USA > Massachusetts > Plymouth County > West Bridgewater > Town annual reports of the selectmen, overseers of the poor, town clerk, and school committee of West Bridgewater for the year ending 1910-1914 > Part 29
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Town Meeting.
The Annual Town Meeting shall be held on the first Mon- day in March in each year for the election of such officers and the determination of such matters as by law are required to be elected or determined by ballot; and all other business shall be considered by adjournment to the second Monday in March at 7.30 p. m. (By-Laws: Art. I, Sec. 2.)
ELLIS S. LELACHEUR, HAROLD S. LYON, ORVIS F. KINNEY,
Selectmen.
REPORT
OF THE
SCHOOL COMMITTEE
AND
SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS
OF THE TOWN OF
WEST BRIDGEWATER
FOR THE YEAR 1914.
BRIDGEWATER, MASS. A. H. WILLIS, PRINTER, 1915.
REPORT OF SCHOOL COMMITTEE.
CALENDAR FOR 1915.
Winter Term. - January 4 to March 19. Eleven weeks. Vacation, -- One week.
Spring Term, -March 29 to June 18. Twelve weeks. Vacation, -- Eleven weeks. Fall Term,-September 7 to December 17. Fifteen weeks. Vacation. - Two weeks. Winter Term, -January 3, 1916. Eleven weeks.
SCHOOL COMMITTEE FOR 1915.
L. Augustus Tower, term expires 1915. Herbert Holmes, term expires 1915. Mrs. Corelli C. Alger, term expires 1916. Frank L. Howard, term expires 1916. Mrs. A. S. LeLacheur, term expires 1917. Clinton P. Howard, term expires 1917.
ORGANIZATION.
Chairman, Mrs. A. S. LeLacheur. Secretary, Frank L. Howard. Supply Agent, Supt. E. H. Grout. Truant Officers, J. C. Howard, E. H. Grout, L. A. Tower and H. O. Davenport.
4
Superintendent of Schools, Edgar H. Grout. Office in High School Building, East Bridgewater. Office hours, Mondays and Thursdays, from 3.30 to 4.30 p. m.
ASSIGNMENT OF SCHOOLS.
Matfield to L. A. Tower.
South to C. P. Howard.
East to L. A. Tower.
Center to Mrs. LeLacheur.
Cochesett to F. L. Howard.
Jerusalem to Mrs. C. C. Alger.
North and Sunset to H. Holmes.
5
FINANCIAL REPORT.
EXPENSE-COST OF CONDUCTING SCHOOL SYSTEM.
EXPENSES OF GENERAL CONTROL .- SCHOOL COMMITTEE SALARIES.
Paid L. A. Tower,
$ 9 00
A. S. LeLacheur, 12 00
C. C. Alger,
13 50
C. P. Howard,
13 50
H. Holmes,
12 00
F. L. Howard,
20 50
$80 50
OTHER EXPENSES.
Paid Frank L. Howard, taking school census,
$25 00
Gladys Hunt, work on school census, 2 50
Bessie Godfrey, work on school census,
2 50
A. S. LeLacheur, arranging bills and accounts, and report for school report, and telephone,
5 15
$35 15
SUPERINTENDENCE OF SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL CON- TROL.
Salaries:
Paid E. H. Grout,
$900 00
J. C. Howard, truant officer,
21 25
$921 25
·
6
OTHER EXPENSES.
Paid E. H. Grout, postage, telephone, etc., $22 80
EXPENSES OF INSTRUCTION.
Salaries of Teachers.
Paid Rose MacDonald, Principal, 37 weeks, $649 66
Blanche Boober, 22 weeks, 289 40
Ila D. Berry, 37 weeks, 459 00
Henrietta Townsend, 15 weeks,
165 00
C. Louise Williams, 37 weeks, 444 00
Nettie M. Woodbury, 37 weeks, 444 00
Ellen M. O'Neil, 363 weeks, 455 40
Emma A. Morrow, 363 weeks,
529 30
Elizabeth L. Holton, 37 weeks,
481 00
Minnie C. Cole, 37 weeks,
481 00
G. Lillian Currie, 37 weeks,
481 00
Mary A. Dewyer, 37 weeks,
518 00
Elizabeth A. Martin, 363 weeks,
473 90
Ida D. Runnels, 36} weeks,
419 80
Anna S. Dewhurst, 37 weeks,
422 00
Cecilia M. Beattie, 36} weeks,
405 00
Mildred S. Jones, 231 52
Violet Peterson,
118 41
Alice Goodspeed, 1 day,
2 00
Emma Joyce, 2} days,
3 60
Edith Johnson, 2 days,
4 00
Zelpha Carville, 8} days,
20 10
Edmund Ketchum, 100 00
$7,597 09
7
Text Books.
Paid King, Richardson & Co ..
$5 50
J, L. Hammett Co.,
91 52
Ginn & Co.,
52 24
Benj. H. Sanborn & Co.,
36 88
C. Babb & Co.,
157 20
D. C. Heath & Co.,
20 25
Chas. Scribner Sons,
16 40
American Book Co.,
55 40
Perry Mason Co.,
2 00
Educational Publishing Co.,
10 25
Houghton, Mifflin Co.,
7 45
Silver, Burdette & Co.,
7 20
A. N. Palmer Co.,
14 16
M. Mentza, maps,
1 26
Alger's Express,
8 25
Bay State R. R. Co.,
1 11
$487 07
Stationery, Supplies and other Expenses of Instruction.
Paid A. H. Willis, printing cards and record sheets, $ 25 65 J. L. Hammett Co., stationery and supplies, 116 56
Thomas H. Perkins, Transcript, 3 75
Brown, Howland & Co., promotion cards,
10 60
Jarvis Burrill, stationery, 2 60
F. L. Martin, attendance cards and diplomas, 12 40
Rose MacDonald, sundries and supplies, 10 00
Wm. E. Gibson, paper and envelopes,
10 62
Bay State R. R. Co., expressage,
5 85
$198 03
8
EXPENSES OF OPERATING SCHOOL PLANT. Wages of Janitors and other Employees.
Paid S. B. Hetherington, janitor,
$449 00
Otis Kinney,
112 00
Mrs. Luddy,
25 00
Leo Miller,
55 50
Rosa Silveria,
45 75
Mary Maderios,
23 55
Mr. C. S. Johnson,
10 50
Mary A. Dewyer,
27 00
Cecilia M. Beattie,
19 00
L. A. Tower, 8 00
Charles W. Pearl,
44 00
$819 30
Fuel.
Paid Henry Bartlett, $ 31 50
G. S. Drake, 117,000 lbs. L. B. coal, @ $7.35, 383 91
G. S. Drake, 6,000 lbs. L. stove coal, @ $7.60, 22 80
G. S. Drake, 61,000 lbs. L. B. coal, @ $7.35, Bradford Copeland,
198 52
74 00
Albert Manley,
30 00
E. T. Snell,
20 00
E. H. Thayer,
62 00
C. P. Howard,
27 00
$849 73
Miscellaneous.
Paid water, $146 51
S. B. Hetherington, janitor's supplies, 8 65
Howard & Clark, waste baskets, 4 50
9
M. A. Dewyer, janitor's supplies, Otis Kinney, janitor's supplies, 5 13
2 25
George S. Drake, broom and brush,
1 75
James E. Howard, janitor's supplies,
2 00
$170 79
EXPENSES OF MAINTAINING SCHOOL PLANT, REPAIRS, ETC.
Paid George W. Stone, painting,
$15 86
F. W. Redman, carpentry,
153 31
Geo. Drake,
30
H. O. Davenport, cement walk,
26 10
J. E. Carr & Sons,
3 75
Gurney Bros., repairing clocks,
4 00
C. F. Jordan, furnace repairs,
26 60
W. J. Cairnes, repairs and cleaning vaults,
69 12
H. W. Dow, plumbing,
4 70
Wm. A. Cole, carpentry,
1 65
J. L. Hammett Co., slate boards,
105 16
L. A. Tower, repairs,
1 50
N. W. Bradford, painting,
98 69
F. N. Pillsbury, painting,
130 45
Adams' Express,
49
H. Holmes, carting,
2 55
C. P. Howard, cleaning South School yard,
2 00
$646 23
PROMOTION OF HEALTH.
Paid Ellis S. LeLacheur, school physician,
$65 00
10
TRANSPORTATION OF PUPILS.
Paid Bay State St. R. R. Co., strip tickets. $312 50
Charles H. Fuller, transportation, 526 50
Wm S. Irwin, transportation, 265 50
H. E. Marble, transportation (music teahcer), 25 00
Geo. A. Keith, repairing coach, 21 00
$1,150 50
MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES.
Sundries,
Paid A. H. Willis, 50 school reports,
$6 50
R. A. MacDonald, work on supplies, 4 71
$11 21
New Equipment.
Paid Kenney Bros. & Watkins, furniture,
$75 60
Flagg & Willis, 12 folding chairs, 7 50
Martin A. Gay, 3 clocks and repairs, 9 00
$92 10
Improvement of Grounds.
Paid F. W. Redman, new cement walk, $136 66
FUNDS AVAILABLE.
Town grants, supports of schools, $11,800 00
Mass. School fund, paid 1914,
1,022 51
Mass. School fund, balance of 1913,
06
James Smith, tuition,
19 00
State Treasurer, tuition, State wards,
136 75
State Treasurer, on account of Superintendent's salary, 375 00
11
State Treasurer, on account of teachers' salaries,
250 00
King & Walthers, sale of desks,
8 80
$13,612 12
MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL FUND.
Received from fund, 1914,
$1,022 51
Balance of fund, 1913,
06
$1,022 57
Paid for teachers' salaries,
$606 47
Janitors,
99 00
Amount unexpended,
317 10
$1,022 57
INCOME, OTHER THAN FROM MASS. SCHOOL FUND.
Town grants,
$11,800 00
Other sources,
789 55
$12,589 55
Remaining expenditures,
$12,577 94
Amount unexpended,
11 61
$12,589 55
The coming of a new year finds our schools well equipped for school work, providing every incentive for high achieve- ment in study, deportment and industry. It is very much to the credit of our teachers that many of the classes have shown a deeper spirit of earnestness than has characterised some former years. The fact that so large a graduating class
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has taken up high school work is an unmistakable proof of the strength of this spirit, and is most gratifying to all inter- ested in our schools.
"Going to school" is the business of youth, mentally equipping every earnest scholar for the duties of life, and there is no task so simple that it cannot be performed with greater accuracy, ease and dispatch by the trained mind than by the mind that lacks training.
Among the necessary improvements, the new cement walk at the Centre grammar school building is permanent and adds much to the attractiveness of the grounds.
To maintain our schools in their present efficiency we would recommend the following appropriations for 1915:
General control, $ 800 00
Teachers' salaries,
6,700 00
Text books and supplies,
750 00
Janitors and supplies,
950 00
Maintenance of buildings,
500 00
Transportation,
1,100 00
Fuel,
800 00
Sundries, 100 00
Respectfully submitted,
ANNA S. LELACHEUR,
CORELLI C. ALGER,
FRANK L. HOWARD,
CLINTON P. HOWARD, L. AUGUSTUS TOWER,
HERBERT HOLMES.
School Committee.
TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS.
To the School Committee of West Bridgewater, Mass.
It gives me pleasure to submit for your consideration my annual report as Superintendent of Schools. The statistical portion covers in general the school year ending June, 1914. The subjects discussed in the body of the report embrace the events of the calendar year 1914, and offer some recommend- ations based on the needs of our school system as determined by the present educational tendencies. It is hoped that these recommendations may receive careful consideration from you and from the other citizens of the town.
SCHOOL CENSUS.
1914
Number of children between 5 and 7
100
Number of children between 7 and 14
337
Number of children between 14 and 16 ·
86
Number of illiterate minors between 16 and 21 9
14
SCHOOL RECORDS.
Year ending June, 1913
Year ending June, 1914
Number of schools
15
15
Number of regular teachers required
15
15
Number of regular teachers employed
16
15
Number of special teachers
2
2
Number of pupils enrolled
471
499
Number of pupils enrolled between 7 and 14,
354
363
Number of different pupils in attend- ance during the year,
527
554
Average membership,
455
471
Average attendance,
426
438
Per cent. of attendance,
94
93
Aggregate number of months kept by all the schools,
137m, 18}d
138m, 11}d
Average number of months kept by each school,
9m, 4d
9m, 5d
a
15
ATTENDANCE BY SCHOOLS, YEAR ENDING JUNE, 1914.
SCHOOL.
Grades.
Total
Registration.
Average
Membership.
Average
Attendance.
Per cent. of
Attendance.
Center
IX
46
42.20
39.64
93.93
VIII
44
39.91
37.63
94.28
VII-VIII
46
36.90
34.46
93.36
VI-VII
43
41.61
38.36
92.19
III-V
39
33.93
31.63
93.22
I-II
39
33.68
30.44
90.38
Cochesett Intermediate
IV-VI
29
25.60
24.50
95.70
Cochesett Primary
I-III
23
17.41
16.26
93.37
Sunset Ave. Intermed.
IV-VI
46
39.51
37.04
93.69
Sunset Ave. Primary
I-III
43
34.53
31.24
90.29
North
I-II
25
20.24
18.05
89.05
South
I-V
30
24.29
22.43
92.22
East
I-V
22
19.44
18.33
94.20
Matfield
I-VI
51
41.06
38.61
94.03
Jerusalem
I-VI
29
20.90
19.80
94.20
ATTENDANCE STATISTICS FOR TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
Year ending
June.
Registration.
Average Membership.
Average Attendance.
Per cent. of Attendance.
1905
307
283
92
1906
314
289
93
1907
404
348
322
93
1908
416
366
340
93
1909
422
370
341
92
1910
447
394
366
93
1911
472
420
383
91
1912
518
456
424
93
1913
527
455
426
94
1914
554
471
438
93
MEMBERSHIP BY GRADES, DECEMBER 1, 1914.
High.
Totals.
· SCHOOLS.
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
High
36
21
16
16
89
Center IX
40
40
VIII
43
43
VII
39
39
VI
29
29
III-V I-II
17
25
7
1(
13
30
Cochesett Primary
5
3
6
6
20
Sunset Ave. Intermediate
16
14
11
41
Sunset Ave. Primary
5
8
17
30
North
8
13
21
South
9
4
3
3
5
24
East
0
2
5
3
5
15
Matfield
10
10
8
7
8
43
Jerusalem
5
4
4
1
7
1
22
475
Totals
59
69
53
51
57
51
52
43
40
36
21
16
16
564
16
10
15
11
36
42
Cochesett Intermediate
.
·
17
The rearrangement of grades as outlined in my last report went into effect at the beginning of the new school year in September. Under the new arrangement the seventh grade has been restored to the Cochesett school and the sixth grade taken from Matfield to the Center school. At the Center the sixth, seventh, eight and ninth grades are each assigned to a separate teacher, a favorable arrangement for these grades. Even with the loss of the sixth grade, Matfield still has a large school, while the membership at the East school has dropped to fifteen pupils. Our total enrolment for December, 1914, shows a decrease of nearly thirty pupils from that re- ported one year ago, due in a large measure, undoubtedly, to business depression in Brockton.
This unexpected loss in membership will defer for a year at least the question of additional school accommodations. By further rearrangement of grades and some transfers, we shall be able to avoid over congestion in any particular school, though there may be a crowded condition at the Center and Sunset Avenue schools.
There have been but two changes in our teaching force the past year. Miss Mildred Jones, who had been our music supervisor for thirteen years, resigned at the end of the school year in June to accept a much more lucrative position. Her work with us was characterized by marked efficiency and thorough understanding of local conditions and local needs. The vacancy caused by Miss Jones' resignation was filled by the appointment of Miss Violet Peterson, a teacher of suc- cessful training and experience. Miss Berry of the seventh grade was transferred in September to the eighth grade to succeed Miss Boober whose resignation was received earlier in the summer. Miss Henrietta Townsend, a graduate of the Salem Normal School, was appointed to succeed Miss Berry.
The annual tests for defective sight and hearing have been made with the following results: Number of pupils examined, 465; number with defective vision, 36; number
18
with defective hearing, 6; number of parents notified, 36. The report of the medical inspector is incorporated with this report and should receive careful consideration.
Attention is called to the roll of honor given in appendix D. This roll contains the names of elementary school pupils who have won a place on this list by excellent attendance at school. By giving public recognition to pupils who have had perfect attendance for seven and eight school months as well as to those who have had perfect attendance for nine months, we hope to avoid over stimulation of certain conscientious pupils in the matter of regular attendance. From the roll of honor it will be seen that of the seventy-four pupils whose names appear therein, fifteen have won nine small certifi- cates, twenty-four have won eight and thirty-five have won seven.
Details of membership in the Teachers' Retirement As- sociation were discussed at length in my last report. Since that time the new law has become operative and at present six of our teachers are members of the Association. Accord- ing to a recent report of the State Board of Education, the association had on November 9, 1914, more than 7,000 mem- bers, of whom more than 6,000 were voluntary, having been in service prior to July 1, 1914.
Work in manual training and practical arts has been con- tinued during the year in several of the schools. Commend- able work is being done by the pupils under the direction of the regular teachers and drawing supervisor. Work of this kind should be emphasized during the present year, and some provision should be made for the introduction of sewing into our schools.
Another need of our school system is more definite work in penmanship. Here, as in other subjects, practice makes perfect, but to secure the best results this practice should be directed and supervised by a specialist as is the custom in commercial schools and in many town and city school systems.
19
I recommend, therefore, that steps be taken in the near future to provide for some form of supervision in writing.
During the past year there has been formed an associa- tion of the teachers of East Bridgewater and West Bridge- water, the object of which is to promote a closer bond of friendship between the teachers of the two towns and to fur- nish an opportunity for social and intellectual enjoyment. Three meetings have been held thus far, and much interest has been manifested by the teachers.
EDUCATIONAL TENDENCIES.
An educational system, like all other organizations, must . either continue to advance in plans and methods or must surely retrograde. There is no middle course. What is good for to-day must be turned into something better for to-mor- row. For a long time there has been a feeling in educational circles that while the work of the primary grades has been on a high plane of efficiency, the same statement could not be made of the grammar grade work. During the first five or six years of school life it has been possible to sustain the in- terest of the boys and girls in their work and to accomplish results that seem to be commensurate with the time and effort spent. Beyond this point interest is sustained only with greater effort and skill on the part of the teachers, and the results obtained are in many cases pitiably meagre and in- commensurate with the efforts made. Boys and girls both, but more particularly the boys, are looking forward to their day of freedom when the law will allow them to leave school and become wage earners. This is not a new situation or a new problem, for years ago educators tried to relieve the situation by a so-called enrichment of the course of study for the grammar grades. Certain high school studies, in a somewhat modified form to be sure, were brought down into
20
the grades, but experience has shown that this enriched course of study, with all its advantages over the former order of things, has not met the actual needs of our boys and girls who are approaching the restless age of from twelve to four- teen or fifteen years.
Educators are now considering a plan which in one modi- fication or another is in successful operation in several towns and cities throughout the country. This plan contemplates the ending of elementary education with the sixth year of school life. Between this point and the high school proper comes the place for so-called differentiated courses of study for pupils from twelve to fifteen years of age. The organization of such courses of instruction, variously known and desig- nated as the Junior High School or the Intermediate School, involves certain changes in the courses usually offered child- . ren of the above ages. A circular issued by the Massachu- setts Board of Education states these changes in part as follows :-
"1. The introduction of practical arts including manual training, agriculture, cooking and sewing, and commercial subjects. Such courses should be in charge of specially trained teachers. Equipment, as workshops, kitchens and garden plots, should be provided.
"2. The introduction of academic subjects, usually taught only in the high school, as algebra, elementary science and foreign language.
"3. The organization of two or more courses with refer- ence to the needs and aptitudes of particular groups of child- ren. Each pupil will be expected to select the course by which he seems most likely to profit. As examples, these may be cited: Literary course, Manual Arts course, Business course, Household Arts course, Agricultural course."
To a considerable extent these courses are parallel; e. g., all pupils will continue the study of English, penmanship, mathematics, geography and history. Science, physical
·
21
training, music, drawing and general exercises also are com- mon factors in all courses as planned.
The introduction of these differentiated courses as a whole into our school system involves real difficulties in the matter of securing properly trained teachers and in providing proper equipment. The question of expense would also be a large factor that could not be overlooked. There is also implied in this proposed modification of the present course of study a greater maturity in our lower grade pupils, inasmuch as the elementary work is to be completed with the end of the sixth school year. This greater maturity can be secured by raising the age of admission to the first grade to six years, a measure that has much to commend it in practice as well as theory. Hand in hand with this plan goes the plan of changing from a nine-grade system to one of eight grades, in order that pupils may reach the high school at practically the same age as now obtains.
The limits of this report forbid anything more than a statement of the problem and a brief consideration of its salient features. The difficulty of securing properly trained teachers can be met through the co-operation of the normal schools of the state. Changing to an eight grade system would release one teacher for departmental or specialized. work without additional cost to the school department. The work in drawing can be modified so as to partake more of the nature of the manual arts course. While our resources for- bid at present the adoption in its entirety of the plan recom- mended by the State Board of Education, it is possible for us to make such modifications in our work as will make our schools contribute more definitely to the actual needs of the boys and girls of our community. It is my recommendation, therefore, that the School Board appoint a sub-committee from its members who shall, in conjunction with the superin- tendent, investigate this whole subject and report at a subsequent meeting. It is my firm conviction that such an
22
investigation will demonstrate the feasibility of at least a portion of the proposed modifications and that the time is ripe for action.
RECENT LEGISLATION.
a. Annual Returns of School Statistics.
The old law, amended by legislation of 1914, provided for a census of children between five and fifteen years of age and of all illiterate minors over fourteen. The amended law now calls for a census of all children in town on the first day of September between the ages of five and seven, seven and fourteen, fourteen and sixteen and of all minors over sixteen years of age who cannot read and write legibly simple sen- tences in the English language. For recording the data called for the Board of Education has provided school census cards instead of school census books as formerly. In its new form the census is more comprehensive and its facts are more readily accessible than in former years, though its compila- tion entailed much additional labor and expense.
b. Certificates Relating to Minors.
Section 1, of Chapter 316, provides as follows: "It shall be unlawful for any city or town clerk or other official to charge any fee for a certificate relating to the age or place of birth of any minor or to any other fact sought to be estab- lished in relation to school attendance, but such certificates shall be issued, upon request, by any city or town clerk."
c. Use of Public School Property.
Acts of 1914, Chapter 538. Section 1. "For the pur- pose of promoting the usefulness of the public school prop- erty the school committee of any city or town may conduct such educational and recreation activities in or upon school
23
property under its control, and shall allow the use thereof by individuals and associations, subject to such regulations as the school committee shall establish, for such educational, recreation, social, civic, philanthropic and similar purposes as the committee may deem to be for the interest of the com- munity, provided that such use shall not interfere or be inconsistent with the use of the premises for school pur- poses."
d. Maintenance of Public High Schools.
The law relating to the maintenance of public high schools has been amended, with special reference to towns required by law to belong to superintendency unions, so as to read in part as follows: "Any high school maintained by a town required to belong to a superintendency union shall be maintained in accordance with standards of organization, equipment and instruction approved from time to time by the Board of Education."
e. Public Evening Schools.
The law relative to public evening schools has been amended so as to read as follows: "Any town may, and every city or town in which these are issued during the year from September first to August thirty-first certificates author- izing the employment of twenty or more persons who do not possess the educational qualifications enumerated in Section one of Chapter forty-four of the Revised Laws, as amended, shall maintain during the following school year an evening school or schools,
24
REPORT OF THE HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.
Mr. E. H. Grout, Superintendent of Schools :-
It is pleasant to report, that in the year just closed, our school has been in a prosperous condition. Nothing has occurred to mar the usefulness or general success of the school, or to interrupt the cordial relations existing between teachers and scholars.
The enrolment stands at present as follows: Seniors, 16; juniors, 16; sophomores, 21; freshmen, 37.
We have in our school, if we classify them according to their choice of studies, three types of pupils-those who are preparing for work in some higher institution; those who will make use of their commercial preparation in office work, and the undecided group. who may enter any one of the great variety of life activities.
We are clearly confronted with the following problem: to maintain a thorough course for those who are depending on their choice of studies for entrance to other institutions; to provide a strong commercial course; to give others studies which shall be attractive to those whose plans are not matur- ed. There has been a certain amount of overlapping in the courses because of this lack of definiteness and also from lack of perspective on the pupil's part by which he might judge. But while this uncertainty may exist in many pupils, it is cer- tain the school program can solve the problem only . by a much greater degree of rigidity in demanding that perman- ent choices be made at the beginning of the course. How- ever, college entrance requirements make this decidedly necessary.
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