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EARLY HISTORY OF NORTH DAKOTA
ESSENTIAL OUTLINES OF AMERICAN HISTORY
EARLY HISTORY
OF
NORTH DAKOTA
ESSENTIAL OUTLINES OF AMERICAN HISTORY
By COLONEL CLEMENT A. LOUNSBERRY Founder of the Bismarck Tribune
ILLUSTRATED
HOW AND
A ON
RID
1889
OF
NOR
COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME
WASHINGTON, D. C. LIBERTY PRESS 76 NEW YORK AVENUE, N. E. 1919
Copyright 1919 by CLEMENT A. LOUNSBERRY Washington, D. C.
Published 1919
1291214
TO THE NORTH DAKOTA PIONEERS and their successors, the fathers, mothers and children of the North Dakota of today, this work is affectionately dedicated, by THE AUTHOR. Washington, D. C., February 27, 1919.
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PREFACE
"I hear the tread of pioneers, Of nations yet to be, The first low wash of waves where soon Shall roll a human sea."
-John G. Whittier.
More intensely interesting than a fairy tale is the story of the development of the great Northwest. It is a story of adventure and of daring in the lives of individuals not unmixed with romance, for there were brave, loving hearts, and gentle clinging spirits among those hardy pioneers, and many incidents and choice bits of legend have been handed down, which I hope may serve to make these pages interesting.
It is a story with traces of blood and tears, illustrating "man's inhumanity to man," for there were some among the early traders who had little regard for the. expenditure of these precious treasures, in their pursuit of "Gold! gold! gold ! gold !" that is "heavy to get and light to hold," as suggested by Hood-the
"Price of many a crime untold * *
* * * * How widely its agencies vary, To save, to ruin, to curse, to bless, As even its minted coins express, Now stamp'd with the image of good Queen Bess, And now of a Bloody Mary."
It is a story of man's love for man, in the work of the early missionaries, who, in obedience to the command of the Master, went forth into the wilderness to lift up and benefit the "untutored" savage, who only "sees God in clouds, or hears Him in the wind," and to bring refuge to his white children, who had blazed the way, and who were languishing in despair. It is a story of heroic deeds, of patriotic devotion to duty, of suffering and bloodshed and of development.
Whether I am the one to write the story, let others judge.
"Let us probe the silent places, let us seek what luck betide us ; Let us journey to a lonely land I know. There's a whisper on the night wind, there's a star agleam to guide us, And the Wild is calling, calling-let us go." -Robert W. Service, "The Call of the Wild."
My family in all of its branches were among the early settlers of New York and New England, frontiersmen and participants in all of the early Indian wars. My mother's people suffered in the Wyoming massacre. Among the slain in
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PREFACE
that bloody affair were seven from the family of Jonathan Weeks, her paternal ancestor, who with fourteen fatherless grand-children returned to Orange County, New York, whence he came, abandoning his well-developed farm near Wilkes- barre, as demanded by the Indians.
I knew many of the people directly connected with the Minnesota massacre of 1862, and the incidents leading up to it, and the campaign following-settlers in the region affected, prisoners of the Sioux, traders, soldiers, missionaries, men in public life, and many of the Indians. One of the stockades built by the settlers for defense, was situated on the first real property I ever owned, and in a log house within the stockade, my first child, Hattie, wife of Charles E. V. Draper of Mandan, N. D., was born.
In July, 1873, I established the Bismarck Tribune, the first newspaper pub- lished in North Dakota. There were then but five villages in North Dakota- Pembina, Grand Forks, Fargo, Jamestown and Bismarck; no railroad, excepting the Northern Pacific under construction; no farms, no agriculture, except the cultivation of small patches by Indians and half-bloods, or in connection with the military posts or Indian agencies ; no banks, no public schools, no churches. It was my fate to be one of five (John W. Fisher, Henry F. Douglas, I. C. Adams, Mrs. W. C. Boswell and myself) to organize the Presbyterian Church Society at Bismarck, the first church organization in North Dakota, in June, 1873, and in the autumn of that year I was instrumental in organizing the Burleigh County Pioneers, developed through my direction into the North Dakota State Historical Society, of which I was the first president.
I was at Bismarck when a party of Northern Pacific surveyors started west to survey the line of the road from that point to the Yellowstone River in the spring of 1873, and saw the smoke of battle and heard the crack of rifles, as the engineers were forced to fight, even before they got as far west as the site of Mandan.
I saw Gen. George A. Custer as he marched to his last battle-the massacre of Custer and 261 men of the Seventh United States Cavalry on the Little Big Horn, by the Sioux. Accompanying him was Mark Kellogg, bearing my com- mission from the New York Herald, who rode the horse that was provided for me-for I had purposed going but could not -- and who wore the belt I had worn in the Civil War, which was stained with my blood.
I saw the wounded brought down the Yellowstone and the Missouri, by Grant Marsh, on that historic boat, the Far West, and the weeping widows whose hus- bands returned not.
The trail of blood, beginning at the Atlantic, taking a new start at the Gulf, extending to the Pacific, and, returning, starting afresh on the banks of the Missouri, came to a sudden check on the banks of the Little Big Horn ; but it was not ended, the blood already spilled was not enough. The Seventh United States Cavalry, Custer's Regiment, was again baptized in blood at Wounded Knee, and the end was not reached until the tragic death of Sitting Bull, Dec. 15, 1890.
We have the Indians with us yet-in many instances happy and prosperous farmers, their children attending the schools and universities, the male adults having taken lands in severalty under the Federal Allotment Act, being recognized citizens of the United States, and entitled to the elective franchise in the State of North Dakota.
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PREFACE
If I dwell upon Indian affairs, it is because I have been interested in the Indians from childhood. After the battle of Spottsylvania I lay in the field hospital beside an Indian soldier, wounded even worse than I. Not a groan escaped his lips. I admired the pluck and courage, and the splendid service of the Indian soldiers from the states of Michigan and Wisconsin in the Civil War. I have seen them in battle. I have known their excellent service as Indian police, I have seen them in their happy homes, when roaming free on the prairie, and I know their good points. Although I shall picture the horrors of Indian wars in a lurid light, I have no sympathy with the idea that "the only good Indian is a dead Indian," and I am glad to know that they are no longer · a "vanishing race," but their numbers are now increasing, and to feel that they have a splendid destiny before them.
I have seen the growth of North Dakota from the beginning, I have per- formed my part in its development, but in the words of Kipling's Explorer :
"Have I named one single river? Have I claimed one single acre? Have I kept one single nugget ?- (barring samples?) No, not I. Because my price was paid me ten times over by my Maker, But you wouldn't understand it. You go up and occupy."
I feel it a duty, as well as a privilege, to contribute these pages to its history.
CLEMENT AUGUSTUS LOUNSBERRY.
Washington, D. C., February 27, 1919.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TENDERED
The author desires to acknowledge the receipt of historical data and other means of information necessary to the compilation, from the following persons:
Canada: A. M. Edington, Montreal Star.
Louisiana: Colonel William O. Hart, New Orleans.
Massachusetts: Hugh C. Cormack, Boston and Montreal.
Edward J. Holmes, Harvard Law School Association, Boston.
Professor Lee S. McCollester, D. D., Dean of Crane Theological School, Tufts College, Medford.
Joseph Sargent, Secretary Harvard Law School Association, Boston.
Professor Ezra R. Thayer, Dean of Harvard Law School, Cambridge.
Brevet Captain William H. Wade, Seventh Mass. Vol. Inf., War of 1861, and Mrs. Wade, Fall River.
Thomas Weston, Jr., Harvard Law School Association, Boston.
Mississippi: Thomas H. Herndon (Washington, D. C.).
New York: Henry Winthrop Hardon, counselor at law, New York City.
North Dakota: John E. Blair, former Secretary of the College of Law of the University of North Dakota, Spokane, State of Washington.
Mrs. Minnie Clarke Budlong, Secretary of the Library Commission, Bismarck. Ex-Governor John Burke, United States Treasurer, Washington, D. C.
Charles Cavileer, Pembina (deceased).
Very Rev. Thomas Egan, Rector of St. Mary's Cathedral Rectory, Fargo. Adjutant General G. Angus Fraser, Bismarck.
Thomas Hall, Secretary of State, Bismarck.
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PREFACE
Major John G. Hamilton, Grand Forks.
Ex-Governor Louis B. Hanna, former Congressman, Fargo.
Governor Lynn J. Frazier, Bismarck.
Mrs. Kate T. Jewell, Bismarck.
W. R. Kellogg, Jamestown.
Professor Orin Grant Libby, Secretary of the North Dakota Historical Society, Professor of History in the State University, Grand Forks.
Judge Charles A. Pollock, Fargo.
Captain W. A. Stickney, National Guard, Bismarck.
New Mexico: Ex-Governor Andrew H. Burke, Roswell.
Oklahoma: James A. Emmons, Pawnee.
Pennsylvania: T. Hanlon, City Clerk of Erie.
Virginia: Rear Admiral Harrie Webster, U. S. N. (retired), Richmond.
Washington, D. C .: Amherst W. Barber, Surveying Division, U. S. General Land Office.
H. P. McLain, Adjutant General, U. S. A.
Frank Bond, Chief Clerk, General Land Office.
Mrs. Marie L. Bottineau Baldwin, Secretary of the New North American Indian Association.
Henry N. Couden, Chaplain U. S. House of Representatives.
Captain E. W. Deming, U. S. A., artist.
Charles M. Gandy, Colonel Medical Corps, U. S. A.
C. F. Hauke, Chief Clerk, Office of Indian Affairs.
F. M. Hodge, Ethnologist-in-charge Bureau of American Ethnology. Smith- sonian Institution.
Major James McLaughlin, Indian Office, U. S. Department of the Interior.
Colonel George H. Morgan, U. S. A.
Rev. J. Henning Nelms, D. D., Rector of Ascension Church.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
Lieutenant Charles C. Slayton, U. S. N.
Major Richard R. Steedman, U. S. A. (retired).
Wisconsin: D. F. Barry, Superior.
Wyoming: Rev. John Roberts, D. D.
Minnesota: James J. Hill, Great Northern Railroad Company ; H. E. Stevens, Chief Engineer Northern Pacific Railroad Company; J. M. Hannaford, Vice President Northern Pacific Railroad Company, St. Paul.
PUBLISHER'S PREFACE
Part One, Early History of North Dakota, was published in 1913, and three years later was merged into North Dakota History and People, published by the S. J. Clarke Publishing Company of Chicago, in connection with two volumes of biographical sketches. The historical features embraced in that work, with added matter and illustrations, are now presented in four parts, complete in one volume, carefully indexed, for home and school use, representing many years of pains- taking research with verification.
LIBERTY PRESS.
Washington, D. C., February 27, 1919.
CONTENTS
PART ONE .
CHAPTER
PAGE
I. IN THE BEGINNING. 3
I. ( CONTINUED) OUTLINES OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 8
II. OCCUPIED FOR INDIAN TRADE 17 III. THE BUFFALO REPUBLIC 32
IV. FOUNDING OF PEMBINA. 40
V. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE 53
VI. "WHEN WILD IN WOODS THE NOBLE SAVAGE RAN" 77
VII. GRAFT IN THE INDIAN TRADE 88
VIII. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY-A CHAPTER APART
99
IX. THE WAR OF 1812
II7
PART TWO
X. EARLY EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS 143
XI. THE CONQUEST OF THE MISSOURI 158
XII. THE CONQUEST OF THE MISSOURI ( CONTINUED) 170
XIII. INCLUDING THE SIOUX MASSACRE OF 1862. 190
XIV. IN THE SIOUX COUNTRY 209
XV. DAKOTA PIONEERS 224
XVI. THE CONQUEST OF THE SIOUX 241
XVII. THE CONQUEST OF THE SIOUX (CONTINUED) 252
XVIII. DAKOTA TERRITORY. 263
PART THREE
XIX. DAKOTA ORGANIZED 275
XX. DAKOTA IN THE CIVIL AND INDIAN WARS. 286
XXI. POLITICS IN INDIAN AFFAIRS. 312
XXII. TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT. 330
XXIII. RED RIVER VALLEY OLD SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION 3.56
PART FOUR
XXIV. DIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. 369
XXV. THE NORTH DAKOTA CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
387
XXVI. THE STATE 422
xi
xii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
XXVII. THE CODES OF NORTH DAKOTA 416
XXVIII. THE SUPREME COURT.
XXIX. PROHIBITION 453
470
XXX. THE PRESS OF NORTH DAKOTA. 483
XXXI. NAMING NORTH DAKOTA COUNTIES
496
XXXII. STORIES OF EARLY DAYS. 501
XXXIII. PIONEER SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 524
XXXIV. HISTORY OF BANKING IN NORTH DAKOTA 546
XXXV. HISTORY OF METHODISM IN NORTH DAKOTA 554
XXXVI. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA. 565
XXXVII.
NORTH DAKOTA VOLUNTEERS. 577
XXXVIII. THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION IN NORTH DAKOTA. 603
XXXIX. FOUNDING OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NORTH DAKOTA 610
XL. EARLY PRESBYTERIANISM IN NORTH DAKOTA 615
XLI. ORIGIN OF THE SCHOOL LAND SYSTEM 628
-A LAST WORD. 630
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Portrait of the Author Frontispiece
Presidents of the United States, 1789 to 1829. 8 George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madi- son, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams.
Presidents of the United States, 1829 to 1849. 16
Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, William H. Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor.
Presidents of the United States, 1849 to 1869. 30
Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson.
Presidents of the United States, 1869 to 1889. II2
Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland.
Presidents of the United States from 1889 to the Present, 1918 ( for Cleve- land, see page 112) 130
Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Wil- liam H. Taft, Woodrow Wilson.
Dakota Pioneers: Enos Stutsman, Judson Lamoure, Hugh S. Donaldson, Charles E. Galpin. 226
Noted Sioux: Sioux Warrior, Crow King, John Grass, Running Antelope. . 240 A group of old time traders. 308
Robert Wilson, John Smith, "Jack" Morrow and A. C. Leighton.
Noted Sioux : Chief Gaul, Rain-in-the-Face, Sitting Bull and Bull Head. 312
Dakota Pioneers: Charles Cavileer, Jean Baptiste Bottineau. 326
Dakota Pioneers : Colonel Harry Brownson and Clerks. 338
Dakota Pioneers: Erastus A. Williams, Clement A. Lounsberry at 21, Alan-
son W. Edwards, Linda W. Slaughter. 398
OTHER PORTRAITS
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark 60
Chief Little Crow. 190
General John B. S. Todd. 218
Joseph Rolette 230
Governor William Jayne 262
Chief Red Cloud 306
Governor William A. Howard. 310
Dr. Henry R. Porter and Charles Reynolds. 320
xiii
xiv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Max Bass 330
Richard F. Pettigrew, Jefferson P. Kidder, Henry C. Hansbrough and Mor-
gan T. Rich. 370
Governor Arthur C. Mellette. 372
Governor Nehemiah G. Ordway 378
Walter A. Burleigh. 382
Oscar Sherman Gifford. 384
Major James McLaughlin and Luther Sage Kelly ( Yellowstone Kelly) 418
Governor Eli C. D. Shortridge. 426
Governor E. Y. Sarles
430
Governor John Burke. 432
Governor Louis B. Hanna. 434
Senators Lyman R. Casey and Gilbert A. Pierce
440
Senators Porter J. McCumber, Asle J. Gronna, and Members of Congress Patrick D. Norton, Geo. M. Young and John M. Baer 442
Governor Lynn J. Frazier. 606
Reverends O. H. Elmer and I. O. Sloan 618
MAPS
Territory of Louisiana, 1682-1762 52
Louisiana purchase modified by treaty with Spain, 1819. 54
Louisiana, the territory actually delivered, 1804. 56
Louisiana purchase and later annexations. 58
Great Northern Railway Line, 1914. 342
Counties and Congressional districts of North Dakota. 602
MISCELLANEOUS
The First Encounter,-Attack on the Narragansett Indians at South Kingston 4
Seven Bears at the River,-The Wounded Bear. 20 Hunting the Grizzly Bear,-Herds of Bison and Elk on the Upper Missouri 26
Black Diamond (the famous buffalo)
32
Running the buffalo. 36
Steamer Selkirk,-Old Fort Pembina, 1840-84.
40
Ball Play of the Dakota ( Sioux) Indians 44
United States Flag adopted June 14, 1777
64
A Mandan Village .- Winter Village of the Minetarees 68
Sakakawea, "The Bird Woman" (statue) 74
Portrait of Virginia Grant, granddaughter of Sakakawea; Sioux women dancing 76
Fort Clark on the Missouri, February, 1834,-Fort Union on the Missouri, 1834 80
Dog Sledges of the Mandan Indians,-Interior of the Hut of a Mandan Chief 82
Ponca Indians Encamped on the Banks of the Missouri River,-The Voy-
ageurs at the Portage. 92
Red River Cart, 1801-1871,-Grand Forks in 1874. 148
XV
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Steamer "Yellowstone" ascending the Missouri River, 1833,-Snags, Sunken Trees on the Missouri. 158 Upper Missouri River Scene at "Drowned Man's Rapids," Steamer "Rose-
bud" Homeward Bound,-Steamer "Josephine," 1876. 160
Fort Union, 1864. 170
Horse Racing of Sioux Indians,-Fort Mckenzie, August 28, 1833. 176 Sioux Warriors (Deming) 240
Whitestone Hill Battle Monument
Steamer Far West. 294
Main Street, Bismarck, 1872-3,-Indian Travois.
324
334
Views of Minot, 1887-1893
340
First House in Burlington and First Postoffice and Postmaster in North- western North Dakota. 386
The March of Civilization (Sitting Bull and other noted warriors following the flag) 420
State Flower,-The Wild Rose. 422
Battleship "North Dakota" 436
Norwegians Dancing near Red River in Abercrombie,-Girls in Norwegian Peasant Dress, Abercrombie. 500
North Dakota State Flag. 576
PART I
Vol. 1-1
Early History of North Dakota
CHAPTER I
IN THE BEGINNING
A TRAIL OF BLOOD
"Swiftly walk over the western wave, Spirit of Night." -Shelley.
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth, and the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light, and there was light. -Holy Scriptures.
Long before the earth took form, the universe existed. Compared with the whole, the earth's proportion is that of a thought snatched from a busy life, a leaf from the forest, a grain of sand from the seashore, a chip from the work- shop of Eternal Energy.
Perhaps it existed in impalpable dust, or fragments left when other worlds or celestial bodies were created, hurled together by Almighty Force, forming a burning mass, still burning in the interior, changing but not destroying the material of which it was made. Gases from the flames still form, and finding vent at some weak spot, the explosion and the earthquake follow, and portions shake and tremble, cities are destroyed or buried, and the face of the earth is changed.
Perhaps a crust formed upon the surface of the burning mass when this old earth was young, which, shrinking as it cooled, gave the mountain ranges and the depressions which make the beds of the seas and oceans, and out of the vol- canoes, belching forth their clouds of smoke and gases, came the "darkness" which "was upon the face of the deep," and when the darkness disappeared, and life and growth became possible, "the morning stars sang together," for a new world was born.
And that world took its course among the planets, the portion receiving the direct rays of the sun becoming tropical, while immense bodies of ice formed at the poles. "The testimony of the rocks" indicates that when the ice was broken loose, and plowed over the surface of the earth, it was miles in depth. It broke down, and ground to gravel and dust, mountain ranges, leaving here and there
3
4
EARLY HISTORY OF NORTH DAKOTA
the boulders, forming new valleys and new plains, burying the immense mass of vegetation of that earlier period, giving to the world its fields of coal.
Perhaps, under this enormous accumulation of ice, the earth was changed in its axis, possibly by some convulsion of nature. The fact that a large portion of North Dakota was, time and time again, beneath the waters, is apparent to any observer, and in all of the eastern part of the state, the work of the ice is as visible as the stitches of a seamstress upon a completed garment.
Neither life nor light was possible in the earth's earlier stages, and after the creation of all other forms of life, man appeared, and into his organization there was carried every element in nature, whether on the earth, in the waters which surrounded the earth, or in the atmosphere-whether in the chattering ape or creeping thing, in beast or bird, in fish or fowl, in life-supporting or life-destroying principle, and to all these life was added, breathed into man, created indeed from the dust of the earth by Divine Energy. And what is life? We may fol- low matter and find it in its changing form, but when life passes from its earthly tenement, who can say whither it goeth ?
Man ate of the tree of knowledge. That was God-given, and its use brings its reward and its punishment, but death is essential to development, and is as natural as birth. The seasons come, and the seasons go; winter has its work no less than summer ; the flowers bloom and fade, and so man is born, matures, and falls into decay, and, like the dead worlds which have performed their mis- sions, passes into dust to be born again into some new form of life.
"The stars shine over the earth, The stars shine over the sea; The stars look up to the mighty God, The stars look down on me. The stars have lived a million years, A million years and a day ; But God and I shall love and live When the stars have passed away." -Rev. Jabez Thomas Sunderland.
When man appeared upon the face of the earth the strenuous life began. Doubtless from the beginning he "earned his bread by the sweat of his brow" and the quiet life of Abel invited the first flow of human blood, which has formed a continuous trail that marks the course of human development. Without blood- shed there has been no advancement, without bloodshed no redemption; no great reforms have ever gained a masterly headway without bloodshed ; no nation has ever been established without its baptism of blood.
Persecution in the old world led to the peopling of the new, and every step in the development of the new world is marked by human blood. There was war between the French and the English colonists, war between the Dutch and their neighbors, and cruelty in most revolting form by those who sailed under the flag of Spain and gained a permanent foothold in the country west of the Mississippi River. And from the beginning the whites were at war with the reds, driving them from one section, then another, destroying their homes, taking from them their wealth of game, and planting within their breasts hatred almost undying. Who does not remember the pathetic words of Tah-gah-jute called
THE FIRST ENCOUNTER From Abbott's King Philip.
ATTACK ON THE NARRAGANSETTI INDIANS AT SOUTH KINGSTON From Abbott's King Philip.
5
EARLY HISTORY OF NORTH DAKOTA
"Logan?" He was the son of a white man reared among the Indians, and was known as a Mingo chief-a common term for those Iroquois living beyond the proper boundaries of the tribe. He was named for James Logan, colonial secre- tary of Pennsylvania, his father's friend. All the members of his family were killed in the spring of 1774, while crossing a river in a canoe, and after the defeat of the Indians in the bloody war which followed, instead of suing for peace with the rest, he sent this message to be delivered to John Murray Dun- more, the last royal governor of Virginia.
LOGAN TO DUNMORE
"I appeal to any white man to say if he ever entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him no meat; if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate of peace. Such was my love for the whites that my countrymen pointed as they passed by, and said, 'Logan is the friend of the white man.' I had even thought to have lived with you, had it not been for the injuries of one man, Colonel Cresap, who last spring, in cold blood, unprovoked, murdered all the relatives of Logan, not even sparing my women and children, and he an officer in the white man's government! There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have glutted my vengeance. For my country I rejoice at the gleams of peace; but do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one."
KING PHILIP'S WAR
"Here still a lofty rock remains, On which the curious eye may trace- Now wasted half by warring rains, --- The fancies of a ruder race."
-Philip Freneau, 1752-1832.
In July, 1675, the King Philip's war commenced. The old and friendly chiefs, who appreciated the sturdy integrity of the Pilgrims, and their braves who knew what war was, had passed away. The young men who followed them had become proficient in the use of firearms and were chafing for war, and determined to provoke it, but believed they would be defeated unless they avoided shedding the first blood. So they wandered about committing depredations of every kind, sometimes snatching the prepared food from the tables where they appeared as unbidden guests at meal times. They killed the domestic animals of the colonists, sharpened their knives on their doorsteps while boasting of what they intended to do, and finally on Sunday, July 20, 1675, a party of eight called at the home of a colonist and demanded the privilege of sharpening their hatchets on his grindstone, well knowing that it would not be permitted in view of the Pilgrim idea of the Sabbath. They went to another house where the people were at church and ransacked the closets, helping themselves to food ; they shot the cattle of other colonists and finally demanded liquor of one and
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