USA > Connecticut > The trade of Revolutionary Connecticut > Part 8
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t. : Daring.most of the colonial peried Connecticut elections were dall affairs, The customary. calm was shattered, however, by the Stemp Lot and its lesal. reporoussiens. Governor Thams Hitch, who had been a popular
-- Loader, Esoided 1 a. November, 1765 to take the eath required by the Crown that he onfor ee ef the Stamp Act. A majority of the assistants bitterly opp d the action and this marked the beginning of a virtual tro-party systea for a fer yeare, .On the ene side was Fitch and his"/ supporters, the "Old Party" who placed loyalty to the Crown fr the other side were auch mm as William Pitkin and Jonathan Trumbull,; , the. "Eastern Farty," nho determined to resist all British moves !/ *
--
sed the Connectiont political situation very aptly: "The State of Commentiout has always bom governed by an aristoerasy. zoro decisively than expire of Great Britain ia. Half
most a dorm families, comtry the ye ea voll -
as since it has been a stat C. Y. Adams, Works ef
.
108.
5
toward greater control of the Colony." Considerable interest was shown In the next olestien at which Pitkin was chosen governor. After Pitkin's death in' 1769; Fitch's party waged a'spiritual campaign to return Fitch , once more to the gubernatorial chair. The contest is the winter andre, spring ef. 1770 proved'a very lively affair in which Fitob's Stamp Lot support was throw up' against him, and Trumbull's mercantile failures, against him,! - Under the surface; herover; - Zay the deeper issues inherent in the divergent conservativo and radical viewpoints upon the question of imperial relationships. " The old Party's strength was eencentro ed west'
ho Conmsetient River; that of the "Easterà' Party" coress the River to the' cast. 22. was olese suongh so that no candidato The received a majority, but the general assembly proceeded to oloot fructull. Withia a couple of years the Pold Party's" strength began to wane and. frumball's reelection became a mero formilty.23 .: 1 1317; and 3
4. Brief notice must be taken finally of a war emergency organisation, the commeil of safety. It arose out of the obricas need for a special body which could handle day-to-day problems during the long intervals when the general assembly was not in session. This body mus set up by a resolve passed in Way, 1775, and it functioned until October 28, 1785. During this period, Governor Trumbull corremed the body for about 1400 F meetings, mostly held at Lebanon. The ocuneil was given largo -
1 discretionary powers to handle all necessary problems concerning troops. execution of legislativo roselves; supplies, finances, eto., which might
-
20-31. 28.
2> Jonathan Trumbull
Trimim !! (Boston, 1919), pp. 77-82.
Charles H, Andreza, points f that opposition to the Crown "Med after 1763 was centered in eastern C weotiout (the arsa of modern fellend and Windham Counties), Connecticut's Flaso in Colonial History, pp. 36-86.
.
109.
arise and require speedy action, Five or more out of the ten members constituted a quorum, and the members were paid eight shillings daily for attendance. nos. 24 - Through its constant labers the council of safety contributed vastly to Connecticut's war effort. In the economic sphere. its interpretation and oversight of the regulatory laws gave it a position of.decisivo importance.
Connecticut's system of colonial government em characterised, ... then, as one of self-gorerasat based, first upon the Fundamental Orders of 1659, and next upon the Charter of 1662. In no sense did Connecticut have a deresratio type of government. The ruling power was highly. concentrated in the hands of a mall group of the "godly," er the approved fremmen, who ruled in behalf of the other frecam and their families.25 Connecticut's governmental organization proved to be the most enduring ef all the Puritan systems, as it was not given up until 1818; and it functioned with remarkable efficiency and a largo degree: of popular., ir support.1 .... 1.5 2
r
S. R. XV, 59, 515-316. Similar bodies hed bosn set up in earlier intercolonial wars. For example, a council of war was established in Cotober. 1703 during Qasen Ame's War. 8. R. IV, 442, 655.
1
=
25 Andrews, Colonial Ferio. II, 142 ftn. Andrews points out that a galaxy of false olat es in behalf of Connections's colonial government have been made cuch that the Fundamental Orders were the first written constitution, and that th by booamo a model for later constitutions, eto. Neither did Connecticut have modera democracy in eny esaso, nor a system peculiarly different from the other How Farland colonies. Many scholars havo deluded themselves by studying the Fastamtal Orders end Comestient government in gensral out of its Puritan setting; int 1% emn be understood properly caly in that setting. Ibid., pp. 162-148 ftn.
121.
", CHAPTER VITier not" was sporedje ani
British Romalation of Trade Prior to 1763
: " British colonial trade regulations were numerous and, on the surface, quite restrictive." They found their roots in mercantilistio theory which was widely accepted by British leaders in the seventeenth century and sht found expression in the Navigation Acts. ' By end large, "the ideal of a. self-sufficient'Empire remained firmly fixed in the center'of the - Len merostillst program." The colonies were thought of chiefly as souroos of supply for raw materials, end as markets to absorb English finished goods-an arrangement particularly profitable to the Mother Comatry. "; Severe restraints upon American colonial trade were involved in the British colonial system. These restrictions began with the Navigation .: Lot of 1651 and were widely expanded during the next century through such sots as those of 2661, 1663, 1678, 1006, 1706; 1728 and 1783. All trade, of the colonies was to be carried in English ships, English-manned, A list of emeserated articles was set up which could be shipped from the colonies only to Ragland, but there was widespread disobedience of this provision. Direct trade from New England to Continental Europe continued as a small but flourishing business throughout the colonial period.
Roept for the attempt at rigorous control exhibited in the
short-lived Dominion of New England, Faglish commercial and polition! polley toward the New England colonies can be classed es lenisat for the entire period from 1620 to 1763, or so. It is true that from time " time new trade restrictions were laid down such as the zaval stores. Bounty Aots 1703 and 1729, end th of rios (1705). ..
boavar. skin od other fers (1722) to the moreted list; but, in actual
a
111.
.
practice, enforcement of these and earlier aots was sporadic and ineffectual. The virtual accession to power of Walpole in 1714 ushered - in an era of increased laxness in administration of colmial affairs in general, which was heightmed, if anything; under the Duke of Boroéstle and his self-styled polloy.of "salutary meglost." Even during this period of general lamess ; however, Parliament passed several significant trade nots of which the Molasses lot of 1738 affected Connecticut most. This Jot bads fair, if carefully caferood, to omnse heavy losses to Bom Englanders in their Wost Indiaa trade. Their answer was the customary ms-evasion of the duties by largo-sonle muggling. "The Kolasses Act Tas not permitted to interfere with the highly profitable trade with the French Wert Indian Islands which offered cheaper engar and mokdéses; and higher prices for How Ingland goods than would be obtained in the British
and large, British polleles for the regulation of colonial trade, meromstilistie in theory and in law, were largely vitiated in their'te'!" effectiveness by the inefficient, careless administration of British " officials in Derland and Aseries, and by elever but determined evasion ... . by the Americans. How Magleaders raked in the forefront of the skillful waters-needless to say
,who very oft-
1 The ideas expressed in this section are based upon extensivo reading in a variety of sources of which the most important were: Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History, Vol. IV, passin. Svar's 3 .- €
Royal Core mom's in : WITH THENEXT passin, Lombard W. Tabarco,
. battols, The Boot
113
CHAPTER .VIII Mal car, tallow, lard, flusses, best-max, benpa, headings, shev Local Trade
*. z.Tras the earliest days of the Commestiout River .settlements, trade,.t bald a:high place in the interests of the people. When the Nohioan Indians urged the settlers at Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. in 1651.to eco to Cemsetiout,; they spo glaringly of it as a superior place fer.plantations and trade .... Laber, when the pioneers: emme from. ! : 165
Massachusetts to Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield, they lost little ... timo in embarking upon trades.From the start, trading instincts vero powerful in the "Conmeetious. Yenioo !!
Trado at the local level was zaspectacular, yet highly important .. Brery farmer, willy-nilly, was a;trader of sorts. .: The mm deserved the title of "merchant" was very small, but it would be marlee to limit one's attention to that group.",", is. 7:20", :. : The families of the lato colonial period still operat dementally upon a self-sufficiency basis, and purchased as little as possible of what they consumode Nos's food and. olothing om from the farm, Fortress. the simpler house -furniture.and furnishings, and farming toolesmall woro made at bem syseio was, very soares, not, much FAS. ... available for purchase ef luxeries; not was it absolutely anosssary. t supplement quo's c rts beyond a very small total productss ;.
These could be bought .nearby lasal storekeeper, who very often i was paid in kind, zot ce
Tho farmy paid for hàs seis chiofly with surplus agricultural goods
11,. 1. 12. The Indians promised com and eighty beaver skins annually. .
115.'
1
such as corn, Whent, Be butber, taller, lard, flazsood, bees wax, hoops, boadin ,horses, males, battle, hogy, sheep, bosna, peas and other vegetables, apples, and oider. Ho wight deal with a mall country. or village merchant, or go directly to the larger: merchant ar./.This Isoal trade want forward on a very small-scale usually. average farmer'a surplus for trade was, tizy -. perhaps only a. borso or tro, or. A bushels, of com ;. banco the local merebant had to deal with a largo - rumb of farmors to nesumalate any mifio at amount of produos with which to carry on a profitable: trade, over a wider, aron.2. : . v .: + : 1. , A reach equivalent of what we all the. "country store" today was
the village store of oich estary. Comsectiont. . , Each tora, had ono or more store(s), with a varied stook, usually described as European and. . West India goods .... The first type included cloths, dress goods, glassraro, crockery, powder, shot, guns, bars of iron, and wings. The second typo suggested such items as molasses, rum and other liquors, spices, indigo, and sugar. . ..
Several famous Connectiont obaraoto agaged in storebssping in colonial timos, mming when were Ro Benedict Arnold. - Sherzen, with his brother William, kept a store in For Milford, They som -1 . ?
to have had a very normal typo et - trade, and vory normal troubles too, especially of a paper money kind. The fluctuating, espresisting paper issues of the neighboring states of Thode Island and Her Baipshire, which they were forced to accep's, rossed Roger Sherman's ire. Zupalled by the tmnfairness of the situation, he wrote a pamphlet in 1752 on the inherent
S. C., IX, 41%.
114.
injustice of flnotunting currensy resumindod t at the gonozal assembly axelnde much umcertain issues from. tho Colony."; Sherman did : not eenfin his mercantile interests to Nes Milford, however, før hen th also established stores in Her Havan and in Wallingford before 1700.0~ 1450 Arnold, as a lad, was apprenticed to his umales, the Lathrops, " .: druggiste of Norwich. : Labor, with a ompital ef 22000 provided by the . Lathrops, he moved to How Havan to open in apothecary shop at the ir ;. intersection of Church and Goerge Streets, later moved to Water Street. He stocked a modest amount of general merchandise, and soon was prospering. With his profits, ho parebased and built ships and went sr .. into the West Indian and Newfoundland trade. Ze trarsled extensively . ' over. How Togland procuring herses and cattle f ·tàs # st Zedian market.
Out of the approximate one hundred New Haven ships in foreign trade, Arnold emned three.º
A transaction between Bornard Lintol of For Beren and Arnold Illustrates well some of the problems involved in salarial losal trede. A letter fra Lintol to a friend explains the affair.
.
"I have at length agreed with Nr. Arnold to take yo Ama of 2s/3d lawful per Gallons also a parcel of Dry Goods at DO Lafal. The Freight Money is also to be paid to mo, which I think will rodnos tho Su due to about Elco leuful money, of which I ona not be cort in as I b not yet a particular
of any thing ex s the Dry Goods."7
Roger Sherman Boardman, forsr Shornsa (Failadelphia, 1838), pp. 37-38.
---
Tides p. 80.
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George Fare Ford, "Th "The Irly Career of nedis't Ax
Revolutionary Charsetors of Kas Haven.
Ingersoll Papers, C. H. 8. C., IX, 412.
116.
Hartford
Merchant
Type of Merchant or Marchandise
Approximate Fus- -
bor of Issues Advertised in
· Other Information
B. Instin. Stephen Austin Simeon Boldino faren Ball
Caleb Lall, Jr. James Ball Jonathan Dult Join Cablo Mrs. Margaret Chansvard Kra. Collyer Daniel Cotton Bizard Dodd , Los Doolittle Willisas Ellery Thesuns Millerup
articles for goldsmiths and jewelers leather goods ....
1
indigo
4
of West Hartford
totales
4
5
now store
bobea to
6
Baelish and India coeds
4
bakery
from Górmány
5
liquor, Indies goods
elething, toa, spices .. :
7
anco English goods for woolen shirting ram, brandy, spices.
1 3
liquors, chinararo
12
matches, repairod and sóid
26
Thomas Hopkins Los Jems
English and India goods.,,
6
spices, wine, sugar
rugs, blankets
2
Stephen Lars Daniel end Georg
Lesther and English goods
15
books, drags; wanted potash
11
West Indies goods
8 6
choos
books, drages want potash
&
leather bresebes
leaving Hartford
groceries (lamas ete.)
21 ₺
Jeweler
4
metal meds (iron, ote.)
7 3
-
Leather tamning
éry goods, Indios goods --
10
-
2
-
12
now store East Hartford .
- Besckich Ferrell Selos Lorton Loses Smith Enich and Coit Abel 8tcm John Thomas James Tiley Bammol Tiley Willian Tiley Stephen Turner Sammal Wescoto
location not give
sells at Stephen Austin's storo
2 2
English and India goods
11
- tu: Inhar
in 1773
0
1
Theophilus I
d as a fairly typical ...
Jecal merchant. From about 1750 he kept a store on the main street of
it Clinton. Upon his death in 1765 his son took over, and he engaged in the
, Test Indian trade-too. Their normal pattern et trade involved the purchase
"""of cattle, horses, cats.
hay. hoops, and staves from nearby farmers fer .. 2. szport, purpose In return, they imported chiefly rum mud molessss to ....
the local people .: At the sen's death in 1783 he left an estate Inventoried between E7000 and 23000, considered wealthy for those
One of the best method ... visualizing the nature of local comeres
t
rough newspaper advertisements. The Connecticut Courent, the best
: 1 1 of the four Comestiout papers, provides an excellent picture of the
Hartford merebants and markets.
1:
History of Middlesex County, pp. 232-285.
Hartford, incidentally, was more favorably located than New Haven, Forwich, or Wer Lenden as a center for the transshipment of agricultural proceso. Bidwell, p. 263.
117.
MIDDLETOWN.
KANN EINEIT.
Non-Hartford Merchants AdvertisingIKKE
Merchant Location -
: : Type of Merchant er Merchandise
Approximate Other Information
Easter W tore Tavern ... "
Ebenezer Beokus, Jr.
Forwich -
clothing10 :
3
To sell at Hartford
Saith Bailey
Fast Windsor
pldødth, jeweler 1
clothing
por business, "no credit"
Josiah Blaksleo
Enfield
English and India goods ..
Bogarts and Mbble Sharma .
English mnd India goods 4
Abraham Bradley Litchfield
Ebenezer Bridghan
(Boston)
erbakery
14
Imported from Landon
John Ellsworth
Middletown
closing out accounts 8 Going to Mississippi
1. :
William Grimrold
Rocky Hill
Europem and East Indies goods 2
Dirsot from London
----
anohors
18
.
goldmità
-
European and India goods :
.
wants horses to ship to Wost'
Inêtes :.... . . .... . .... 1
drums
4
3. 81met
Bez York City
1.1
5 ....
drugs, West India goods
Europo
Tedia gooda !! !!!! 2
Dr. Willis
Müdilotom
10
1 ........
1.
Timothy Boat Jm 18 !.
١٠
I
This tera implies chiefly English goods.
-
New York City
Waterbury
Joseph Hopkins :
Willie Judd ..
Tamington
John MeCurdy :
John Rogers
Middletora
-
.
Sharon
George Thomson
Middletown
Number of Issues Ad- vertised in
-
Wethersfield
S
.
118
MIDDLETOWN.
AN OF MAIN STREET, MIDDLETOWN, SHOWING THE BUILDINGS AND OCCUPANTS, FROM ABOUT 1770 TO 1775.
(By JOSEPH BARRATT, M. D., Middletown, Sept. 1836.) Easter Wetmore, Tavern."" Bassett, Farmer. ROAD TO HARTFORD.
John Bacon, Farmer and Constable.
Duncan Mackintire, Burber. ....
Avenue of button wood trees.
.-- Sanford Thompson, Ship Master.
2 .- Parnuel Bull, Merchant
Alexander Kieth, Rope Maker. -- B
Philip Mortimer's Ropewalk. Capt. Gleason, Stave Dealer. ..
Some shunlies about this corner .. WASHINGTON 'Col Jabez Hamlin. .
Joseph Wright, Farmer. Jacob Goodwin, Seu Captain. .
¡Geo. Starr, Sea Caplain and Merchant.
Nathaniel Nhalor. ... Elisha Brewster, Tuvern Keeper.
Dr. Elliou Rawson .. COURT Richard Hall, Ship Master ...
John Stocken, Iron Works ..
Joseph King, Silversmith .- PARSONAGE Ely, Tanner and Shoe Maker
Stewart, Farmer.
SJohn Ward ..
Ephraim Fenner, Tuvern. ICaleb Fuller.
Timothy Boardman, Joiner Zac Paddock, Joiner. Elisha Clark, Trader.
ROAD TO NEW HAVEN.
.... Wuit Plum, Joiner.
-. Bezaleel Fisk, Town Clerk."
.... Capt. Ward, Ship Master. STREET.
- Jacob Sebor, Merchant.
-.- James Cornwall, Farmer.
D ... George Phillips, Merchant. ..- Giles Hall, Ship Muster.
.Col. Matthew Talcoll, Merchant & Farmer. STREET.
.. Samuel Johnson, Shoe Maker.
Timothy Bigeloro's Tavern."
Joseph Southmayd, Farmer.
.- Richard Alsoy, Merchant & Ship Owner. STREET.
-Capt Doan, Ship Master.
.- Adino Pomeroy, Tanner.
. Dr. Walker, State Dealer.
_. Capt. Thomas Goodwin.
... William Southmayd, Suddler.
·Return Mrigs, Hatter.
Dracula Clark, Apothecary.
-- General Parsons.
Episcopal Church.
from Barber's Historical Collections
a
Philly Mortisner, Rope Maker
Capt. Cotton, Ship Master. ...
119 .*
At least ,thirty two Hartford merebants and o ightemn outside merchants .. therefore, advertised in the Courant in 1773. English end East and West Indies goods made up tå o. chiof offerings, but a variety of other goods . 4 were advertised as well. The most distant advertisers were located at New York (two) and Boston, (one). . .. . " the recier's restoes For which
· In 1774 this sime group advertised; and, in addition, nine now Hartford merchants, and seven new advertisers from other Connecticut tome Were represented .- John Skimmer in Angust announced a sale of East Indies a and English goods at, auction, 11 J. Plumb of Middletom had codfish which he wished to sell.17 Several manufacturers entered the lists, also. Nicholas Broma of Hartford sought customers for his chaises and harnesses; and Kly Warner had tadertaken the manufacture of leather bresches.18 David Shaw of. East Windser had set up in the Wheelwright business.14 From New Haven come two interesting advertisementss . Issas Doolittle .... invited customers to his bell-making establishment, while Kleaser, F. ; &. . . Arnold had recently set up a distillery.15 1
How did an important coastal town compare with Hartford in its local trading activity as reflected in comparativo advertising? From the . Connectiont , For London's paper, ono om gain some compariso In the mouth of Cotober, 1774, twelve persons advertised goods er services
L'C. c., Ingast 1, 1724.
12 January 25; February 1, 8, 1774. 15 January 4, 11; May 3, 17; December 5, 1774. 14January 21, 18; February 1, 8, 16, 22; March 1, 1774.
Wangust 16, 28, 80; September 6; October 24, 31; November 7, 14. 21, 28, 1774.
120元
for sale, or had want-ads inserted. ; Ebeneter Dannis made and retailed brass and copper work and David Nevins sold hets; 16, ghiló Timothy Groen bad. in: stock Watto Faals and mummy other current books. Thomas Coit of Norwich hoped New Londoners would display an interest in his stook of
17
A Asa Burnbem specialized in the saddler's business for which
druga;
he solicited trade.18
No less than four went ads are included in this total. "John Jacob
Brimmer sought beeswax for which he offered cash; Church and Hallen,
flaxseed, 'for salt or cash; Ebeneser Way, Jr., the same; and Ebenezer ": Douglas, brass and flazesed for cash. 19. .. : The other advertisom rere of a less common typo. James Smith
wished to sell a mall boat. W. Stewart was putting up for sale by metidi cos-half of the ship Lizard and the other half was being sold privately.20 Of interest with reference to the question of transportation
.... facilities is John Braddick's notice about the "Forwich-New London Passage Boat. #21
The volume of advertising in the Courant definitely ran larger.
although this may not be an accurate guage at all of the relative volume ... of the local trade. The aggressiveness of the newspaper editor, the ..
odreulation figures, and area served would affeet the advertising greatly.
"Gasstto, October 7, 14, 21, 1774.
17October 28, 1774. . . .
AT .€
19Cotober 7, 14, 21, 28, 1774.
20 October 7, 14, 1774.
2october 14, 1774,
·1214
An excellent idea of the nature of the offerings of the merchant and of som of their problems can be obtained from a study of, the
advertisements:pf. the_carly 1770'seien *25
(At his Store opposite the Forth Meeting-House in Hartford) .... Bas. a poat and general Assortment of Goods
Suitable for all Seasons, which ho will sell on reasonable : Je Toras fer Cash ..: Y.B. Es has Indigo of the very best Kind, together with c.choise Bolsa Tea, Coffee, and Chocolate. "22 . .
The use of street cumbers was mainem at that time so that a store after
was located by reference to scas well-knam landmark, as in this case. Incidentally, Hopkins' insistonce upon cash was mmsual.
"SAMUEL TILET
'S
٠×٠٢
YcrF North. of the Court-House Queen Street, Hartford 5 Ens just received a quantity of New England KUM of the very best kind, which ho will sell on the most reasonable terme, for cash, wheat, ryo, pork, c. ; 1", w&# or indian oorn."23
-
Rua was a most popular drink so that Tiley probably sold plenty of it,
but largely for produoe rather than cash. & mershaste believed in
short advertisements,24
A
BEST OLD TOBACCO
. . To be sold at Abraham Bradley's Store in 'Je of Hethere !! #1: det_ 544 Litchfield. August 24, 1773."
Then as now the latest dress fashions stirred the interests of t
C. C., July 21, 1772.
23 January 12, 1778.
24 October 7, 1773.
-
122.
HARY GAERTEL, Manteau Maker and Miliner from Paris, informs the Ladies in this form, and others, she makes all Kinds of Lady's Goms, Cosa, Dommots ho, end dresses Lady's Bonds, all in the neatest and mower't Friush Fashionssucho also wasbos all Kinds of fino Linens, Goumes; Laoss do .... "254:
Trede experienood its slumppå ad booms in the 1770's. Individual
merchants, furthermore, experiazoed their orn specific difficulties
apart from the prosperity of tho't imos. Distress sales were far from"
unknown in those days, to Pulos.
GOOD to be Sold et what they Cost,
cf hidiotom, To the amount of about One Thousand Pounds, well sorted, and suitable for the season en account of peor pay, dall times, and multiplicity of traders. Fot nearly
as low as they can be paromassd'in Nor York
bu's lower for r . Comtry Prodace."28
Collection of bills was not always sasy. The pace of 'life was
more leisurely in these days; and so was that fer paying bills apparently!
All person sted to Daniel Whitmore, Clothier, Iletos, aro desired to make immediato pa , or they must expost trouble."27
A flair for unusual advertising was demonstrated occasionally as
in this long attempt at rhyming by William Doadle of Wethersfield designod . : .
1. to unload a hundred pounds or so of tea before the Continental Asecoiation took off March 1, 1775. Excerpts are given here.
c. c., May 8, 1775.'
aron 28,"1775." Am:40
March 20, 1775.
123.
"Addressed to the ladies Fair ladies, "tis not very arch .; To talk about the first of March, That wosful day, when each of yo, Must leave your darling Nectar, TRAI
[C] 1/2,0
Sweet Fair: Ones; though I tell this Story. Upon my Word, I w no- Torys. 1. In Spight of all tyrazale Tools, I meen to foller Virtue's Rules. And now I pledge my Word, and may. The noble Congress I'll obey.
0:1:6
C
1
Eow, tho' I send to let you know, I have a hundred Weight, or so
6.5:0
It is as good es e'er was tasted; .11174
Them must all this be lost and wasted?
4
,
.2 0
If a Market I should miss on't Pray help me out, and buy a Dish can't. When March cets in, I vor at coco, A Joe shan't purchase half an Omoo. .28 5 1 - .
The daily transactions of the local merobent come to life best in
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