1864.
Revolutionary Corremondence, Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society, vol. VI, 105-380.
Serle, Ambrose, The American Journal of Ambrose Serle, San Marino, California, 1940.
Sparks, Jared, Correspondence of the American Revolution; being Letters of Eminent l'on to George Washington, Boston, 1853.
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Statisticks of New Haven, 1774, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. XII, 217-219, Boston, 1846.
Statisticks of New London, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. XII, 219-220, Boston, 1846.
3. Almanacks -
Amos, Nathaniel, An Astronomical Diary or, an Almanack for 1774, Now London, Thomas Green.
Bickerstaff's New England Almanack for ... 1781, Norwich, J. Trumbull. Father Abraham's New England Almanack for 1782, Hartford, Basil Webster. Watson's Register and Connecticut Almanack for 1775 -(1776 ) (1777) (1778). Weatherwise's Town and Country Almanack for 1782, Boston, North Coverly and Robert Hodge.
4. Newspapers
Connecticut Courant and [Hartford] Weekly Intelligencer, 1772-1783.
Connecticut Gazette (New London), 1774-1782.
Connecticut Journal (l'ex Haven ), May 6, 1774-May 29, 1783.
Norwich Packet, November 4, 1773-1783.
5. l'onographs
Parck, Oscar Theodore, Jr., New York City during the War for Independence, New York, 1931.
Baxter, W. T., The House of Hancock, Business in Boston, 1724-1775, (Harvard Studies in Business History, X), Cambridge, 1945.
Pining, Arthur Cecil, British Regulation of the Colonial Iron Industry, Philadelphia, 1933.
Boardman, Roger Sherman, Roger Sherman, Philadelphia, 1938.
Chapelle, Howard Irving, The History of American Sailing Ships, Now York, 1935.
401.
East, Robert E., Business Enterprise in the American Revolutionary Era, New York, 1938.
Fowler, William C., Historical Status. of the Negro in Connecticut, Cha-leston, South Carolina, 1901.
French, Allen, The First Year of the American Revolution, Boston, 1934. Gipson, Lawrence, Henry, The Taxation of Connecticut Toms, 1750-1775, in Essays in Colonial History, pp. 284-298, New Haven, 1931.
Greene, Lorenzo Johnston, The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620-1776, New York.
Harrington, Virginia D., The New York Merchants on the Eve of the Revolution, New York, 1935.
James, Captain William H., The British Navy in Adversity, London, 1926. Johnson, Victor Leroy, The Administration of the American Commissariat during the Revolutionary War, Philadelphia, 1941.
Jones, Z. Alfred, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, London, 1930. Macmillan, Margaret Burnham, The War Governors in the American Revolution, New York, 1943.
Norris, Richard B., ed., The Era of the American Revolution, New York, 1939. -
Cberholtzer, Ellis Paxson, Robert Norris, New York, 1903.
Pitman, Frank Wesley, The Development of the British West Indies, 1700- 1763, New Haven, 1917.
Rosenberry, Lois K. Mathews, The Expansion of New England, Boston, 1909.
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution, 1763-1776, New York, 1918.
Smith, William, The History of the Post Office in British forth America, 1639-1870, Cambridge, 1920.
Steiner, Bernard C., History of Education in Connecticut, Contributions to American Educational History, To. 14., O. S. Bureau of Education, Washington, 1893.
Stoughton, John A., A Corner Stone of Colonial Commerce, Boston, 1911. Sutherland, Stella H., Population Distribution in Colonial America, New York, 1936.
Tryon, Rolla l'ilton, Household Manufactures in the United States, 1640-1860, Chicago, 1917.
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402.
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Van Gelder, Arthur Pine and Hugo Schlatter, History of the Explosive Industry in America, New York, 1927.
6. Travel
American Husbandry, vols. 1, 2, London, 1775.
Anburey, Thomas, Travels through the Interior Parts of America, vols. 1, 2, London, 1791.
Balch, Thomas, ed., The Journal of Claude Blanchard, Albany, 1876.
Burnaby, Rev. Andrew, Travels through the Middle Settlements in North-Arterica, in John Pinkerton, A General Collection of Voyages and Travels, XIII, 701-752, London, 1812.
Chastellux, L'arquis François Jean de, Travels in North America in the Years 1780-81-82, New York, 1827.
Dunbar, Seymour, History of Travel in America, Indianapolis, 1915. Robin, M. l'Abbe, Nouveau Voyage dans L'Amerique Septentrionale en L'Annee 1781, Paris, 1782.
Smyth, John F. D., Esq., A Tour in the United States of America, vol. II, London, 1784.
7. Local, State and Sectional Works
In this section are listed useful secondary works dealing, primarily with some phase of Connecticut history, including town, county and state histories, and biographical studies. l'any other works upon Connecticut history prior to 1783 were examined including practically every one in the extensive collections of the Connecticut State Library.
Adams, Charles Collard, Middletow Upper Houses, New York, 1908. Adams, James Truslow, New England in the Republic, 1776-1850, Boston, 1926.
Adams, James Truslow, The Founding of New England, Boston, 1921. Allen, Francis Clcott, The History of Enfield Connecticut, 3 vols .. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1900.
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403.
Andrews, Charles NoLean, Connecticut's Place in Colonial History, New Haven, 1924.
Arnold, Samuel Greene, History of the State of Rhode Island, vol. II, New York, 1860.
Atwater, E. E., et. al., History of the City of New Haven, New York, 1887.
Avery, Rev. John, History of the Town of Ledyard, 1650-1900, Norwich, Connecticut, 1901.
Bacon, Edwin !!. , The Connecticut River and the Valley of the Connecticut, New York, 1906.
Bacon, Rev. Leonard, New Haven One Hundred Years Ago, New Haven, 1876. Bailey, James M., History of Danbury, 1684-1896, New York, 1896. Farber, John Warner, Connecticut Historical Collections, Now Haven, 1838
Barber, John W. and Lemuel S. Punderson, History and Antiquities of New Haven, Connecticut, New Haven, 1870.
Barber, Lucius I., A Record and Documentary History of Simsbury, Simsbury, Connecticut, 1931.
Bayles, Richard M., ed., History of Windham County, New York, 1889.
Beardsley, E. Edwards, History of the Episcopal Church in Connecticut, New York, 1865.
Blake, Henry T., Chronicles of New Haven Green from 1638 to 1862, Now Haven, 1898.
Boven, Clarence Winthrop, The History of Woodstock, Connecticut, Norwood, Massachusetts, 1926.
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