USA > Illinois > Cook County > History of Cook County, Illinois From the Earliest Period to the Present Time > Part 1
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THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
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Copyright by A. T Andreas, 1884
AN IMAGINARY VIEW OF THE SITE OF CHIRAOO IN 1770. THEY FALLER SUMIRAGO , SHOWING THE CAIN OF JEAN BAPTISTE POINT DE SAIBLE, ;CULORED) THE FIRST PERMANI F SETTLER .- SEF. PAGES 70-72.
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HISTORY
OF
COOK COUNTY ILLINOIS.
'E EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME.
COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME. . .
BY A. T. ANDREAS.
CHICAGO : A. T. ANDREAS, PUBLISHER. 1884.
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COPYRIGHT SECURED, 1884, A. T. ANDREAS.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS, PRINTERS, THE LAKESIDE PRESS.
A. J. COX & CO., BINDERS, 144 MONROE STREET.
BLOMGREN BROS. & CO. ELECTROTYPERS.
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PREFACE.
S OME years ago the Publisher of this volume conceived the idea of preparing an historical work on the most marvelous of modern cities, Chicago. . At an early period in the progress of that undertaking, the fact became apparent that a history of the metropolis, no matter how exhaustive it might be in itself, could not be made to include one of the most essential features of the social vitality of the city, namely, a description of the numerous suburban residence-villages which form quiet retreats for thousands of busy men when the day's activi- ties in the commercial center are done. Home life in these villages, which are, in most instances, rural only in comparison with the great city, is the delight of thousands who, if treated of only in their relations to commercial affairs, would be but partially represented.
It was also seen that a history of the city could not be made to include a record of the political, educational, religious, agricultural, and social affairs of the county of which Chicago is the capital, although each of these subjects contributes to the sum total of the city's importance as a political and social power.
It was, therefore, decided to extend the scope of the plan, and prepare a volume which should embrace the extramural themes, as well as an epitomized history of Chicago ; thereby forming a work at once complete within itself and supplemental to the comprehensive work pertaining solely to the city.
The dimensions and character of this History permit of the detailed description of the villages and town- ships of the county. A large corps of competent and experienced writers was employed for many months in the labor of gathering and compiling the histories of the several townships, by the examination of records and inter- views with old residents. Care has been taken to obtain all information vital to the theme of the county's develop- ment, and to reduce to permanent form the scattered fragments of knowledge that were fast disappearing.
The manufacturing interests of the county, while tributary to the city's aggregate of trade, possess a special importance, in many cases, as centers of thrifty communities. They should be described, therefore, in their rela- tive bearing to the townships in which they exist, rather than be made to lose their individual character as parts of an industrial statistical report.
The history of the greatest live stock market in the world belongs to the town of Lake. The magnificent educational institutions which make the name of Evanston known throughout the country are a source of com- mendable pride. The institutions at Morgan Park are likewise the cause of special desire for treatment after this plan. The manufacturing villages in Hyde Park are among the most noted in the State ; while Pullman suggests a theme demanding fullest attention.
Individual mention is also a special feature of this work, and forms a valuable portion of the History, because by this method only can the details of that enterprise and accomplishment which has made Cook County what it is, be preserved.
The early history of the region, and the narrative of original settlement, as well as the chief commercial and professional topics, compose the preliminary portions of the work, comprising a most entertaining series of dis- tinct divisions ; but the distinguishing characteristic of the History is its elaborate sketches of the townships and villages. The advantages of this method are obvious, embracing, as it does, the personal statements of early settlers, the descriptions of localities, and the official political records of the numerous divisions of the county.
The maps, views and portraits of representative men add interest and value to the work.
The acknowledgements of the Publisher are hereby made to the many hundreds of persons who have freely aided the writers in the preparation of their manuscript.
While it is beyond reason to expect absolute accuracy in such a work, every effort to secure correctness has been made, and, it is confidently hoped, a near realization of that desideratum has been attained.
A. T. A.
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GENERAL INDEX
Page
ORIGINAL PROPRIETORS OF THE SOUL.
Chicago from 1833 to 1837. 128
Minor Annals of the Town ......... 138
The Miamis ... . 31-34 The Follawatomies .. 34-37 THE ILLINOIS & MICHIGAN CANAL .. .. 147 HARBOR AND MARINE ... --- 159 Park .. -- 485
ORIGIN OF THE WORD CHICAGO .... 37-35 PARLY EXPLORATIONS
John Nicolet. 38-11 The Jesuis. .. 41-46 Jacques Marquette .. . . 42-46 Louts Joliet -- 42-43
EARLY CHICAGO AND THE NORTHWEST
{By Albert D. Hlager.)
Marquette-Naps and Journals .. 46-49 Arlington Heights .... Joliet and Alarquette's roules (Ex. Catholicism 503
pedition of 1673) .... .. ----- 19-50 Marqueite's route to the Illinois
210
MEDICAL HISTORY
..
Mission (1674-1675) ........... 50-51 Rush Medical College 202 Hyde Park Village ... Homeopathy. 205 Oakland. . 521 521 The Grand and Little Calumet .... 51-54 The Kaskaskia Mission .......... 55 T.a Salle-The Miamis ........... 56 BANKS AND BANKING. 300 Forrestville. ..... 526
L.ouis Folict ....... .... 56 EARLY EXPLORATIONS (Continued).
La Sale- Expeditions to the Mi- noix Kiver ...... 61-63
PHYSICAL AND SELLS TLEIC DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTY-
Geography and Geology. .. 339
Economic Geology 3.10
Area of the County .. 310
Government Surveys 340 Grand Crossing
SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND AGRICULTURAL-
Population of County ..
Financial 3+E
County Schools.
William Murray's land purchase. .. 6-70 MODERN CHICAGO ANDELS SETTLEMENT. Baptiste Point De Saible. .... - 70-71 Formation of Counties. 3-16 muth Traders. 72 Congressional Representation 347
John Kinzie .. 72-76 Tunawatomies in the War of 1812. 76-79 Fort Dearborn-The Massacre .... 70-83 Chicago after the MENSACTC ..
jean Baptiste Beaubien .. 8.4-86 Annals of Chicago. .. -- 38.1
U. S. Indian Agents and Factors .. 80-21 For Trade and Traders ... 93-96 The Kinzie Family .... 9000 TOWN OF EVANSTON-
CHICAGO FROM ISTÔ TO 1330.
Chicago as seen by visitors in 1817, 1820, 1822, 1823. 1525, 1827, 1828 ... Taxpayers in 1825 .... ......... 100-101 The Clybourne family .. 101-105
David McKve- The Mirandean and Porthier families-The La- Time homicide - Stephen HI, Scott and Tamil -Mark and Hours I, Houthien and Russel E. Hleacock ......
105-108
Three friendty Chiels, Alexander Robinson, Billy Caldwell and Shawbronce .. 108-109
Bio graphical Sketches of Evanston ... 438 South trvanston --- 456
mary at Morgan Fark ... 640 Society of the American Institute of Hebrew ... 612
Chicago Female Seminary at Morgan Tark ... .... ... 643
Morgan Park Military Academy ..... 644 Norgan Fark Biographical Sketches .. 6.15 Washington Heights .. 6.46
Washington
Heights Biographical
Sketches. 651
Upwood
652
- 470 HISTORY OF LAKE ... 651
Nites Ymage.
Worth Township .. 655 Nites Center ... - 473
Town of Lake Biographical Sketches, 662 Unton Stock Farts ... Union Stock Yards Biographical
672 . 475 Biographical Sketches of Niles. - 475 HISTORY OF NORWOOD PARK --. 477 Englewood ....... ..- 687
-Norwood Park Village .. - 481 South Englewood.
Cook County Infirmary and Insane Asylum ... ... 483 Biographical Sketches of Norwood
HISTORY OF MAINE .
Desplaines .... .--- 493
Desplaines Biographical Sketches ____ 195 Park Ridge ... ... ... 497 Park Ridge Biographical Sketches ... 500 Canfield -- -- 501
HISTORY OF WHEELING .. SOL
.. 235 Arlington Teights Biographical
210 Sketches ..
504
Village of Wheeling ...
255 HISTORY OF HYDE PARK. 510
513
Kenwoxxi Biographical Sketches. .... 540 Hyde Park Mographical Sketches. ... 544 South Park .... - 555 South Park Biographical Sketches ... 555 South Park System. ..... 557
562
Brookline ... 562
Grand Crossing Biographical Sketches Sty Cheltenham Beach 566
City of Calumet- 563
South Chicago Village 573 South Chicago Biographical Sketches, Sa5
503
Colchour Bicygraphical Sketches ... . 5gJ Cummings ..
Kensington - ...... 602
603
Kensington Biographical Sketches ... hos Roseland
Roseland Biographical Sketches ...... 600
Fullman ....
60
Pullman Biographical Sketches ...... 62€
North Pullman ... 627
HISTORY OF CALUMET AND WORTH. GRE Blue Island Village. ... 620
Town and Village Limits ..... .... 430 Blue Istand Biographical Sketches ... 634 Village Organization ---- 430 The Churches .... ... 32 Norgan Park .. .. --- 630 Chicago Baptist Theological Semi-
Sociales .... ... 437
Rogers Park .
461
Biographical Sketches of Rogers Park for
HISTORY OF NEW TRIER ..
- 465
Wilmerte.
Winnetka
Etencor ...
County roads-First public land
Sule-Early amusements ..... 116-117
Black Hawk War- The cholera .. 117-121 New pertinent settlers=Harbor Improvements .... -...... ... 121-122 Indian treaty of 183. 122-128 Chicago incorporated as a town,
TTO33) .. .. ... --- 128
Page
THE RAILROAD SYSTEM ... ..... 107
CHICAGO'S HISTORICAL TREE ......... 191
HISTORY ..... 193 EARLY MILITARY HISTORY.
Cook County during the Rebellion ... 221 WOLF POINT AND EARLY HOTELS ..... 223 RELIGIOUS HISTORY .... ... 333
Protestant Denominations.
THE BENCH AND BAR ..
Oakland Biographical Sketches ...... 532 TRADE, COMMERCE AND MANUFAC- TURES ........ - 321 Egandale .... .. . 536
La Falle-At the "Chicagoa Port- age - 613-64 Henn de Tonty-De la Durantaye- Henri Toutel -St. Cosme-DE Courtemanche and others at "Chi-
cagou" (1650-1700) .... _______ 63-67 Iroquois and Foxcs 10 Northern 68-69 Ilinois ........
Agricultural 314 South Chicago 566
Legislative Representation 345 Colchour
The Judiciary 310
County Affairs - 351
EHISTORY OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO ... 358
. The Press of Chicago - -. 325
TOWN HISTORIES
--- 417
Party Settlers ....
. 417
The Northwestern University ....... 414 Preparatory School ..
Woman's College ....... 424 Evanston College for Ladies ........ 424 College of Medicine
-. .. 425
College of Law .. ..... 426
Garrett moifed Institute ..... 426 War Times . - ... 429
Mojgraphical Sketches of South Evans- ton ...
Gurdon S. Hubbard, the oldest living resident of Chicago ..... 110-111 CHICAGO IN 1830-33. Survey of the town (1970) -Its residents and appearance .. .. 111-114 Religions germs Mist Pascolice -Canallots ......
114-116 Becomes the County Sea-Fis
. 408
Biographical Sketches of New Trier. 468 HISTORY OF NILKS.
Morton Grove - 474
466 $66
- 595 Cummings Biograpincal Sketches .... 598
TTcrcwisch ...
Riverdale
Riverdale Biographical Sketches. Wildwood
603
Page
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GENERAL INDEX.
Yaxel
Englewood Biographical Sketches. .. 605
Normalville.
tol
Normalville Biographical Sketches ... 706 Caldwell's Reserve ....... . 770
South Lyng .. .
705
Auburn .. . 705
South Brighton . 708
Ravenswood .
...
712
Ravenswood Biographical Sketches .. 713
Rosehill Cemetery ..
. . 717 Sketches .. ....... 718
Graceland Cemetery
-- 720 United States Marine Hospital. .. 721 Brighton Park .... .. 796
Lake View Biographical Sketches ... 721
HISTORY OF JEFFERSON ........
Jefferson Biographical Sketches ...... 755 Hawthorne
Maplewood ... 758
Maplewood Biographical Sketches ... 755
Irving Park .... . 760
Irving Park Biographical Sketches ... 761
Trumbont Tark ...
Humboldt Park Biographical Sketches 762 Cragin ...
Cragin Biographical Sketches ...
765 Avondale .....
Avondale Biographical Sketches.
Mont Clare ....
Mont Clare Biographical Sketches ... 767
Grayland 767 768
Bandow
Bowmanville 769
Galewood. 769 I.yons Township Biographical Sketches 820
Montrose
. 770
HISTORY OF 'ALOS ........... 822
Parce
Garfield 770 Willow Springs in Palos .. 823
Pennock
Talos Township Biographical Sketches 824
HISTORY OF OKLART 827
Orland.
Orland Township Biographical Sketch-
HISTORY OF PALATINE.
Tillage of Palatine
Palatine Biographical Sketches. ...
Dak Tar ....... 832 HISTORY OF HARRINGTON .. 877
Village of Barrington ... 831
Barrington Biographical Sketches .... 841 HISTORY OF LEMONT.
Lemont Village ....
8.18 The Lemont Quarries .. .. 850
Sar Station ..... 841
Lemont Biographical Sketches .. ... 851
Elk Grove Biographical Sketches .... 857
HISTORY OF THORNTON ... .... ... . 845
Lansing ..
Hammond Biographical Sketches ... 863
.. 864
South Holland ... - 865 South Lawn ... . 865
800
HISTORY OF SCHAUMBURG .. 867
LLISTORY OF NORTHFIELD
HISTORY OF HANOVER ...
HISTORY OF LEYDEN .............. 878
HISTORY OF RICII ....
ELISTORY OF HOOVES
HISTORY OF BREMEN
Miscellaneous and Late Biographies. 858
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Jefferson Township - Miscellaneous
Biographics ...... . 77!
HISTORY OF CICERO. .. . .. 773 828
Austin Biographical Sketches .. 778
Oak Park and Ridgeland Biographical
Sketches ...
787
Central Park ..
.. 793
Central Park Biographical Sketches .. 721
Brighton Biographical Sketches. ..... 798 Norcland
LUISTORY OF PROVISO
Maywood
Maywood Biographical Sketches ..... 803
River Forest. .. .- Sos
River Forest Biographical Sketches .. Sub
Melrose
Proviso Miscellaneous Biographical
Sketches ...
.. 766 HISTORY OF LYONS.
Icons ___
811
Summit ... . 815
Mount Forest
La Grange .... 817 Western Springs and Flag Creek .... 875 Willow Springs ... - 819
HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE .. 875 Forest Glen ..
. 800
Homewood
Village of Icfferson - 75 1 Clyde 799 HISTORY OF ELK GROVE .. 856
Havelock and Rosebil Biographical
Page
HISTORY OF LAKE VIEW ... 708 Austin ... .. 775 820
ILLUSTRATIONS.
MAPS.
Page.
The Clybourne House.
10.4
Cook and DuPage Counties
Chicago's Ilistorie Tree
191
Marquette's (1673).
43
Chicago in 1830, from the Lake 196
Thevenot's (1673) ..
47
Wolf Point in 1830 ... 224
Joliet's colored map. (ınses)
48. 49 Dearborn-street Drawbridge, 1834 225
Carey's (1801)
51 Sauganash Hotel 226
Morse's (1795)
52 Green Tree llotel .. 228
PORTRAIT'S.
Kinzie, John H. 97
Hennepin's (1683) ..
55
ĮSt. Mary's (Catholic) Church 237
Kinzie, Juliette A. 98
United States (1783).
57
First Catholie Cathedral
239
Kinzie R. A. 90
La Salle's (1679-1682) 59 60
292
Clark, John K. 101
Franquelin's (1684)
64
Charlevoix's (1774)
66
Fac-Simile of Seth Paine's Money
317
Senex's (1710) ..
Fat Cattle Fair in 1856 .. 327
353
DeL'Isle's (1718)
68
The Court House in 1858
354
Moll's (1720)
68
The Court House in 1871.
355
I)'Anville's (1,55)
Hamilton, Richard J. 143
Mitchell's (1755).
69
The Saloon Building
370
Carey's (1818).
70
First Chicago Water Works
Bates, John, Jr. 146
Popple's (1733)
70
The Flood of 1849 ...
Beaubien, John B. 200
DuPratz's (1757)-
71
Chicago from the west in 1845.
Caldwell, Archibald.
223
Chicago in 1812
Wentworth, Elijah.
331
Thompson's Plat,
112
Fac-Similes of Early Chicago News.
St. Cyr, Rev. J. M. I.
236 241
Morris. Buckner S.
256
Preparatory Building .. 422
Peck, Ebenezer
259
Woman's College 424
Iluntington, Alonzo.
260
Chicago in 1857 512
Smith, S. Lisle ..
262
Hyde Park Water Works. 517
Butterfiekl, Justin.
26. 287
Chicago In 1779. .Frontispiece. Hyde Park Hotel. 528
Starved Rock
35 Grand Boulevard
558
Brainard. Daniel. 293
The Kinzie House in 1832
75 Drexel Boulevard 558 Cook. D. P. 346
Fort Dearborn in 1803
79 Baptist Theo. Seminary, Morgan Park .. 642
Bowen, J. 11. 574
Fort Dearborn in 1816.
100 Chicago Female College, Morgan Park. 644 | Merker, Henry.
884
53
Frink & Walker's Stage office 230
La Hontan's (1703)
54
View on Clark Street in 1857 232
Fac-Simile of Bill of Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company
DeL'Isle's (1703) .
Hall, David .. 103
Porthier, Mrs. Victoire. 105
Del'Isle's (1703)
First Court House and Jail
Beaubien, Mark. 106
Wentworth, Mrs. Zebiah Estes.
Ilogan, John S. C .. 139
69
The Court House in 1884
356
Keenon, Mrs. Ellen Hamilton. 144
377 583 383
Fort Dearborn in 1830-32 113
papers. 397-416
Porter, Rev. Jeremiah
Chicago in 1830 (inset). 112, 113
VIEWS.
Page
Page
Military Academy, Morgan Park. 645
Union Stock Yards .. 667
United States Marine Hospital. 721
Views of Humboldt and Garfield Parks 772
S. B. Manson's Residence .. 816 Hall's (1812)
Clybourne, Archibakl. 101
307
Clybourne, Mrs. Archibald. 102
67 67 68
Rush Medical College
First Diploma Issued toa Chicago Mason 394
Northwestern University Hall. 421
Egan, William B ..
agle
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HISTORY OF EARLY CHICAGO.
EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENT.
ORIGINAL PROPRIETORS OF THE SOIL.
T HE first definite and reliable information regarding the original proprietors of the soil of Chicago, is gamed from the account given by LaSalle, of his expe- dition from the mouth of the St. Joseph, in Michigan, by land, to the Illinois River, in the winter of 1681-82. He says he procceded on his journey from St. Joseph, toward the Illinois, by the southern shore of the lake, and was in the country of the Miamis until he reached what was then the Checaugau, but is now the Desplaines River. The portage which he was obliged to cross in order to reach that river, he calls the Checaugau Port- age. The neighbors of the Miamis, on the west, were the Mascoutins.
The Miamis, whose languge, manners and customs were almost identical with those of the Illinois, are supposed to be the parent race, or an important branch of that nation. They originally lived beyond the Missis- sippi, some writers claiming that their home was on the shore of the Pacific. They had villages, one in common with the Mascoutins-in Wisconsin, before 1671, and as late as 1697 ; but the greater portion of the tribe, before this time, had found their way to the southern shore of Lake Michigan, and east to the neighborhood of the St. Joseph River, in the present State of Michigan. They were of sufficient importance in Wisconsin, even as late as 1690, to warrant the English in sending an ambas- sador to their villages to purchase their friendship with gifts. They were partial to the French, however, and the overtures of the English met with little success, In 1670 the village of United Miamis and Mascoutins on Fox River of Green Bay, was visited by Father Allouez, and the following year by Fathers Allouez and Dablon in company. One object of the visit of the fathers in 1671 was to quiet a disturbance between the Indians and some French fur traders who had offended them.
"We found them." says Father Dablon, "in a pretty bad pos- ture, and the minds of the savages much soured against the French. who were there trading ; ill-treating them in deeds and words, pillaging and carrying away their merchandise in spite of them, and conducting themselves inward them with insupportable inso- lence and indignities."
The Indians, although insolent to the traders, it seems were desirous of pleasing the missionaries, and Father Dablon, who had a keen sense of the ludicrous, found it hard to preserve his gravity, when a band of savage warriors, anxious to do them honor, marched to their tent, and slowly paced back and forth before it, aping the movements of the soldiers on guard before the Governor's tent at Montreal. "We could hardly
keep from laughing," writes the good priest, "though we were discoursing on very important subjects, namely: the mysteries of our religion, and the things necessary to escaping eternal fire."
The Miami confederacy, composed of the Miamis, Illinois and Kickapoos, and which Bancroft says was the most powerful in the West, exceeding even the Six Nations, or Iroquois, included the Miamis proper, Weas and Piankeshaws.
In 1683 a large number of the nation settled at LaSalle's fort on the Illinois River. LaSalle wrote that year from the " Portage de Chicagau," to LaBarre, then Governor of Canada, " The Iroquois are again invading the country. Last year the Miamis were so alarmed by them, that they abandoned their town and fled, but at my return they came back, and have been induced to settle with the Illinois at my fort of St. Louis. The Iroquois have lately murdered some fam- ilies of their nation." The Miamis, at Fort St. Louis, numbered 1,300, the Weas soo, and the Piankeshaws 150.
Charlevoix, writing in 1721, says : " Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Chicago, from the name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source of which is not far distant from that of the river of the Illinois."
St. Cosme and his companions found Miamis at Chicago, in 1699-1700, and a mission established among them, in charge of two Jesuit Fathers-Pinet and Bine- teau. It is said by an carly writer, that in 1718, "the Weas had a village at Chicago, but being afraid of the canoe people* left it, and passed around the head of Lake Michigan, to be nearer their brethren farther to the east. Prior to this time-in 1702-DeCourtemanche, an agent of France, had visited the Miamis, both at St. Joseph River and Chicago, to induce them to cease their wars with the Iroquois, which prevented communi- cation between Canada and Louisiana by way of the Illinois River. A council of the Algonquin tribes was appointed at Montreal, which was attended by Chichika- talo, then principal chief of the Miami nation, who made a speech in which he affirmed his friendship for the French, and desired to be guided by their wishes. The Foxes, from the vicinity of Green Bay, succeeded the Iroquois in their attacks upon the Illinois and Miamis, and during the first quarter of the cighteenth century had probably driven the latter from the vicinity of Chicago. From that time until the termination of Pon- tiac's War and the final defeat and extermination of the
* Pottawatomies and Chippewas, who came from the north in canocs.
33
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HISTORY OF EARLY CHICAGO,
Illinois at Starved Rock, when the Pottawatomies gained possession of the country, the region now Chicago was inhabited, if inhabited at all. by roving bands of northern Indians.
Major Thomas Forsyth, who lived a large portion of his life among the Indians of Illinois and Iowa, says* that in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, all the different hands of the Illinois Indians spoke the language of the Miamis, and the whole considered themselves as one people ; but from their local situation the language was broken up into different dialects. " These Indians were attacked by a general confederacy of other nations, such as the Sauks and Foxes, who resided at Green Bay, and on the Quisconsin ; the Sioux, whose frontiers extended south to the River Des Moines : the Chippewas and Pottawatomies from the lakes ; and also the Cherokees and Choctaws from the south. The war continued many years, and until that great nation, the Minneways (Miamis or Illinois was destroyed, except a few Miamis and Weas on the Wabash, and a few who were scattered among strangers."
That portion of the Miamis who were driven from Chicago, found a home with the rest of the tribe, on the St. Joseph, the Maumee and the Wabash. During the war of the Revolution, the tribe was hostile to the colonies, and even after the treaty of peace, cousum- mated in the year 1783. their depredations upon the settlers on the Ohio and Maumee were continued until the final surrender of the northwestern lake posts in 1796. In 1790, peace negotiations were opened with the Miamis and other tribes, which proved unsuccessful, and General Harmer was sent with an army by General Washington to bring the tribes to submission. Battles were fought near Chillicothe, Ohio, and near Fort Wayne, Indiana, neither of which was very successful on the part of the Americans.
In 1791 two other expeditions were directed against the hostile Miamis, Shawanoes and others on the Miami and Wabash-one under command of General Charles Scott, and the other under General Wilkinson. In 1791 Governor Arthur St. Clair, of the Northwest Territory, marched with an army of fourteen hundred men to within fifteen miles of the Miami villages on the Great Miami, where on the 4th of November a sanguinary battle was fought. The Indians, led by Little Turtle, fought bravely, and finally defeated the Americans, who were compelled to retreat, abandoning their camp and artillery. In the precipitate flight the men threw down arms and accoutrements, and never halted until they reached Fort Jefferson, twenty-one miles distant. This success encouraged the Indians, and their depredations were only stopped by the decisive victory gained by General Anthony Wayne over the Western Confederacy of Indians, in August, 1794, which was followed by the treaty of Greenville, August 3. 1795-the first treaty with the United States, to which the Miamis were a party. It was at this treaty that Little Turtle, the prin- cipal chief of the nation, made his celebrated speech, defining the limits of his country. He said to General Wayne, " You have pointed out to us the boundary line between the Indian and the United States. I now take the liberty to inform you that the line cuts off from the Indian a large portion of country which has been enjoyed by my forefathers from time immemorial, with. out question or dispute. The prints of my ancestors' houses are everywhere to be seen in this region. It is well known by all my brothers present, that my fore- fathers kindled the first fire at Detroit ; from thence
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