USA > Connecticut > The trade of Revolutionary Connecticut > Part 7
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apparently was done beth on the coasts and inland, and onlisted mok enthusiasm end capital. 61
1
The famous copper mines'at Simsbury and Wallingford providod the raw materials for the mufacture of copper coins and implements. Joseph Figby: a. blacksmith of Granby, making use of the nearby nines, turned out copper coins in the 1750's. 63 3
36
The chief producer of copper goods was Abel Buell whose copper found a market not only in Commestiout but also in neighboring colonies 44 wall .: Ho personally poddled his dieg and coins, ang did e lively, business .. C etiqut, probably coined mero oopper than any other.11,1%; Coleny ...... sever Al Franferd, five at Fairfield, three et
Weeden, II, 501.
65
Margaret E. Martin, Merchants and Trade t Cementlaut River
Valley (Northampton, 1030), p
$
.
08.
Lord
Averloar Cerrarte.
y ia. Com ---
noticshipbuilding somwaxed larga investments and the labor member of. ps al. Comnostiout. 1The growth,
of product! ef goed foreign and dopostig markets, and. the %}
Increased demand for gooda stimulated shipbuilding in the ...
eight th osatury .. Th stry was quite decentralised with marly
every. good seaport or river port engaged to lesser extent.
..
Ancording to me.study. Compotlout ed, thirg in tomasse built
in the colenies in 1769. The poleni 150 tuo side of -
.
unsurstate+ Coldzy
Te Vessols Enilt
Averas Terazo
1
Massachusetts
157
70
2
8452
3
1542
50
22
Rhode Island,
1428
43
Maryland
425
Virginia
1289
27
551
60.
South Carolina
78
10
North Carolina
007
12
11
Jersars
25
'Georgi
The record of vessels registered at Ne Beren from June 8, 1763
to June 2, 1767 contains suggestive deta. Thirty-three ships ranging
in tournage from fifte mo hundred end twenty were built as followss
ning at New Haven, seven Branford, five at Fairfield, three at
Guilford, and ens gach at Derby, Baybrook, Miferd, Stratford, Forwalk,
Mantusket, How York, Massachusetts, and Virginia. 5
Shipbuilding first appears in the Colonial Recorda for 1640 is a
Shefts
0-81. / Dessd upon Champion's reviews of Lord
Included in this
Ships sad Vossola Re
1763-1999.
-
:14
Bor York
963
1031?
19
-
1162
1
4
₡
20
90
notice that Governor Hopkins had undertaken the ompletion of a vessel dispatobed for: "Cotton wsoll .= 66 1.6 .In 200 1666 two positive stops to
emistrustion were taken. All vessels upon the stecks .....
pto fran taxation. .67 In second place, all ships, of. thirty tens or more ra to bo free from taxes always."": ir.
Sur .There š to Deem a slow but steady increase in the shipping of the Colony. "This table; based upon replies to tho: Board of Trade;
gives the' gomoral picture, although it probably errs on the side of understatementi' zolt to assets
Greath of Shipping in Connecticut 69
colonial perist. 14
Your
Bomber of Vezcela
Tennare
Number of Seamon
1730 12 1303
" .. 74. Conne. tim:45802 .. , Fico
stany, $10. Forging to the
1761 114
3527 651
.
177459 .4 Bz -- 1004 kl tane: 10317.
It is obvious that the most marked increase in shipping was achieved
..
in the two decades just preceding the Revolution. Moreover, the average
tonnage por ship jumped from thirty one tens in 1756 to fifty-soven in 1774. 1 --- . . .
1780 reply indicates the hems pert of each ship, which gives a
. € .. .
"O. R. 1, 69. .
67 C. R, II, 50%,
C. R. II, 47-111010 18. Modern Portland is included
39 C. R. VII, 5-626, XX, 6291 X17, 498.
-
(Har-ford,
70
1th ab
luded in tata
4 141, 467;
total for 1774.
(4), 1. 897.
.
.
JE
good idea of the distribution of shipping. Low London and Now Haveno . stood highest with five; followed by Merwich, Guilford; and Hartford with, four; Saybrosk and Stratford with three; Groszrich, Milford, Middletown, and Killingworth with two; and Branferd, Fairfield, Haddan, Forwalk, Lyme, and Wethersfield with one. The ships varied in size from the Sloop Success lof ton sans to the "briganteon". Delphin of eighty tens. . " "!In 1786 the larg vessels reported, the Lion, and the Leopard, reached? only ninety tens. " hand samme. fo
It is difficult to assess the relativo importanos of the shipbuilding dens at the different parts. "Now London took the lead at the start, 73 and it remained among the most important throughout the colonial period. " New: Haveri : ranked high; as did Guilford, Saybrook, and Stratford mong the coastal tos. + Up the, Ceunsotiout River, Middletown was ferging to the fronts". "but Essex,' Middle Kaddem; Glastonbury; Rocky Hill, Wethersfield, 75
and Hartford also had active shipwright's. 76 On the Thames, Norwich was " . the some of thip construction."Probably every tam in the Colony,"t located en water of my importance, san sene shipbuilding done.
· by a .C. R. VII, 682-635."*
C .- R. X, 625.
75Bishop, p. 50.
245.
7ºc. M. Ealleway, "Old Whaling Port," Commeotiout Magazine, III, 206. 145.
History af Middlesex County, p. 72. Modern Portland is included . with X sters.
ToIbid., p. 564; Carl F. Price, Yankee Township (East Hampton, Cenasetiout, 1941), pp. 65-66; Alonso B. Chapin, Glaatmabary (Hartford, 1653), p. 126; Reger M. Griswold, "First Sailing Vessels and Merobant Marinara on the Connectiout River," Connectiout Magazine, X, 464, 467; Henry Stiles, History of Ancient Wethersfield (New York, 1904), 1,''897.
Although the vessels of the eighteenth century seem very small to." modern eyes, each of them! represented a sizeable investment. Foriexample, aninety-seven ton schooner. built at Hartford by John-Filey in-1750:9est 24840106:09, "a very large. sum for these days.rater Horton of Cothen,. 77 2szr . Sawmills fermed an integral part of the manufacturing scene in;, celemial Connecticut: : Timber was plentiful and the need for sayers, pressing: [Ono mill operator, in!colonial times, could do about twenty times the work ef a hand smryer .! 78, Connecticut colonial tom wore the . 0007-8mmmille appeared quite early in Comestiout :: In September, 1655 the legislature gave John Winthrop "libberty to fine out a place forste the setting up a saw mill where it may not prejudice the plantations or farms· allrody: given eut .! 79 As the years passed;" a member of suniillsish
were erected at favorable stream sites throughout the Colony. as the Mahantick River and nearby streams, mills were built by Fitz-John":{ var Winthrop. and John Prentiss in the 1690's, and by Colonel John Livingston
and Samuel Weller and Sen" in 1713 and 1721 respectively. The first 80 saswill in a town usually appeared soon after its founding. : In Bookville, 81 for example, & sawmill was set up in: 1740 by Themas Johns, ; and Another .... by a Mr. Holott in 174 ... tered Interactions of goods the alady-es wird
Stoughton, p. 33.
78Mettels, p. 245.
NºC. R. I .: 246.'n; Connectlous Leaders suffered from the dolezion soBishop, I, 103.
Adál STAFF of the (Hart ford, 1997),
81
`B. L. Burr, "The City of Rockville," Connecticut Magazine, VI, 61-62. Mi6/1etron<, 1, 201.
'CG-369.
Harry C. Smith, "Centennial of Vernon," Connecticut Magasine, XII, 181.
that The gunsmith was an important personage in the life of the winthrop tomspeople, though .very little has been written about him, Nearly every torn had.at least emo gunsmith. Typical among the eighteenth century:"t gunsmiths were Beneni Hills, John Deud and Toenszer Herton of Gosben, Hosekich Huntington of Windham, Timothy Green of East Haddam Landing, - Silas Phelps of Lebanon, and Samuel Hoyes 'of Norwich. " When the war !' came, the gunsmith became a vital cog in the drive for victory. 83
Other important figures in:the Connecticut colonial tem were the cooper and the blackarith. " Here again at least one or two word zooded in every village, yet the demand did not amount to enough to necessitate a large member of full-time werkers. The coming of the war produced;en immediate need for more work in the blacksmith line. Such mon as Will iam Lex, master blacksmith and wheelwright of Norwich, almost immediately found themselves overwhelmed by the need for their help in producing war supplies. 84 : Goshen, located near Salisbury and plentiful iren supplies, had twenty-sight;blaakmiths active during the war. 8º; "i ,as hend Seen :: . The general picture of manufacturing in colonial Cennostiout takes the form largely of home'manufactures for the household plus a diversified, small-scale; and widely-scattered manufacture of goods for slowly-growing local, inter-colonial, and foreign markets,o prevent it from flordisc cenatutly, which Misoaramed further development. 90
II. Mining
be, c. s., 5, 507.
From the beginning Connecticut leaders suffered from the delusion
35, 3.4: .. , 51 -.
.
A
13 .83 A. G. Hibbard, History of the Town of Goshen (Hartford, 1897), pp. 370-371; Middlebrook, I, 201; Bayles, p. 71; Caulkins, pp. 388-389. "yri. ... K. 25.
84 fiddlebrook, 1, 201. "C. R. 2.1, 650.
85 Hibbard, p. 371. Tousbili, x, 25-20,
1 :
that the Colony contained valuable mineral deposits ...: Governar Winthrop himselfaprospected in many sections for minerals, and did find varied deposits ... 86 With the exception of the Salisbury iren mins, Connecticut colonial mining: comprised a sad.story: of great hopes and great Dr. John disappointments .:- Although Connecticut!s. mineral resources.were:net.'eh .. 2 generally important,; brief attention should be given.to the state of miningad, but the enterprise failed to produce large profite. 92. .
Copper deposits early.emited tho. hepes .of. mining promotors."" In. 1707 a company was organised to work the mine at Granby. . Despitesz : ly encouragement from the, legislatare in 1709 and later and changes ofus management, the mines proved unprofitable.87 Trumbull expressed.it;c. "The: miner et: Simsbury: was ong until the veins of BodilyAAby predigious cavity was made, which.has sinco become the famous prisen, called Newgatei ^This: has been of much greater advantage: to the state :. 's than. all the copper dug out of it."8%, The report to the Board of Trade in 1762 summed up the matter accurately: "Same copper mines have been in divers parts of the Colony opened, but after considerable expense amd labour proving unprofitable became wholly neglected. " " There was a rich deposit:of cepper mear Wallingford which was opened-up. soon afters the Granby, one, but: It proved impossible to prevent it from flooding constantly, which discouraged.further development. ºº There were-other
-
Connecticut
C. C. S., I, 505.
Que mirer,
87c. R. V, 104, 154, 285, 823; VI, 84-87, 371; C. C. S. I, 505-505. Richard .H. Phelps, Fewrate of Connecticut (Fartferd, 1901), pp. 15-17. Bishop, I, 508-509.
**
Trumbull, I, 25.
8 C. R. XÍ, 680.
County, p. S.
scattered deposits at Trumbull, Orange, Terrington, and Whigville-all 91 in operation. at one time or another in. the eighteenth century.
One of the most unusual mining ventures was that at Cobalt at the foot cf.Great .Hill.in .East Hampton. ,.In.1762 a German chemist, Dr. John Stephanney discovered the cobalt. depesits .: In-1770 he joined with John Knool and: Gominus Bakslens. in mining the cobalt. All the ere Wasg total exported, but the enterprise. failed to produce large profits."" iron for for The best available lead mine was located just south of . Middletown. near the Herrers in Connecticut River .: Apparently it was worked early in the colonial peried, and then was abandoned for many years. .95 The dire need for lead. prompted its-reopening at the start of the Revolution. Great expectations were held. of its usefulness, but, unfortunately, they, were .enly very . partially realized. 9" Lead was mized also noar Unien, for: the Council of Safety in April, 1776 appointed a committee to procure "four hundred weight of black lead" to be used at the Salisbury cannen workca.95
Stone for building purposes was found at several places in the
4 . noimilal Connecticut. Colony. Probably the most important quarry developed was that of brownstone at East Middletom (Portland). About 1665 the first use was .
$ made of it, and in 1726 the selectmen of the town assumed charge.
E. M. Elberta "Copper Mining in Connecticut," Cennootiout Quarterly, III, 23-32. to , Felipesiena of the
92 'Schairer, p. 108; Price, pp. 158-159. *
c. C. S., I, 505.
9+809 :pp .: 232-2381. -
0%: R. IV,262.5.
1 History' of Middlesex County, p. 516.
The brownstone was, used heavily locally, and also carried as far way as: Besten for buildings and, tombstones, 97 september 0, 1641 ordering GererFar and: away the most significant pining done was that for iron in northwestern" Connecticut, to which referance.has birsady been made; " "SalisburyPhere, as it was called,rrated at the top. among. American-iron : until well into: the nineteenth century. ; The oro, gavo for every two to two and one-half tons of pros, and, a ten of bar irea for four tams. The,tougimess of the iron quickly, became famous. For the ;. first sixty years: 2000 tens annually on the average pas, extractod-from
1. ne.+, With the outbreak of the Revolution the need for carmen and other.n iron implements of war immediately booams oritical. The Salisbury-iron mines and furnaces attained en importance unequalled by any other; Arom center in the country. wy mark of May, 1175, 13.
A dearly frequent type of fisheries ingualation involved the grant
Fishing">; . Lo firth a er:tuin srea. Fr
C - C Fishing was an occupation of soms importanos in colonial Connecticut. At *. cle :-= I'm in the Cornertiout The earliest settlers came to a fisherman's paradiso. The rivers, lakes
- and the Sound teemed with a variety of fish, while along the shores . lobsters, oysters, olams, and shell fish abounded.
*lograrmbly approved x
'Extrests of letters to Rev. Thomas Prince, Collections of the
Comootlout Historical Society, III, 279.
.
pp. 78-81. VAIAL, pp. 128-159: 30900, 11, 748.
mabull, II, 81.
-
100 ]: Seo pp. 204-215.
, AIX, 248; 134, 82-
101Trumbull, 3 .. 21.
1
-
107
for""Legislation concerning fishing recurs frequently throughout the colonial ora. It began with a resolve of September 9, -1641 'ordering Governor John Haynes, Nr. Phelps, and ' Captain Masen to negotiate withus Mr. "Fenwicz "conserneing liberty for making salt in Long Island and takebig fishg."105 .'Seon thereafter sols whaling privileges were bestowed upon a Mr. Whiting'for two years:10 Apparently, however) whaling never won many etherönte in "Connecticut, unlike Massaohisotta:104,e colonial .
per: Thong để nói, thẻ methods employed in fishing had to bỏ regulated .: This nosd"called forth the first comprehensive fisheries sot, that of Nay," 1725 "to prevent Nuisances by Hodges; Weares and other Insimbrances, obstructing the passage of Fish in Rivers." Such derloss were forbidden on the "Quintabang, Shoutetiket and Windser Ferry River .: 105 Thofska prohibition was extended to the Heusabenio River and its'tributar May, 1764, and reaffirmed by an act of May, 1778.1062;3: 1 the Picking
A fairly frequent typs of fisheries legislation involved thegrant of sole right to an individual or a greup to fish a certain area, For example, in October, 1780 Jabez Hanlia and five others of Middletown petitiened for exclusive fishing rights at a place in the Connecticut River moar the mouth of the Little (Sebethe) River which they had cleared at "great pains and expense." The general assembly approved & -
C. R. I, 68.
1036; R, I, 154. jólcartón; pp. 158-19. Wooden, II, 748.
108
XD., 450.
ten-year grant. 107
CHAPTER TI
In 1766 the legislature found it wiss to pass za ast "for the Preservation of Oysters and Clams" which vosted in the individual tores on the. peest : to make local regulationy.". 108 estoresk of the .
filled the
engpotiout ver
3 a:s4, chad sent
a
the enla
lesser %
The appar ovod pro ractiont
110 vested in the
r. seriously interfered with:fishing activities loss was.pls rt could a
111 the most ort, ruption/by time: ind Winthrop probably Grew up the time in his ful petiting to the King, and Hay aparently wird mod. Fortisliy adopted, Farantially, the Charter Findet tan royil ataca of approml apra mint had been dobe iy the osinaists. Tas Colcay arataund to aleet & mie the, deputy governor, and tables assistante. They wore shesma by the "freymmm," to xa, twenty-cns years
ro found: in: C; Rs - IX; 400; XI7;, 42-13, 233-234.
103 G. B, KIJ. 500-50les popularsy referred to as the Flower borsa" Bellas, AT, 718-710.ts, ar "upper house." The porse of the general
8月線110. "Hicks, les. cit., VII, East or the first time by the phrase 'not
the laws of Cogiand." Pat thara max no requirement that
bo Papers, Collections of the New York Historical Society, ₾
100.
a situation of which the oo criremezi fall advantage. 3
: Motions wars hold oues yrarly on the secour Thursday indny after thánh: tha general Bách un's and the derutiss sitting
2
t
they ' apparent
4
jatill years
bo full political ris ditlen.
prios of top bizoral
42 Charles 1035), 11. 141-140.
Celery send 1te las to Bagiand fer reyal esafination or disallownase, A large marsber ar apssial costisua ware old during the war. The Hret was routeaed ouly a work iftar lastarten and Goneerd.
100.
trungze,
efter
tico, sitting 1
fall ripts'
1 tia. raly is ma
a literal detunout;"
$
1
(3) 19 nigel E
Colangs (
Bril!zary
o proviene
2600. but to
$
37.
2.
$
3
and
101.
and romouts Int very little:p
11
perd 7 Wo : roestrod every call:
afethoicer
the comail of eafety, &
partino pop
may inived clectorti tyster: vor
ct:
ramches
really.anli
. s.Of course, it
1 worried l
3 .their power
handled
tary
May, 1782. Tse of the
257.
for
as ewla te dogal elvamer o
Far
d.
12.
12. 18-86.
#charles n. And main Fineo in Colimial Eletory, yp.
ion :af :ex
102.
: ": In 1699 the deputies, or representativos, two from each tom," began to meet apart from the assistants, which involved basically a change " fron a mieseral to a biemmeral legislature.º The deputies, referred to hesoeforth as the lower house, probably represented a somewhat wider range of political, economic, and social interests than did the assistants, er upper house. the deputies came from every tema in the stato and tons had a mmuch wider geographieal distribution, and also included mero then the handful of families which dominated the upper house.'rrich toutes".
The upper house had a conservative statie quality which was the natural result of a eleverly devised olesteral system whereby members had to be elected by the f a List of twenty men, arranged' in a preferential order by the assistants. The top man had to be votod + + ,
upon first; the maxt man, secend, ote. Whenever the lower heuse tried 4 to alter this erder, it received a firm refusal from the assistants." 1 In the actual balloting at torn motings, moreover, the presces ocasumed so much time that many fremmen departed before these in the lower part of the list were voted upon. As a rule, a candidate on the lower' ring of the ladder had to wait patiently for a period of four to twelve years, er so, before death er a rare voluntary resignation gave him a good chance of successful election.". For instance, six out of the twelve assistants. in office in May 1772, still were in office in May, 1782. - Tro the
"This was done in socerd with an act of Ostober, 1693. C. R. IV, 267. The constitutionality of this ast was doubtful. Sinvon B, Baldrin, "The Early History of the Ballot in Connecticut," Fapers of the American Historical Association, IV. (Cotober. 1990), 616.4
TAndrews, Commeaties Face. p. 80. Baldvin asserte: "The lower .... house represented tao popular will of the days the upper house represented the popular will ef ort uty wears [earlier],".p. 417.
. .. .
.
1 1
108. . ,
ethere, Boze iah and Jabes Huntington had been replaced by other members: of the prominent family, Benjamin and Samuel Huntington. ; Soveral of the others. had died, while Willian Sammel. Johnson had quit his office desto leyalist. sympathies. .. Truly it was a family affair !.. The mix who served throughout the deonde, and lenger, were Abrahma Darpsport, finiris ; Kliphalot. Dyar, Willim. Pitkin,; Roger Sherman Spenger, and Oliver
Wolcott. : The council.ef a :co first ppo
assistants, four dopaticoa Deputy Coverner .. Crieval which indicated pisely the largo fafipesos the az beusewenn prend Jan.ce, . :: : Commentiout may have nJoyod ro solfem than any, other
Series estony. us cho did not have a dem
In first place, participation in the goveramont was.
Limited to those who
adhered to and supported the established Puritan Churok ... Fro
tur!,
the Pariton, or Congregational, Church played an important part in the
Lives of the people ... inhabitants wero tamed fer the support of the
minister of the establi
shed church in the tam. In second place, property
rogaram constantly maintained for all "freeman;" and only ..... "freemm" could vote for tom and seleny officials., The Leur was changed from time to time, end the Charter of. 1633 did no attempt to, regalato
this matter. In general, fras a very early onto in the Colony's history.
the age of twenty-one was the minimem to beomme a freeman. The amount of estate requis t List varied from
the to time." A resolvo
--- of Cotober, 1700 1 s to have held fer the r ainder of the
colonial period, doo at all fromm should have possession of
"forty pounds personal and that this valuation was to be omputed
. C. R. I. 331, 889, II, 283, IV, 11.
$
104.
secerding to the list of the particular your when application was made." :'t. Tom officials were elected at duly constituted tom zostings st which all fresmsn could participate and vote. The variety and mmber of tom officials :elcoted was impressive. At a town meeting of Middletomi .! a December 3, 1781, for example; the frommon chose the following officials: seven selectmeu, a treasurer; nizslistors, four o ns tables
et st
to taxes, two keepers ef Liquid measures, five "time viewers"[?].
three "gangers," four leather inspeeters, seven branders of horses; siz-
peud and keg keepers, two packers of meal, sloven grand jurors, !:... sixteen[1] tithing sem, a om tes of inspection of twenty two, two ! ! "
mere omustables, and a osmait ef about thirty-five to provide for'
soldiers' felise. 11 r times, Middletom ted a comitico
to matit to "and marvsyers of highways.12 The to in turn, controlled the electiens for the colony effielala. Procedures were outlinedby laws passed at different times by the general assembly. dosording to the last colonial one, that of May, 1740, the freemen were to meet joarly in April in regular tom meetings to choose tus doyaties for the lower house and to vote for Governer, Deputy-Governer, tualwy Assistenta, a Treasurer, and a Sesrotary. for all soleny officials were in reality praxies carried 1 o deputies to the
.
10c. R.
-i
-
.
This wa the ones in December, 1782, fer oztuple.
R. VIII. 20% :0, 225-721, -
.
105.
general assembly meting and east there' fort 14 his proxy ryster bossme almost universal by the early eighteenth century. 19
The only important change made in fromman's qualifications ia : Connecticut during the Eevolutiemary Far involved the taking of a special 4 . . -
oath of allegiance to the new Stato by all fremen and of 1 T 3 . megmuro was aimed at eliminating all Loyalista and "fenos-sitters participation in the gogerament, which it probably helped to do. .
". Bush has been said already to the effect that the government
: Colony essentially fell into the pattern of control by a narrow cirole . . of wall-to-de fandliss and persons. This state of affairs can easily be demonstrated in a more precise manner by emmining who hold the chief offices at my particular time. For this purpose the persons olestod to Leading positions of power and responsibility in the spring of 1776 have . boca tabulat
:
23
the er provided fer el Governer, lesistant
i so impractical that the
at a mass mosting of frommy proxy system was 1 directing when ti al Somas is this ing Daputles Colony small moet in Order t a al ás Way." c. . VIII, 291.
Ja, p. 417.
8, 63, 100, 229-227.
€
--
106.
ic ^^ .; Competration of Political and Judicial Power in 177617
-
Assistan
(Upper
House )
Deputy
(Icter
Epuso)
Cernail of
Safety18
Superior ,
Court Judge
County Court
Probato Court
Judge
Justice of
Delegato to Congress19
brahma Davenport
Stanford
Miphalet Dyer
labez Huntington
Forviel
Jeamel' Emving ton Michard Low
For London
11114mm Pitkin
Hartford
Misha Sheldon
Salisbury
Rogo
Joseph Spenser
Last Bidden
Tillim Williams
Winch
Miver Woloott"
Litabfield
-
jodi dish Elderkta"' Windho
Millimm Elllhenas for' Lende on a* : 1
1
Titus Roeine:20.
Benjamin Hunting't
**
+
Eathandel
This table is based largely upon the elections and appointments recorded for May, 1776." Seo C. Z. XV, 269-
13 C. R. XV, 39, 325-516.
15mro delegates
. 1 a Cotobar, 1775, Wolcott and
Resser were al termites.
201190, 000 ef
of the Laver Fouss.
1
Met
--
1.
-
١٠
7
21
Judge
Foaco
.
107. -
To complete the rester of powerful political persomliti a, ano would need to add, of course, Governor Trumbull, Deputy-derermor Griswold,: ; "' : George Wyllys, Sesrotary of the State, and John Lawrenso, Treasurer .: oh This tight little. group, p-one mon in all, virtually contro lled the political destinies of to .... In this. list of fronty were found all the members of the, Upper House, of the Council of Safety, of tha Superior Court, and of the delegation to Congress, and (two). speakers of the Lower House. It would be necessary to add enly: cf a few more names to include all of the important, political leaders .**: Perhaps . the, addition of, a desen er: so key figures. of the Lower House,: moh as Comfort Sage of Middletura and. Thomas Seymour .. of Fartferd, would fairly.well round out the total of the ruling elique of the Colony ond :!!. stęto.21 ..
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