History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers, Vol. II, Part 157

Author: L.H. Everts & Co
Publication date: 1879
Publisher: Philadelphia : Louis H. Everts
Number of Pages: 896

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The next physician appears to have been Dr. Francis Per- cival. Dr. Benjamin Trask practiced in 1777. A Dr. Wood lived down in " Miller Corner," and practiced about the same time. Dr. Simpson Ellis and Dr. David Lyon followed next in turn ; also Dr. Sylvester Nash, who married a daughter of Rev. Antipas Steward, the first settled minister. Dr. Philip Lyon next engaged in practice about 1802. Drs. Taintor, Sut- ton, Munger, Hamilton, and Estis Howes followed. Dr. Elijah Caswell practiced for many years, until his death, March 4, 1844. He lived west of the centre, his residence being known as the " Caswell place." Dr. Washington B. Alden lived at Ludlow Centre, and practiced somewhat later. Dr. Bassett engaged in practice about 1840. He was followed by Dr. R. G. English. Dr. William B. Miller resided at Jenksville for a time and engaged in the practice of bis profession. He sub- sequently removed to the city of Springfield, where he is now practicing. Dr. Henry M. T. Smith and Dr. C. B. Smith practiced in turn at Jenksville. Dr. Robert Wood commenced practice at Jenksville about the same time as Dr. William B. Miller, and continued until the year 1875, when he died. Dr. King practiced for a short time contemporaneously with Dr. Wood. Dr. Benjamin K. Johnson married a daughter of Dr. Caswell, and engaged in practice near Ludlow Centre. Dr. T. W. Lyman resided at the centre at the breaking out of the Rebellion, and pursued the practice of his profession. Dr. Robert Wood was the last regular practicing physician in the town, there having been none since his death, in 1875.

ATTORNEYS.

John Jennings is said to have been the only lawyer who ever practiced in the town, and that at a very early date. He is believed to have lived at one time near the residence of Ezekiel Fuller, where he had an office. His usefulness con- tinued for many years. It is not definitely known whether he was a regularly licensed practitioner. His name does not ap- pear in the roll of attorneys in the county of Hampshire, from 1786 to 1826, nor on the roll of Hampden County attorneys. His principal business seems to have been the drawing of papers and the giving of wholesome advice.

ORGANIZATION.

In the year 1774, the population of the town having in- creased to 200 or 300, measures were taken to establish a sep- arate corporate organization, and a petition to that effect was presented to the royal Governor, Thomas Hutchinson, and the General Court. No good reason appearing why the ap- plication should not be granted, an act of incorporation was

130

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HISTORY OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

passed by the Legislature, Feb. 23, 1774, and became a law by the signature of the Governor on the 28th day of the same month. By this act that part of the township of Springfield called "Stony Hill" was erected into a separate district by the name of Ludlow, being "invested with all the powers and privileges" which towns in the province enjoyed by law, "that of choosing and sending a representative to the Gen- eral Assembly only excepted."* This latter privilege was only to be exercised in conjunction with Springfield.

The boundaries of the new district of Ludlow were as fol- lows :

" Bonnding southerly on Chicabee River; east on the east line of said Spring- field and west line of Belchertown ; northerly on the north line of said Spring- fiehl, or partly on Belchertown and partly on Granby, and extending westward so far as to include all that part of the outward commons, so called, that lies in the northeast corner of the township of Springfield, and extending also in a line parallel with the west line of said ontward commons one mile and three- quarters farther west, into the inward commous, so called, in said Springheld, north of Chicabee River."

Provision was also made for including the farms of Zacha- riah Warner, senior and junior, Oliver Chapin, and Ezekiel Squire, for the calling of a district meeting by warrant, and in regard to the ministry and school lands, the distribution of public funds, and general matters relating to the setting off of the district.

The warrant for the first district meeting was issued by the " Honorable John Worthington, directed to some principal inhabitant," and in the language of Benajah Willey, the first clerk of the new municipality,-

" The fist town-meeting was held at the house of Abner Hitchcock, March 16, 1774. Moses Bliss, Esq., of Springfield, was chosen Moderator ; Benajah Willey, Clerk ; Aaron Ferry, Abner Sikes, and Joseph Miller were chosen Select- men ; Joshua Fuller and Jacob Kendall, Wardens ; Joseph Jones, Jobu Hob- baril, Jr., and Joseph Hitchcock, Assessors; John Sikes and Jacob Cooley, Con- stabiles ; Joseph Miller, Treasurer ; Beriah Jennings, Joel Willey, and Noah Bow- ker were elected Surveyors; James Chapin and Oliver Chapin, Tithingmen ; Israel Warriner and Isaac Brewer, Fence-Viewers ; Isaac Warriner and Ezra Parsons, Hog-Reeves; Ezekiel Squires, Aaron Colton, and Jonathan Lombard, Decr-Reeves."

Of the origin of the name of " Ludlow,"t bestowed on the town by the act of incorporation, no positive information can be obtained. Investigators have been forced into the region of conjecture, and several theories have been advanced, some of them more or less plausible, but none of them bearing the indelible stamp of authenticity. The more probable theory in regard to the matter is that the town may have been named after Edmund Ludlow, who lived previous to and during the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, in England, was a member of Parliament, and a popular leader of the people in those stormy times, and who, though one of the king's judges, was a consistent republiean and an carnest supporter of the bill for the abolition of the House of l'eers. It is not unreasonable to suppose that his name, associated as it was with genuine republicanism like that of John Hampden, his contemporary, whose name was afterward bestowed on the county, shouhl, for like reasons, have been previously joined to one of its towns. Another suggested origin of the name is from one Roger Ludlow, a prominent citizen in early New England colonial history, who was a candidate for Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in 1634, and who afterward re- moved to Windsor, Conn., and drew up for the people a code of laws long known as " Ludlow's Code. 17

The bounds of the town were changed in 1805 so as to in- clude more of the territory of Springfield, extending from the mouth of Higher Brook northward to the South Hadley line. In 1813 the original line had evidently been restored.

Nearly every highway east of the mountain was either laid out or relaid before 1811. In 1817 was established the high- way from Joy's store to Plumley's, to accommodate travel

from Jenksville to the Three River factories in Palmer. The only prominent highway constructed since 1848 has been the road from Eaton's Mills to Indian Orchard, including the iron bridge spanning the Chicopee River at that village, which was built by order of the county commissioners in 1866.

In earlier times only the most primitive methods of crossing the Chicopee River were employed ; these were " riding-places," or fords, at Wallamanumps, and where Collins' bridge now spans the river. As carly as 1781 a committee from Ludlow was to meet another from Springfield to see about the con- struction of a bridge at Wallamanumps. Seven years later, €50 were granted for a like purpose in April, and in Novem- ber a committee on subscriptions was appointed, possibly to seeure a better bridge than the town felt able to construct un- assisted. In 1792 the bridge had either been carried away or become unfit for use, for the town petitioned the county authorities for another. In 1794 the Putnam's, or " Put's," bridge was erected, and stood until 1801, when another is said to have taken its place, and remained until about 1812, when the bridge known as Cooley's bridge was erected by Ariel Cooley. This having been worn out or carried away, meas- ures were taken to build another, resulting in 1822 in the completion of the present substantial structure, at a cost of $3347.30.

The first bridge ereeted at. Collins' Depot dates beyond 1850, but was carried away by a flood. The present structure was erected in 1851. The Red bridge was thoroughly overhauled and repaired in 1873.

TOWN OFFICERS.

The following persons have filled the principal offiees of Ludlow, the figures designating the number of years of ser- vice :

SELECTMEN.

Aaron Ferry, 2; Abner Sikes, 12; Joseph Miller, 6; Joseph Hitchcock, 2; Joshna Fuller, 1; John Hubbard, Jr., 2; Benajah Willey, 1; Jonathan Bartlett, 2; John Sikes, 3; Moses Wilder, 1: Timothy Keyes, 2; Jeremiah Dutton, 1 ; Joel Nash, 6; Israel Warriner, 7; James Kendall, 2; Sammel Arnold, 1 ; Isaac Brewer, I : Jonathan Burr, 9; Samuel Frost, 6; Dr. Framis l'ercival, 4; Aaron Colton, 3; Ephraim Chapin, 2; Benjamin Sikes, Jr., 9; Plyon Sikes, 1 ; Eli Putnam, 1 ; Lient. Joseph Munger, 2; Sherwood Beebe, 6 ; Job Pease, 1; Timothy Nash, 14; Jonathan Sikes, 4; Gad Lyon, 2; Ezekiel Fuller, 1 ; Gates Willey, 7; Joseph Miller, 1; Joshua Fuller, 5; Daniel Spragne, 2; Nathaniel Lyon, 2; Titus Hubbard, 1; James Shel- don, 1 ; Ashbel Burr, 13; John Dorman, 10; Elias Frost, 5 ; Asahel Rood, 5; Gordon B. Miller, 3; Theodore Sikes, 4 ; Elam Wright, 1 ; Chester Sikes, 8 ; Elijah Fuller, I; John Town, Jr., 1; John Gates, 7; William Ray, 11; Waterman Faller, 3; Dan Hubbard, 5; Dauiel King, I; Artemus H. Whitney, 12: Edmund W. Fuller, 2; Julin Miller, 6; Elijah Plumley, 3; David Lyon, 2; Alva Sikes, 2; Elisha T. Parsons, 2; Jerre Miller, 5 ; Ilemy Fuller, 3; Willis Keyes, 1; Homer Lyon, 1 ; Aaron Davis, 2; Seth J. Bennett, 1; Simcon Jones, 2; Elijah G. Fuller, I; Ben- jamin Sikes, 7; Gilbert E. Fuller, 6; Roderick Collins, 4; Jacob S. Eaton, 2; F. F. McLean, 3; Ilenry Charles, 1 ; John P. Hubbard, 2; Samnel White, 9; Eli M. Smith, 3; Reuben Sikes, 3; John Ray, 2; Chauncey L. Buell, 1 ; David C. Jones, 1; Ambrose Clough, 4; Edward E. Fuller, 1.

TOWN CLERKS.

Benajah Willey, 1774-75; Jeremiah Dutton, 1776-79; Dr. Aaron J. Miller, 1780-82; Samuel Arnold, 1783-85, 188; Elisha Fuller, 1786; Solomon L. Fuller, 1787; John Jennings, 1789-02, '94-96, '98-99; Plynn Sikes, 1793-97; Increase Sikes, 1:00-8; Eli Fuller, 1-09 29, '31; Theodore Sikes, 1830, '33-35, 139 41 ; Dr. Washington B. Alden, 1832, '36-38; Sanmel S. Bucklin, 1842; Dennis Knowlton, Iz43-45; John P. Hubbard, 1845-53, '56-61, '64 ; George Booth, 1855 ; Albert Fuller, 1862-63; George E. Root, 1865; Benjamin F. Burr, 1866-78.

REPRESENTATIVES.

1784-85, Capt. Joseph Miller; 1787, John Jennings; 1800, Elisha Faller; 1801-2, Dr. Aaron J. Miller; 1806-8, '10, Gad Lyon; 1807, Increase Sikes; 1809, John Jennings; 1811, Sherwood Beebe; 1812-15, '27, Ely Fuller; 1829, Rev. Alexander McLean; 1830, Dr. A. J. Miller; 1831-36, Theodoro Sikes; 1837-38, Juseph Bucklin ; 1040, '42 44, Dennis Knowlton ; 1:45-47, Artenmas H. Whitney ; 1-48, Eli M. Smith ; I>49, Alva Sikes ; 1>54, John P. Hubbard ; 1855, Jerre Miller ; 1856-57, Elisha T. Parsons; 1850, Albert Fuller; 1862, Hezekiah Ruot; 1865, Jacob S. Eaton ; 1872, Renben Sikes.

VILLAGES AND HAMLETS.

The principal village in the town is what is known as

JENKSVILLE,

situated in the southwestern part of the town, on the Chicopee River. It was formerly known as " Put's Bridge," after the

* Ludlow did not send a representative of its own until 1784.

+ Ludlow is said to be a Saxon word, Low or " lllaw" signifying a hill or tumulus, and " Lod" or " Lude" may be the name of a pers.m. The word Lud- low may thus mean " the grave or burial-hill of the people."

1035

HISTORY OF HAMPDEN COUNTY.

bridge which was erected at that point by a man named Put- nam. This village is of comparatively modern date, and has grown up around the flourishing industrial enterprises which the excellent water-power attracted there. The Ludlow Manu- facturing Company now have several mills in the village. Besides these there are about fitty dwelling-houses, a boarding- house, several stores, and a church building, which was erected by the manufacturers of the village, and is now used as a union house of worship.

Post-Office .- The post-office was established about 1815. The mail-route for a while was through the town from north to south, a cavalier with drawn pistols carrying the precious bag. The first postmaster was Benjamin Jenks. His successors have been S. B. Stebbins, Jerre Miller, Walter Miller, Louis Har- rington, Eli M. Smith, and David Joy.

LUDLOW CENTRE

is the oldest village of the town, where the first meeting-house was erected, the first measures for town organization adopted, and around which are to be found the most ancient land- marks.

Some fifteen or twenty neat dwelling-houses, a Methodist and a Congregational Church and chapel, comprise the village.

A post-office was established at the centre June 17, 1874, the date of the centennial celebration of the town, and in reeog- nition of the progressive spirit of the age. Mrs. Susan A. Chapin was appointed the first postinistress, and still fills that position.

"LUDLOW CITY"

is a name bestowed upon a small collection of houses in the northwestern corner of the town. The inhabitants devote themselves assiduously to the cultivation of the soil.

MOODY CORNERS is a small hamlet near the western border of the town, at the crossing of two roads, and marked by a small collection of houses.

MILLER CORNER is a name early bestowed on the south- eastern corner of the town because of the first settlement in that locality of the Miller family. Quite a settlement has grown up on the Ludlow side of the river, opposite Collins' Depot, or North Wilbraham, and some of the most energetic and substantial citizens of the town reside there.

SCI100LS.

The earliest reference to education in the town records is in 1777, when in troublous times, and with an inflated cur- reney, the town voted £400 for the support of schools. A little later came an appropriation of £20, which in 1794 bad increased to £35. In 1800 the amount raised was $133.

The management of school affairs seems to have been given at first to the selectmen, but not always to the satisfaction of the citizens, for in 1788 they voted to accept their arrange- ment of districts, "Except Eight Families East of Capt. Joseph Miller's; and two Families North of Zephaniah Rood's." A committee for districting, appointed the next year, did their work succcessfully. District No. 1 included the present 1 and 2, very nearly. No. 2 was about the same as the present No. 3. No. 3 of that day was the Miller Cor- ner of 1878; No. 4, Cherry Valley ; and No. 5, the existing No. 9. The selectmen were to hire the sehool-masters. and maintain six monthis' schooling in Nos. 1 and 3.

In 1791 a committee to locate and build school-houses were intrusted with £90 for the purpose. In 1794 the school man- agement passed into the hands of a committee from each dis- triet. The town appropriated £6 for a singing-school in 1791, and appointed a committee to hire a singing-master. The Alden District was set off in 1808, the Centre in 1809, Walla- manumps in 1814, and the Lyon Distriet in 1822. The first reference to the West Middle District was in 1822.

Among the early school-teachers of the town may he men- tioned Theodocia Howard and Mary B. Newell.

There are at present nine school districts in Ludlow, which, by a two-thirds vote of the town, are still conducted upon the district system, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the Legislature of 1870. The number of scholars in attendance is about 180. About $2000 is annually devoted to the use of the schools.

CHURCHIES.

CONGREGATIONAL, LUDLOW CENTRE.

One of the earliest matters which received attention after the incorporation of the district of Ludlow was the establish- ment of stated religious services. The efforts to that end were more or less impeded by the unsettled condition of the times, and a long period elapsed before the religious affairs of the town assumed a definite shape.

Previous to Nov. 27, 1793, no regular pastor was employed. The first to officiate was Rev. Pelatiah Chapin, as a supply, who was hired for that purpose in accordance with a vote of the town, passed April 22, 1774. In 1779, Rev. Mr. Daven- port was hired for one month. In 1783 the Rev. M. Iluteh- ings seems to have supplied the pulpit for a time. The next year Rev. David Haskill received a call to be the regular pas- tor, but declined. Other persons who seem to have preached for the people in those days were Rev. Stephen Fuller, Rev. Allen Pratt, Rev. William Stone, Rev. Aaron Woodward, and the notorious Stephen Burroughs for one day.

On June 1, 1793, the town voted to give the Rev. Antipas Steward a call, and that gentleman was duly ordained the first regular pastor of Ludlow, Nov. 27, 1793. His compen- sation was £60 annually, with an addition of 30 cords of wood. Mr. Steward was born at Marlboro', Mass., in 1734, and was graduated at Harvard University in 1760. He con- tinued pastor of the church until 1803, when he was duly dis- missed by council. The latter part of his ministration was attended by unseemly controversies in the church.

After the departure of Mr. Steward, Rev. Laban Thurber, a Baptist, supplied the pulpit in 1805 and 1806, and Rev. Abner Phelps in 1808. In 1810 or 1811, Rev. Elijah Iled- ding, then presiding elder of the New London district of the Methodist Episcopal Church, resided in Ludlow, and supplied the pulpit with great acceptance for a year. Rev. Alexander McLean, also a Methodist, was the next minister employed. He commenced his labors in 1813, and continued until 1816, when, denominational differences having arisen, he was com- pelled to retire, as the Congregationalists would no longer affili- ate with the town's minister. In 1819 the town and society united in calling to the pulpit Rev. Ebenezer Burt Wright, who was duly ordained pastor on December 8th of that year, and continued to exercise the office with especial acceptance and benefit to the town until his dismissal, because of failing health, in October, 1835. A colleague, in the person of David R. Austin, of Norwich, Conn., had been previously settled in 1833, and continued pastor until the winter of 1835, when he assumed the principalship of the academy at Monson. The First Parish in the town of Ludlow was organized Dec. 9, 1835. The organization grew out of a controversy regarding the ministry fund, which occasioned much trouble and liti- gation for a time, but which the courts finally adjudged to belong to the Congregationalists.

The Rev. Alonzo Sanderson was the next regular pastor. He was settled in 1839, and continued his ministry four years, being dismissed May 11, 1843. Rev. Jeremy W. Tuck was ordained and installed Sept. 6, 1843, and was dismissed Dec. 7, 1859. Rev. Warren Mayo next filled the pastorate until 1862, when he was dismissed. An interim of two years was followed by the settlement of Rev. Chester Bridgman, whose service extended from May 18, 1864, to July 24, 1866. Rev. Chester L. Cushman was settled Nov. 2, 1866, and continued his ministry until his dismissal, Sept. 1, 1874. Rev. Samuel V. McDuffee is the present pastor, and was duly installed in

1036

HISTORY OF THIE CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

1875. The church is in a prosperous condition, the member- ship large, and an interesting Sabbath-school is connected therewith.

At the formation of the church, in 1789, it was presented with a heavy communion-service from the mother-town, in- scribed " Springfield, First Church, 1742," which was con- tinued in use until 1846, when it was replaced by a more costly set, the bequest of Abner Cady.

The first meeting-house was erected in 1784, and was at first merely inclosed with rough boards, without floors, plastering, or doors. On Oct. 23, 1783, the town voted " that the build- ing committee procure a sufficient quantity of rum for raising the meeting-house frame." The second meeting-house used by the society was erected in 1840, but was destroyed by fire Jan. 15, 1859. The same year the present commodious house of worship was erected. A small but neat chapel is also owned by the society, which is located nearly opposite the church. The deacons of the church down to 1878 have been Jonathan Bartlett, Timothy Keyes, Jonathan Clough, David Lyon, Job Pease, Stephen Jones, Benjamin Sikes, Oliver Dutton, Joseph Miller, Ashbel Burr, and Alva Sikes.

METIIODISTS.

The advent of Methodism in Ludlow ocenrred in the last decade of the last century. The first itinerant who visited the town was probably George Pickering, and the second George Roberts, whose efforts antedate 1793. The first prom- inent layman in town was Samuel Frost, familiarly known as " Master Frost." In 1793 be invited the itinerants to visit the town and preach at his house. Nathaniel Chapin re- sponded, and two men, Uriah Clough and Joel Farnum, are said to have accompanied him.

In 1795 the Tolland circuit itinerants from Wilbraham sup- plied statedly. The most prominent of these were Menzies Rayner, Lemuel Smith, Zadoc Priest, Daniel Ostrander, and Laban Clark. In the fall of 1801, David Orcutt, perhaps the first class-leader in the town, removed there, and for seven years meetings were held at Samuel Frost's. The circuit preacher who organized the class was Henry Eames, and the date March 29, 1802. There were about a dozen members. Augustin Jocelyn, the next circuit preacher, established a Sabbath appointment in Ludlow, and spent a considerable portion of his time there. The movement progressed with more or less success until the year 1828, when, through the personal efforts of Rev. Wilbur Fisk, the principal of Wilbra- ham Academy, a church 40 by 50 feet was erected, and dedi- cated July 5th of that year. Methodism was now fairly es- tablished in the town, and Rev. Isaac Jennison and Noah Perrin supplied the charge that year. About this time the itinerant ministers began to visit Jenksville. Rev. Mr. Foster, another principal of the Wilbraham Academy, was probably the pioneer, and made his first visit on invitation of John Miller. Samuel Davis was in charge in 1831, and through his efforts the interests of the denomination throughout the town were greatly advanced, and many persons were converted. The meeting-house was repaired and remodeled in 1858, and still stands at the centre, and the society is in a prosperous condition. A second Methodist meeting-house was erected in 1848, at Jenksville, but owing to the failure of the manufac- turing company there the society languished, the house was sold for a nominal sum, and removed to Warren, Worcester Co., where, remodeled, it still does duty for the denomina- tion in whose interests it was erected.

The following has been the succession of Methodist minis- ters at Ludlow Centre :

1826, Wilbur Fisk, D.D .; 1827, Isaac Jennison ; 1829, Aaron Wait ; 1830-31, Samuel Davis; 1832, Salmon IInh; 1833, Paul Townsend; 1834, Charles D. Rogers; 1835, Amasa Taylor; 1836-37, Philo Hawks; 1838, Charles Virgin; 1839-40, James Nichols; 1841, William Campbell; 1841-42, John W. Dadmun; 1843, William A. Clapp; 1844, William Fleming; 1845, Asa Barnes; 1846, Ephraim Scott ; 1847, Luther B. Clark ; 1848-49, John Caldwell; 1850-51, Moses

Stoddard; 1852-53, James W. Mowry'; 1854-55, Kinsman Atkinson ; 1856, Na- than A. Sonle; 1857-58, Franklin Fisk; 1859-60, George Prenti e; 1861, Win. G. Leonard; 1862-63, Daniel K. Banister; 1864-66, William J. Pomfret ; 1867-68, Levin A. Bosworth; 1869, Jonas M. Clark; 1870, John W. Lec; 1871-72, John W. Merrill, D.D .; 1873-74, Alfred Noon ; 1875-77, N. HI. Martin; 1878, Charles II. Vinton.

UNION CIIURCII, JENKSVILLE.

Religious affairs at Jenksville have partaken more or less of a union character from their earliest inception. In 1845 and 1846, Daniel E. Chapin was preacher in charge of the Meth- odist Society. Under his popular ministry, a successful effort was made to ereet a church, resulting in the edifice now stand- ing, which was built principally by the manufacturing cor- poration. Rev. Dr. Holdrich, afterward connected with the American Bible Society, preached the dedicatory sermon. A question of privileges in the house arising between the Meth- odists and Congregationalists, the former erected for them- selves the house that has been referred to. The Congrega- tionalists had meanwhile organized a church, June 24, 1847, and called Rev. William Hall, who was settled in 1848; but, in consequence of failure of the manufacturing enterprise at Jenksville, and the loss of population, he felt compelled to resign, and was dismissed the same year. Both religious so- cieties suffered greatly because of this failure, and it was a long time before they recovered from its effects.

An interesting revival occurred in 1857, which resulted in the coming of a Conference preacher the following spring, who, with annual successors, occupied the desk of the church until 1863. Four years later a union church was organized, which, composed of the members of both societies, has since been provided with a common pastor,-sometimes Methodist, and sometimes Congregational. Such is the present status of ecclesiastical affairs at the village. The following persons have officiated as pastors there, the letters at the end of each name indicating the denomination to which each one be- Jonged :

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History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers, Vol. II, Part 157

Author: L.H. Everts & Co Publication date: 1879 Publisher: Philadelphia : Louis H. Everts Number of Pages: 896

Author: L.H. Everts & Co
Publication date: 1879
Publisher: Philadelphia : Louis H. Everts
Number of Pages: 896