History of the St. Clair County, Michigan, containing an account of its settlement, growth, development and resources.., Part 51

Author: Western historical company, Chicago. [from old catalog]
Publication date: 1883
Publisher: Chicago, A. T. Andreas & co.
Number of Pages: 814

USA > Michigan > St Clair County > History of the St. Clair County, Michigan, containing an account of its settlement, growth, development and resources.. > Part 51

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

We relate these incidents merely that the reader may the better appreciate the vast and persistent labor often required to possess a single item, which, of itself. may at times seem un- important. Hours are often expended in securing a name or date, yet when found it occupies only a small space, and is passed over by the reader with no thought at all of the labor it cost: yet, should a name or date be wrongfully stated, how readily it is noticed, and often how un- charitable are those who do not appreciate the position of the writer ! Proper names, too, are so varied that without a personal acquaintance with each individual, it is often impossible to spell them correctly. Even members of the same family sometimes spell their surname differ- ently, as Philips, Phillips, Phillipps. And as for dates, also, when given verbally, they are sometimes as different as are the persons giving them.

The political complexion of the county is strongly Democratic. For many

years that political organization has controlled the public affairs of the county. Politics have fluctuated but little here, as the returns of the many elections given below will show. The politicians have generally been able to foreshadow correctly the result of an election many days prior to its being held. While the county has reared some illustrious sons in the various callings and professions of life. she has given to the county, Stato and nation, men who have become famous in the political profession. We will not attempt to follow the political issues year by year further than to give the returns of each election. By these the rise. decline and fall of parties may be traced. That elections have been as honora- bly and honestly conducted in this county as in any other county of the State, will not be questioned. At times, however, some candidate becomes over-anxious for his success, and stoops below the high standard usually strictly followed.

This territory, with all the northwest. was claimed by France from 1671 to 1763, when it was surrendered to the British. By the " Quebec Act " of 1774. the whole was placed under the local administration of Canada. It was, however, practically put under a despotie military rule, and so continued until possession passed to the United States. Before the last-mentioned event, and during and after the Revolution, the conflicting claims of Virginia. New York. Massachusetts and Connecticut to portions of the country were relinquished to the General Government. All the claims were based upon chartered rights, and Virginia added to hers the right of conquest of the " Illinois country " during the Revolution. As early as October,

338

HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.

1778, she declared, by an act of her General Assembly, that all the citizens of that common- wealth who were then settled, or should thereafter settle, on the western side of the Ohio. should be included in a distinct county, which should be called Illinois. No Virginians were then set- tled so far north as what is now Michigan, and, as none thereafter located so far north before she relinquished all her rights to the United States, it follows that no part of our State was in- cluded in Illinois County, and that she never exercised any jurisdiction over any portion of the State; nor did she make claim to any portion of it by right of conquest. Notwithstanding the passage of the ordinance of 1787, establishing a government over the territory northwest of the Ohio River, which territory was acquired by the treaty of 1783 from Great Britain, pos- session only was obtained by the United States of the southern portion, the northern part being held by the British Government until 1796. Arthur St. Clair, in February, 1790, exercising the functions of Governor, and having previously organized a government for the country under the ordinance above mentioned, established, in what is now the State of Illinois, a county which was named St. Clair. But as this county ouly extended north "to the mouth of the Lit- tle Mackinaw Creek on the Illinois," it did not include, of course, any part of the present county of St. Clair, although being the nearest approach thereto of any organized county up to that date. The next county was Wayne, organized in 1796, which included Michigan and that portion of Wisconsin watered by streams flowing into Lake Michigan. In 1818, this coun- ty was included within the boundaries of Macomb, and continued so until organized in 1821.

During the first years of the county's history, party bigotry was not acknowledged; but convention and caucus were held, the same as now, to select a man not to serve his own or his party's interest, but that of the people. The first settlers were attached to the Jacksonian po- litical school, because they saw in the old General one who held the Constitution of the United States above all else. When in 1832, South Carolina assumed the right to ignore the laws of the United States, and to oppose the collection of the revenue, Gen. Jackson, then President, acted with his usnal decision, and told the South Carolinans that the Union must be preserved. He sent United States troops into that State, instructed the revenue collector at Charleston to perform his duty, and notified John C. Calhoun that he would be arrested on the committal of the first overt act against the law. This decisive action, together with the terms of his proc- lamation, cemented, as it were, all political parties under one leader. "The power to annul a law of the United States " he says, "is incompatible with the existence of the Union, contra- dicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it is founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed. To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union, is to say that the United States are not a nation: because it would be a solecism to contend that any part of the nation might dissolve its connection with the other part, to their injury or ruin, without com-

mitting any offense. * * * The States severally have not retained their entire sovereignty. It has been shown that, in becoming parts of a nation, they surrender many of their essential parts of sovereignty. The right to make treaties, declare war, levy taxes, exercise exclusive judicial and legislative powers, were all of them functions of sovereign power. * *

The States, then, for all of these important purposes, were no longer sovereign.

* The duty imposed on me by the Constitution, to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, shall be performed to the extent of the powers vested in me by law." In this manner, President Jackson instructed the South Carolinians in the principles of Federal Government, and in this manner also did he notify them of the intentions of the United States in the event of their persisting in the viola- lation of any of its laws.

In those olden times, a man was chosen on his merits, and intrusted with the true represen- tation of the people in the Legislature as well as in the Supervisors' Court, A reference to the election returns will prove this statement precise in every particular. Years rolled on, and still party lines remained unobserved. In 1836, there was an apparent tendency to draw those lines closer; but the effort was comparatively a weak one. Two years later, in 1838, the doctrine of abolition was received with evident marks of disapprobation in this county.

M. de Bacourt landed in this country in the midst of the most exciting Presidential con- test ever known. in 1840, and served as Minister of France at Washington until 1842. He

339

HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.

was, in the space of ten months, presented to three successive Presidents of the United States. He watched with a lively interest the making of the tariff in 1812, in which, despite his best efforts, French silks and wines were for the first time taken from the free list. He witnessed the tempest which arose on John Quincy Adams' presenting a northern disunion petition in the House (February 2, 1842). He went to meet the Prince de Joinville on his second visit to this country. Ho greeted as an old friend Lord Ashburton, come to settle the northeastern boundary dispute, and outstayed the conclusion of the treaty, with the Creole case looming up as a fresh cause of difficulty with England. He saw civil war break ont in Rhode Island, the Semi- nole war dragging its slow length along in Florida. hostilities begun between Mexico and that " Prai nid de bandils de toutes les nations, mais particulièrement des Etats Unis," Texas.

In 1840. Abolition and Liberty created some political excitement here; but not sufficient to lead one to conclude that within a quarter of a century this county would send forth thousands of private soldiers and officers to do battle for the principle which it held so cheap in 1840,

In 1844, James G. Birney was called from his quiet home at Lower Saginaw to enter the political battle field against Henry Clay on one ticket and James K. Polk on the other. Birney was enthusiastic, honest and honorable. As a politician, he lived before his time, and as a re- sult did not occupy the Presidential office. Ten years later, the greater number of those who followed the standard of the Liberty party acquiesced in the doctrine preached under the oaks at Jackson, and the " name and fame " of the Sons of Liberty were henceforth embosomed in that party.

The American party, organized immediately afterward, soon passed away. In this county. its impracticable, unjust and unholy principles were stigmatized, and to the credit of the peo- ple, may it be said, entirely ignored. It was no more American in spirit than was the tea tax, and the other principles of its originators, which roused American manhood to cast off all con- nection with them.

The contest between the humble Abraham Lincoln and the noted Stephen A. Douglas, in 1860. was characteristically interesting. The result decided the fate of the slaveholding Sonth- erners, and gave to the seventh deeade of the nineteenth nation a nation of freemen- such an one as the Fathers of the Republic dreamed of-such an one as the world had never hitherto known.

From 1860 to 1865, the war for the Union engrossed the people's attention. One party wished to uphold the Republic and the Constitution. while the more advanced party urged the defense of the Republic regardless of the Constitution.

In 1864. George B. MeClellan opposed the great War President. The claims of the former were many and much appreciated, but he who proclaimed the abolition of slavery. from the highest seat in the Union, was destined to occupy that position. and would doubtless be elected and re-elected had not the foul assassin snatched from him a life then in the springtime of its fame.

Horatio Seymour, a refined, enlightened statesman, was nominated by the Democratic party in 1868. The fortunate Grant was nominated by the Republican party. Notwithstand- ing all the high qualifications for that office which Mr. Seymour possessed, the man who cast thousands upon thousands of the best blood of the North against the columns of the slaveholders deserved to be, and was elected. It were well for the famous General if his political life ended in 1872; but it was not so ordered, evidently, in the destiny of the Republic.

In 1872. Gen. Grant was re-nominated to oppose Charles O'Conor on the Democratic, and Horace Greeley on the Liberal Republican ticket; but the services of the soldier were too well remembered, and so the epauletted Grant was returned to the White House for a second torm.

In 1876. Samuel S. Tilden, representing the Democrats, and R. B. Hayes, the Republicans, sought the favors of the people. The memory of that contest is too fresh to require further reference. Mr. Hayes reached the White House and held it for four years. Owing to his quiet administration and the return of prosperity, his party lost little ground, although many said the disputes and uncertainties of that election would militato against Republican suc- cess in ISSO.

The elections of ISSO were, perhaps, the most enthusiastic of all expressions of the popular

340

HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.

will. Then was Greek opposed to Greek: Gen. Hancock won distinction on the battle fields of the South; his service was magnificent. Gen. Garfield had some little military experience, but what was wanting in this respect was fully made up in his knowledge of public economy, and practical knowledge of every-day life. He was elected; but who could then dream that the new President, would fall beneath the blow of an assassin while yet his cabinet was unorgan- ized? Almost before he entered on the duties of his high office, he fell at the hands of an American, and from this fall he never rallied, until death ended his terrible sufferings. His death placed the Republic in mourning throughout its length and breadth.

Vice President Arthur assumed the Presidential chair, and under him the troubles in the Senate were smoothed down and the Nation allowed to resume its ways of progress.

Throughout the various political campaigns, from 1818 to the present time, the citzens of St. Clair have, as a rule, given a popular vote. Previous to 1854, the county was decidedly Demo- cratic. From 1854 to 1870, it may be said to have given the Republicans a majority; and since 1870 to the present time, political power is so equally balanced that representatives of both parties share the confidence of the people. A desire has existed and does exist to witness the victory of virtue over vice, and so far as such a laudable desire could be effected, the people were rewarded in their contests.

COUNTY ELECTIONS.

In the following pages the results of the various elections, so far as this county is con- cerned, are given. It is not to be presumed, however, that majorities given for candidates for the United States Congress, or for officers of State resulted in their election. The vote received in this county alone is only given; to learn who was elected, reference must be made to the State His- tory. The county officers elected in 1818, 1820, 1822 and 1824 are named in the Organic Chapter. The election returns, with the names of candidates before the people of this county for the honors of office, are given from 1825 to the present time.

1818 .- Probate Judge, Christian Clemons, D. :* Sheriff, James Fulton, D .; Prosecuting Attorney, Ezra B. Prescott, W .; County Clerk, John Stockton, D .; Registrar of Deeds, John Stockton, D .; County Treasurer, Christian Clemens, D.

1820 .- Probate Judge, Christian Clemens, D .; Sheriff, James Fulton, D .; Prosecuting At- torney, George A. O'Keefe, D .; County Clerk, John Stockton, D. : Registrar of Deeds, John Stockton, D .: County Treasurer, Christian Clemens, D.

The following is a list of votes given for Delegate to Congress, September 6, 1821, in St. Clair County:

David Robeson, Henry Cottrell, Joseph Minnie, Joseph Chortier, Francis Chortier, Joseph Iras. Joseph Basseney, Louis Sambernare, Louis Cnshavay, Ivan B. Yax, Michel Duchaur, David Hill, Ivan B. Desnoyers, I. B. Yax, Jr., Louis Sambernare, Jr., William Marshall, Reuben Dodge, Francis Fleurer, Louis Chortier, Joshna Stephens, Jerry Marks, Berzilla Wheeler, Louis Trabeau, Peter Branbern, Anselmer Petit, John Farley, Ivan B. Deshon, Oliver Recard, Phillip Irvois, John K. Smith, John Thorn, James Robison, David Oakes, Andrew Wesbrook, David Cottrell, Zeph. W. Bunce, Samuel Ward, Lorin Blanchard, Lambert Branbien, John Robe- son, James B. Wolverton, Thomas Robison, Peter Brandemore, Samuel Glidden, Louis Facere, Thomas Cutler, Schuyler Hodges, Ralph J. Crittenden, William Brown, Moses Birdsell, Charles Monroe, Ivan M. Branbern and Andrew Wesbrook, Jr. The two last named voters were rejected.

The election of Delegate to Congress was held at St. Clair Village September 6, 1821, with John K. Smith, Andrew Wesbrook, James Robertson and James B. Wolverton, Inspectors of Election. There were fifty-three votes polled, of which number two were rejected. The candidates were James McCloskey and Augustus Woodward; the former received thirty-four and the latter seventeen votes.

At an election held in St. Clair County September 4, 1823, for Legislative Councillors, under the supervision of Inspectors named in Congressional return, the following votes were taken:

Solomon Sibley, 60; Henry T. Hunt, 62; Abram C. Truax, 33; Abram Edwards, 75; Conrad

* 1). Democrat. W. Whig. R. Republican.

341

HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.

TenEyck, 9; Ebenezer Reed, 23; Wolcott Lawrence, 44: Charles Nobles, 61; Benjamin F. Stickney, 39; Stephen Mack. 65; Daniel LeRoy, 60; Roger Sprague, 35; John Stockton, 61; Joseph Miller, 45; Christian Clemens, 56; Zeph W. Bunce, 58; W. II. Putthuff, 77; Robert Irwin, Jr., 70; Joseph lliekox, 77; Harry Conant, 38; William Thompson, 59; John Thorn, 21; Louis Beaufait, 33; John McDonald, 18; Gabriel Godfrey, Jr., 18; Hubert Lacroix, 36; Laurent Durocher, 23; James Con- nor, 32: Henry Connor, 23; Francois Navarre, 17; W. G. Taylor, 13; Henry Desbrow, 13; Robert Irwin, 5; Daniel Bronson, 12; Ziba Swan, 13; James Abbott, 13; Gabriel Godfrey, 5; William Brown, 7; George MeDougal. 5: Francois Rivard, 2; William Little, I. A few scattering votes were recorded.

The election had one great recommendation, apart from its political significance, and that was the number of candidates,

The candidates for Congress voted for by the people of St. Clair, September 4, 1823, were as follows: Rev. Gabriel Richards, 30; John Biddle, 2; Andrew G. Whitney, 21; Austin E. Wing, 25; James MeCloskey, 2.

The Inspectors of Election were Z. W. Bunce, Samuel Ward, David Oakes, Andrew Westbrook, Reuben Hamilton, and Henry Cottrell, Sheritt. The number of votes cast was eighty-one, one of which was rejected. In addition to the names given in the list of voters for 1821, the following appear for 1823:

Peter Duprat, John K. Smith, Charles Phillips, Seth Taft, Harvey Stewart, Peter Rice, Etienne Rousselle, Gabriel Trembley, George Mayers, John Connor, Josiah Nutting, Jacob Carnes, Edson flart, Levi Barber, Sylornus Scott, William G. Mead, John B. Maranda. James Fulton. Benjamin Jackman, William Austin, Jeremiah Harrington, Lonis Cohais, Louis Thebault, Calvin Baker, Zapha Lake, Thomas Cook, Isaac Pulsifer, John S. Fish. Rufus Thrall, John Chandler, Hiram Chamberlin, Henry Answorth.

In 1825, the candidates for Congress, Gabriel Richards received 74 votes; Austin E. Wing, 38 votes; John Biddle, 35 votes.

In 1827, Gabriel Richards, candidate for Congress, received 64 votes; John Biddle, 66 votes; Austin Wing, 53 votes, and Z. W. Bunce. 1 vote.

In 1829, James H. Cook, candidate for Coroner, received 52 votes; William Brown, 12 votes; Reuben Hamilton. 28 votes: David Cottrell. 3 votes: Seth Taft, 75 votes. David Cottrell. candi- date for Treasurer, received 56 votes, and Andrew Westbrook, 9 votes.

1831.

Congress-Austin E. Wing. 84; John R. Williams, 65; Samuel Dexter. 28. Representatives-John Stockton, 91; Alfred Ashley. 89.

Treasurer-Sargeant Ileath, 31: Everett Beardsley. 1.

Coroner-Pluto Leach, 22; William Brown. 9.

1833.

Congress-Lucius Lyon. 91; William Woodbridge, 70, Austin E. Wing. 83. Legislative Council-Ralph Wadhams. 128; John Stockton, 12.1.

Treasurer- Sargeant Heath, 90; Everett Beardsley, 2; Moor R. Barron, 3

Coroner-William Brown. 90; Pluto Leach. 2.

1835.

Delegates to Detroit Convention-Ralph Wadhams, 362; John Clark. 368; Ira Porter, 288 Samuel Ward, 277.

Congress-Isaac E. Crary. D., 292.

Governor- Stevens T. Mason, D. 885.

Lieutenant Governor -- Edward Mundy, D., 316.

Senators-JJohn Clark, D .. 158 ; Randolph Manning. 103; Harvey Parke, 310 : John Stockton.

D., 315 ; C. C. Haskell, 263 ; E. Raynale, 265.

Representatives-Harmon Chamberlin. W .. 172; John S. Heath, D .. 273.

1836. Representatives-John A. Heath, D .. 321; Elijah J. Roberts, W .. 316.

342

HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.

Sheriff-Harmon Chamberlin, W., 464 ; R. K. Greenfield. D., 444.

Judge of Probate-John K. Smith, D, 496 ; David Cottrell, W., 402.

Clerk-Horatio James, D., 40 ; Charles Kimball, D., 299.

Associate Judges-Zephaniah W. Bunce, D., 497 ; Edmund Carleton, W., 490 ; Pendleton Ogden, W., 391 ; Horatio N. Munson, D., 389.

Treasurer-John Doran, D., 383; Edmund Carleton, W., 417 ; Robert Scott, W., 95.

Coroners-Reuben Hamilton, 486 ; Chester Kimball, D., 466 ; Fred. G. Wilcox, W., 413; Ira Marks, 410.

Surveyor-Nathan Ward, 890.

Presidential Electors -David C. Mckinstry, 93 ; John Biddle, 1.

Senators, 5 districts-Randolph Manning, 697 ; Jacob Summers, D., 722; John Clark; D. 543 ; Thomas M. Drake, 190 : William Draper, 27.

1837.

Governor-Charles C. Trowbridge, W., 376 ; Stevens T. Mason, D., 447.

Lieutenant Governor-Daniel S. Bacon, 406 ; Edward Mundy, 426 ; John Biddle, 3.

Senators-Stephen V. R. Trowbridge, 400 ; Thomas I. Drake, 401 ; Elijah F. Cook, 408 ; John Barton, 404.

Representative-David Cottrell, 381 ; Ralph Wadhams, 430; John S. Heath, 220 ; Benjamin Cox, W., 5.

Congress-Isaac E. Crary, D., 310; Hezekiah G. Wells, W., 300

1838.

Congress-Hezekiah G. Wells, 439 ; Isaac E. Crary, 360.

Senator, 4th District-Reuben R. Smith, D., 435 ; Ira Porter, D., 424 ; Jacob Summers, W., 195 ; Eben B. Harrington, W., 194.

Representatives-True P. Tueker, W .. 396; John K. Smith, D .. 367.

Sheriff-Harmon Chamberlin, W., 425 ; Cummings Sanborn, D., 349.

Clerk and Register-Marcus H. Miles, W., 405; Horatio James, D., 370. Judge of Probate-Horatio N. Monson, W .. 413 ; Lorenzo M. Mason, D., 360.

Treasurer -- Horatio N. Monson, W., 415 ; William B. Barron, D., 373.

County Commissioners-Justin Rice, W., 416; Zael Ward, W., 404; Ralph Wadhams, D., 371; Lyman Granger, D., 374 ; Charles Kimball. D., 376.

Coroners-Elisha B. Clark, W., 415 ; Henry Cottrell, 419 ; Reuben Hamilton, D., 371 ; Chester Kimball. D., 375.

Surveyor-Nathan Ward, W., 394 ; Edward II. Rose, D .. 370.

1839.

Governor-William Woodbridge, D., 482; Elon. Farnsworth, W., 345. Lieutenant Governor-James W. Gordon, W., 475 ; Thomas Fitzgerald, D., 350. Senator, Ith district-Justin Rice, W., 477 ; Robert P. Eldredge, D., 340. Representatives-True P. Tucker, W., 445 ; Lorenzo M. Mason, D., 366.

County Commissioner-John Howard, W., 486 ; Joel Tucker, D., 323.

1840.

Presidential Electors-Thomas J. Drake. D., 517; John Van Fossen, D., 517; Hezekiah G. Wells. D., 517; Charles Moran, W., 446: Kingsley S. Bingham, W., 446; Charles E. Stewart, W., 446.

Congress-Jacob MI. Howard, W., 511; Alphens Felch, D., 442. Senator, Fourth Distriet -James L. Conger, W., 516: Dewitt C. Walker, D., 451. Representatives-Ira Porter, W., 496; Andrew Maek, D., 155: Israel Carleton. W., 3. Sheriff-Reuben Moore, W., 498; John S. Heath, D., 461. Clerk -Marcus HI. Miles, W., 515; Curtis Bellows. D., 153.

343

HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY

Treasurer --- Horatio N. Monson, W., 506; William B. Barron, D., 158.

Judge of Probate-Benjamin C. Cox, W., 506; John M. Oakes, D., 450.

County Commissioner Chester Kimball, W., 490; Ebenezer Westbrook, D., 435; Charles Kimball, D., 23.

Associate Judges-Edmund Carleton, W., 517; David Cottrell, W., 512; Joshua Q. Leonard, D., 449; Jonathan Burch, D., 417; Justin Rice, 1.

County Surveyor-Nathan Ward, W., 509; John Galbraith, D .. 443.

Coroners-Reuben Hamilton. W., 507; Aura P. Stewart, W., 510; Grover N. Buel, 452; William Brown, D., 455.

1841.

Governor-John S. Barry. D., 459; Philo C. Fuller, W., 311.

Lieutenant Governor- Origen D. Richardson, D., 452; Edmund B. Bostwick, W., 340.

Senators-Jonathan Shearer, D., 165; Lyman Granger, D., 450; Josiah Snow, W., 338; Sylves- ter Warner, W., 324.

Representative-Cummings Sanborn, D., 452; John Howard, W., 283; Andrew Mack, D., 54. County Commissioner-Oel Rix, D., 458; Hugh Gregg, W., 322.

1842.

Senators, First District-John Biddle, W., 350; Minot T. Lane, W., 351; JJonathan Shearer, D., 158; Neil Gray, D., 4442.

Representative-Oel Rix, D., 517; David Cottrell, W .. 297.

Sheriff-John S. Heath, D., 501; John Howard, W., 297; Joseph F. Follenshee, D., 5; William HI. Carleton, W., 4.

Clerk-Edward C. Baneroft, D., 181; Marens H. Miles, W., 325.

Treasurer-William B. Barron, D., 188; Elisha Smith. W., 335.

Surveyor-James L. Smith, D .. 125; Sylvester Warner, W., 382.

Coroners-Alfred Comstock, D., 482; James D. Brown, D., 449; Anra P. Stewart, W., 319; James 1. Vincent, W., 331.

1843.

Governor-John A. Barry, D., 534; Zina Pitcher, W., 408.

Lieutenant Governor-O. D. Richardson, D., 533; J. B. LaRue, W., 106.

Congress-James B. Hunt, D., 526; Thomas J. Drake, W., 405.

Senator, First District - Lorenzo M. Mason, D., 449; Trne P. Tucker. W .. 449.

Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.

History of the St. Clair County, Michigan, containing an account of its settlement, growth, development and resources.., Part 51

Author: Western historical company, Chicago. [from old catalog] Publication date: 1883 Publisher: Chicago, A. T. Andreas & co. Number of Pages: 814

Author: Western historical company, Chicago. [from old catalog]
Publication date: 1883
Publisher: Chicago, A. T. Andreas & co.
Number of Pages: 814