USA > North Dakota > Early history of North Dakota: essential outlines of American history > Part 39
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to General Terry (see note), who would reach the mouth of the Little Horn by the evening of the 26th, when he would act in concert with Custer in the final wiping out. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon of the 24th, Custer's scouts reported the location of a village recently deserted, whereupon Custer went into camp, marching again at II P. M., continuing the march until daylight, when he again went into camp for coffee. Custer was then fifteen miles from the village located on the Little Horn, one of the branches of the Big Horn, twenty miles above its mouth, which could be seen from the top of the divide, and after lunch General Custer pushed on. The Indians by this time had discovered his approach and soon were seen mounting in great haste, riding here and there, it was presumed in full retreat. This idea was strengthened by finding a freshly abandoned Indian camp with a deserted tepee, in which one of their dead had been left, about six miles from where the battle took place. Custer with his usual vigor pushed on, making seventy-eight miles without sleep, and attacked the village near its foot with Companies C, E, F, I and L of the Seventh Cavalry, Reno having in the meantime attacked it at its head with three companies of cavalry which, being surrounded, after a desperate hand to hand conflict in which many were killed and wounded, cut their way to a bluff about three hundred feet high, where they were reinforced by four companies of cavalry under Colonel Benteen. In gain- ing this position Colonel Reno had to recross the Little Horn, and at the ford the hottest fight occurred. It was here that Lieutenants McIntosh, Hodgson and Doctor De Wolf fell; where Charley Reynolds fell in a hand-to-hand conflict with a dozen or more Sioux, emptying several chambers of his revolver, each time bringing down a redskin before he was brought down-shot through the heart. It was here Bloody Knife surrendered his spirit to the one who gave it, fighting the natural and hereditary foes of his tribe, as well as the foes of the whites.
The Sioux dashed up beside the soldiers, in some instances knocking them from their horses and killing them at their pleasure. This was the case with Lieutenant McIntosh, who was unarmed except for a saber. He was pulled from his horse, tortured and finally murdered at the pleasure of the red devils. It was here that Fred Gerard was separated from the command and lay all night with the screeching fiends dealing death and destruction to his comrades within a few feet of him and-but time will not permit us to relate the story-through some means succeeded in saving his fine black stallion in which he took so much pride.
The ford was crossed and the summit reached, the bluffs, having, Colonel Smith says, the steepest sides that he ever saw ascended by a horse or mule. though the ascent was made under a galling fire.
The companies engaged in this affair were those of Captains Boylan, French and McIntosh. Colonel Reno had gone ahead with these companies in obedience to the order of General Custer, fighting most gallantly, driving back repeatedly the Indians who charged in their front, but the fire from the bluff was so galling. it forced the movement heretofore alluded to. Signals were given and soon Benteen with the four companies in reserve came up in time to save Reno from the fate with which Custer about this time met. The Indians charged the hill time and time again, but were each time repulsed with heavy slaughter by its gallant defenders. Soon however, they reached bluffs higher than those occupied by Reno, and opened a destructive fire from points beyond the reach of cavalry
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carbines. Nothing being heard from Custer, Colonel Weir was ordered to push his command along the bank of the river in the direction he was supposed to be, but he was soon driven back, retiring with difficulty. About this time the Indians received strong reinforcements, and literally swarmed the hillsides and on the plains, coming so near at times that stones were thrown into the ranks of Colonel Reno's command by those unarmed or out of ammunition. Charge after charge came in quick succession, the fight being sometimes almost hand-to-hand. But they finally drew off, taking to the hills and ravines. Colonel Benteen charged a large party in a ravine, driving them from it in confusion. They evidently trusted in their numbers and did not look for so bold a movement. They were within range of the corral and wounded several packers, J. C. Wagoner among the number, wounded in the head, while many horses and mules were killed. Near 10 o'clock the fight closed, and the men worked all night strengthening their breastworks, using knives, tin cups and plates in place of spades and picks, taking up the fight again in the morning. In the afternoon of the second day the desire for water became almost intolerable. The wounded were begging piteously for it. The tongues of the men were swollen and their lips parched, and from lack of rest they were almost exhausted. So a bold attempt was made for water. Men volunteered to go with canteens and camp kettles, though to go was almost certain death. The attempt succeeded, though in making it one man was killed and several wounded. The men were relieved and that night the animals were watered. The fight closed at dark, opening again the next morning, and contin- uing until the afternoon of the 27th. Meantime the men became more and more exhausted and all wondered what had become of Custer. A panic all at once was created among the Indians and they stampeded from the hills and from the valley, and the village was soon deserted, except for the dead. Reno and his brave band felt that succor was nigh.
General Terry came in sight and strong men wept upon each other's necks but no word was had from Custer. Hand shaking and congratulations were scarcely over when Lieutenant Bradley reported that he had found Custer dead with 190 cavalrymen. Imagine the effect. Words cannot picture the feeling of these, his comrades and soldiers. General Terry sought the spot and found it to be true. Of those brave men that followed Custer, all perished. No one lives to tell the story of the battle. Those deployed as skirmishers lay as they fell, shot down from every side, having been entirely surrounded in an open plain.
The men in the companies fell in platoons, and, like those on the skirmish line, lay as they fell, with their officers behind them in their proper positions. General Custer, who was shot through the head and body, seemed to have been among the last to fall, and around and near him lay the bodies of Colonel Tom and Boston, his brothers, Colonel Calhoun, his brother-in-law, and his nephew, young Reed, who insisted on accompanying the expedition for pleasure, Colonel Cook and the members of the non-commissioned staff all dead-all stripped of their cloth- ing and many of them with bodies horribly mutilated.
The officers who fell were as follows: Gen. G. A. Custer, Cols. Geo. Yates,
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Miles Keogh, James Calhoun, W. W. Cook, Captains McIntosh, A. E. Smith, Lieutenants Riley, Critenden, Sturgis, Harrington, Hodgson and Porter, Assistant Surgeon DeWolf. The only citizens killed were Boston Custer, Mr. Reed, Charles Reynolds, Isaiah, the interpreter from Fort Rice, and Mark Kellogg, the latter the Tribune correspondent. The body of Kellogg alone remained unstrip- ped of its clothing, and was not mutilated. Perhaps as they had learned to respect the Great Chief, Custer, and for that reason did not mutilate his remains they had in like manner learned to respect this humble shover of the lead pencil and to that fact may be attributed this result. The wounded were sent to the rear some fourteen miles on horse litters, striking the Far West sixty odd miles up the Big Horn, which point they left on Monday, July 3, at noon, reaching Bis- marck, 900 miles distant, at II P. M., Wednesday, July 5.
The burial of the dead was sad work, but they were all decently interred. Many could not be recognized; among the latter class were some of the officers. This work being done the command worked its way back to the base, where General Terry (his command) awaits supplies and approval of his plans for the future campaign.
The men are worn out with marching and fighting, and are almost wholly destitute of clothing.
The Indians numbered at least 1,800 lodges in their permanent camp, while those who fought Crook seemed to have joined them, making their effective fighting force nearly four thousand. These were led by chiefs carrying flags of various colors, nine of whom were found in a burial tent on the field of battle. Many other dead were found on the field, and near it ten squaws at one point in a ravine-evidently the work of Ree or Crow scouts.
The Indian dead were great in number, as they were constantly assaulting an inferior force. The camp had the appearance of being abandoned in haste. The most gorgeous ornaments were found on the bodies of the dead chiefs and hundreds of finely dressed and painted robes and skins were thrown about the camp. The Indians were certainly severely punished.
We said none of those who went into battle with Custer are living-one Crow scout hid himself in the field and witnessed and survived the fight. His story is plausible and is accepted, but we have no room for it now. The names of the wounded are as follows :
Priv. Davis Corey, Company I, Seventh Cavalry, right hip; Patrick McDon- nall, D, left leg; Sergt. John Paul, H, back; Privts. Michael C. Madden, K, right leg; Wm. George, H, left side, died July 3, at 4 A. M .; First Sergt. Wm. Heyn, A, left knee; Priv. John McVay, C, hips; Patrick Corcoran, K, right shoulder ; Max Wilke, K, left foot; Alfred Whitaker, C, right elbow; Peter Thompson, C, right hand; Jacob Deal, A, face; J. H. Meyer, M, back; Roman Rutler, M, right shoulder; Daniel Newell, M, left thigh; Jas. Muller, H, right thigh ; Elijah T. Stroude, A, right leg; Sergt. Patrick Carey, M, right hip; Priv. Jas. E. Bennett, C, body, died July 5, at 3 o'clock ; Francis Reeves, A, left side and body ; James Wilbur, M, left leg ; Jasper Marshall, L, left foot; Sergt. Jas. T. Riley, E, back and left leg; Priv. John J. Phillips, H, face and both hands; Samuel
DR. HENRY R. PORTER
CHARLES REYNOLDS
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Severn, H, both thighs; Frank Brunn, M, face and left thigh; Corp. Alex B. Bishop, H, right arm; Priv. Jas. Foster, A, right arm; W. E. Harris, M, left breast ; Chas. H. Bishop, H, right arm; Fred Homsted, A, left wrist; Sergt. Chas. White, M, right arm; Priv. Thos. P. Varnerx, M, right ear; Chas. Camp- bell, C, right shoulder; John Cooper, H, right elbow; John McGuire, C, right arm; Henry Black, H, right hand; Daniel McWilliams, H, right leg.
An Indian scout, name unknown, left off at Berthold; Sergt. M. Riley, Com- pany I, Seventh Infantry, left off at Buford, consumption; Priv. David Ackison, Company E, Seventh cavalry, left off July 4th at Buford, constipation.
The total number of killed was 261; wounded 52. Thirty-eight of the wounded were brought down on the Far West; three of them died en route. The remainder were cared for at the field hospital.
De Rudio had a narrow escape and his escape is attributed to the noise of beavers, jumping into the river during the engagement. De Rudio followed them, got out of sight and after hiding for twelve hours or more finally reached the command in safety.
The body of Lieutenant Hodgson did not fall into the hands of the Indians; that of Lieutenant McIntosh did, and was badly mutilated. McIntosh, though a halfbreed, was a gentleman of culture and esteemed by all who knew him. He leaves a family at Lincoln, as do General Custer, Colonels Calhoun and Yates, Captain Smith and Lieutenant Porter. The unhappy Mrs. Calhoun loses a husband, three brothers and a nephew. Lieutenant Harrington also had a fam- ily, but no trace of his remains was found. We are indebted to Colonel Smith for the following full list of the dead; to Doctor Porter for the list of wounded, which is also full.
KILLED.
FIELD AND STAFF
Brevet Maj. Gen. George A. Custer; Lieut .- Col. W. W. Cook; Assistant Surgeon, -. Lord; Acting Asst. Surgeon, J. M. De Wolf.
NONCOMBATANT STAFF
Surgeon Maj. W. W. Sharrow; Chief Trumpeter Henry Voss.
COMPANY A
Corporals Henry Dallans, G. K. King ; Privates J. E. Armstrong, Jas. Drinaw, Wm. Moody, R. Rowline, Jas. McDonald, John Sullivan, Thos. P. Switzer.
COMPANY B
Second Lieut. Benj. Hodgson, Privates Richard Doran and Geo. Mask.
COMPANY C
Brevet Lieut .- Col. T. W. Custer; Second Lieut. H. H. Harrington (the body of Lieutenant Harrington was not found but it is reasonably certain that he was Vol. 1-21
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killed) ; First Sergt. Edwin Baba, Sergts. Finley and Finkle, Corps. French, Foley and Ryan ; Privates Allen, Criddle, King, Bucknell, Eisman, Engle, Bright- field, Fanand, Griffin, Hamlet, Hattisoll, Kingsoutz, Lewis, Mayer, Mayer, Phil- lips, Russell, Rix, Ranter, Short, Shea, Shade, Stuart, St. John, Thadius, Van Allen, Warren, Windham, Wright.
COMPANY D
Farrier Charley Vincent, Privates Patrick Golden and Edward Hanson.
COMPANY E
Brevet Capt. A. E. Smith, Second Lieut. E. Sturgis (the body of Lieutenant Sturgis was not found, but it is reasonably certain he was killed) ; First Sergt. F. Hohmeyer, Sergts. Egnen and James; Corp. Hagan, Privates Snow and Hughes.
COMPANY L
First Lieut. Jas. Calhoun, Privates Miller, Tweed, Veller, Cashan, Keifer, Andrews, Crisfield, Harnington, Haugge, Kavaugh, Lobering, Mahoney, Schmidt, Lunan, Semenson, Riebold, O'Connell, J. J. Crittenden (Twentieth Infantry), First Sergts. Butler and Warren, Corps. Harrison, Gilbert and Seiller; Trptr. Walsh, Privates Adams, Assdely, Burke, Cheever, McGue, McCarthy, Dugan, Maxwell, Scott, Babcock, Perkins, Tarbox, Dye, Tessler, Galvin, Graham, Hamilton, Rodgers.
COMPANY K
First Sergt. D. Winney, Sergt. Hughes, Corp. J. J. Callahan, Trptr. Julius Helmer, Private Eli U. T. Clair.
COMPANY I
Col. M. W. Keogh, Lieut. J. E. Porter (the body of Lieutenant Porter was not found, but it is reasonably certain he was killed) ; First Sergts. F. E. Varden and J. Burtand; Corps. John Wild, G. C. Morris and S. T. Staples ; Trptrs. J. M. Gucker and J. Patton; Blacksmith H. A. Bailey ; Privates J. E. Broadhurst, J. Barry, J. Connors, T. P. Downing, Mason, Blorm, Meyer; Trptrs. McElroy and Mooney; Privates Baker; Boyle, Bauth, Conner, Daring, Davis, Farrell, Hiley, Huber, Hime, Henderson, Henderson, Leddison, O'Conner, Rood, Reese, Smith Ist, Smith 2d, Smith 3d, Stella, Stafford, Schoole, Smallwood, Tarr, Vaugant, Walker, Bragew, Knight.
COMPANY F
Capt. G. W. Yates; Second Lieut. W. Van Rieley; First Sergt. Kenney ; Sergts. Nursey, Vickory and Wilkinson; Corps. Coleman, Freeman and Briody ; Farrier Brandon; Blacksmith Manning; Privates Atchison, Brown Ist, Brown
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2d, Bruce, Brady, Burnham, Cather, Carney, Dohman, Donnelly, Gardiner, Ham- mon, Kline, Krianth, Luman, Losse, James Milton, Madson, Monroe, Ruddew, Omeling, Siefous, Sanders, Wanew, Way, Lerock, Kidey, E. C. Driscoll, D. C. Gillette, C. H. Gross, E. P. Holcomb, M. E. Horn, Adam Hitismer, P. Killey, Fred Lehman, Henry Lehman, E. P. Lloyd, A. McIchargey, J. Mitchell, J. Noshaug, J. O'Bryan, J. Parker, E. J. Pitter, Geo. Post. Jas. Quinn, Wm. Reed, J. W. Rossberg, D. L. Lymons, J. E. Troy, Charles Van Bramer and W. B. Whaley.
COMPANY G
First Lieut. Daniel McIntosh; Sergts. Edward Botzer and M. Considine; Capts. James Martin and Otto Hageman; Farrier Benjamin Wells; Trptr. Henry Dose; Saddler Crawford Selby ; Privates Benjamin F. Rodgers, Andrew J. Moore, John J. McGinniss, Edward Stanley, Henry Seafferman and John Papp; Corp. George Lee; Privates Julian D. Jones and Thomas E. Meador.
COMPANY M
Sergt. Miles F. O'Hara; Corps. Henry M. Scollier and Fred Stringer ; Privates Henry Gordon, H. Klotzbursher, G. Lawrence, W. D. Meyer, G. E. Smith, D. Somers, J. Tanner, H. Tenley and H. C. Voyt.
CIVILIANS
Boston Custer, Arthur Reed, Mark Kellogg, Charles Reynolds, Frank C. Mann.
INDIAN SCOUTS
Bloody Knife, Bobtailed Bull and Stab.
Total number of commissioned officers killed. I4
Acting assistant surgeon. I
Enlisted men 237
Civilians
5
Indian scouts
3
Note .- An officer of Custer's regiment penciled on the margin of this account the following :
"Our march on June 24th was twenty-eight miles; leaving barracks at II P. M., we marched eight miles; halted at 2 A. M., 25th; again marched at 8 A. M. till 10:30 A. M. Then about noon took up our march for the attack. Up to this time we had marched about forty-eight miles."
DOCTOR PORTER'S STORY
On his return from the Custer battlefield in charge of the wounded Dr. Henry R. Porter, one of the surviving heroes of that expedition, though now called to
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his long home, gave a most interesting account of the battle of the Little Big Horn, so far as it related to Reno's command, and of the trip down the river with the wounded. The story written for the St. Paul Pioneer Press at the time by John A. Rea, the following extracts are made, speaking of Reno's command : "Lieutenant McIntosh fell, and Charley Reynolds, the scout that Custer loved. Porter was beside a dying soldier. His orderly and supplies were gone, and the command was off several hundred yards. He was alone. The bullets were pruning the trees, and terrific yells were sounding the alarm of universal death. Porter left his lost patient and led his horse to the embankment that protected the woods. He was startled by Indians dashing by him within ten feet. They were rushing along the foot of the little bluff. Their aim was so direct in the line of Reno's flying battalion that Porter's presence was unnoticed. He was un- armed and his powerful black horse reared and plunged as if he were mad. Porter saw the fate that was in the immediate future if that horse escaped before he was on his back. He held on with superhuman strength. He could hold him but that was all. To gain the saddle seemed a forlorn hope. Leap after leap with the horse quicker than he. It was a brief ordeal, but in the face of death it was a terrible one. One supreme effort and half in the saddle the dusky charger bore away his master like the wind. He gained the full seat, and lying close upon his savior's neck, was running a gauntlet where the chances of death were a thousand to one. The Indians were quick to see the lone rider, and a storm of leaden hail fell around him. He had no control of his horse. It was only a half mile dash, but it was a wild one. The horse was frenzied. He reached the river in a minute and rushed up the bank where Reno had gone and was then recovering himself. The horse and rider were safe. It was destiny. * * * *
"Porter's associate was killed and he was alone. The afternoon of the 25th, all night, throughout the 26th, the night of that date and the 27th, Porter worked as few men are ever called upon to work. He had no idea that he would get out alive, and believed every man around him was doomed. Still he was the same cool and skillful surgeon that he is today. He had a duty to perform that seldom falls to a man of twenty-six, and yet he performed it nobly. He was surrounded by the dead, dying and wounded. Men were crying for water, for help, for relief, for life. For twenty-four hours there was no water. The sun was blazing hot, the dead horses were sickening, the air heavy with a hundred smells, the bullets thick, the men falling and the bluffs for miles black with jubilant savages.
A LIGHTNING STEAMBOAT RIDE
"The steamer 'Far West' was moored at the mouth of the Little Big Horn. She was the supply boat of the expedition and had made her way up the Big Horn farther than any other boat. She had performed one exploit unprecedented in western river navigation in reaching the mouth of the Little Big Horn, and was ready to perform another feat unequaled in steamboating in the West. The wounded were carried on board the steamer and Doctor Porter was detailed to go down with them. Terry's adjutant general, Col. Ed Smith, was sent along
-
STEAMER FAR WEST
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with the official dispatches, and a hundred other messages. He had a traveling bag full of telegrams for the Bismarck office. Capt. Grant Marsh of Yankton was in command of the 'Far West.' He put everything in the completest order and took on a large amount of fuel. He received orders to reach Bismarck as soon as possible. He understood his instructions literally and never did a river man obey more conscientiously. On the evening of July 3d the steamer weighed anchor. In a few minutes the 'Far West,' so fittingly named, was under full head of steam. It was a strange land and an unknown river. What a cargo on that steamer. What news for the country. What a story to carry to the Gov- ernment, to Fort Lincoln, to the widows.
"It was running from a field of havoc to a station of mourners. The 'Far West' never received the credit due her. Neither has the gallant Marsh. Nor the pilots David Campbell and John Johnson. Marsh, too, acted as pilot. It required all of their endurance and skill. They proved the men of emergency. The engineer, whose name is unknown to me, did his duty. Every one of the crew is entitled to the same acknowledgment. They felt no sacrifice was too great upon that journey, and in behalf of the wounded heroes.
"A very moderate imagination can picture the scene on that floating hospital. There were wounds of every character and men more dead than alive. The suffering was not terminated by the removal from the field to the boiler deck. It continued and ended in death in more than one instance before Fort Lincoln was hailed. Here again the son of N. Y. Mills, of the Empire state, was tested. Porter watched for the fifty-four hours. He stood the test.
* * * * * *
*
"The bold captain was taking chances, but he scarcely thought of them. He was under flying orders. Lives were at stake. His engineer was instructed to keep up steam at the highest pitch. Once the steam gauge marked a pressure that turned his cool head and made every nerve in his powerful frame quiver. The crisis passed and the 'Far West' escaped a fate more terrible than Custer's. Once a stop was made and a shallow grave explained the reason. Down the swift Yellowstone, like shooting the Lachine Rapids, every mile a repetition of the former! From the Yellowstone into the broad Missouri, and then there was clear sailing. There was a deeper channel and more confidence. A few minutes were lost at Buford. Everybody at the fort was beside himself. The boat was crowded with inquirers, and their inquiries were not half answered when the steamer was away. At Berthold a wounded scout was put off, and at Fort Stevenson a brief stop to tell in a word what had happened. There was no dif- ference in the speed from Stevenson to Bismarck. The same desperate gait was kept up to the end. They were approaching home with something of that feeling which always moves the human heart. At II o'clock on the night of July 5th they reached Bismarck and Fort Abraham Lincoln.
"Doctor Porter and Colonel Smith hurried from the landing up town, calling up the editor of the Tribune and the telegraph operator. The latter, J. M. Carnahan, took his seat at the key and scarce raised himself from his chair for twenty-two hours. He, too, was plucky, and what he sent went vibrating around the world in history."
And the news was carried to the stricken families at Fort Lincoln. Imagine their grief, if you can; their sobs, their flood of tears. The grief that knew no
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consolation. The fearful depression that had hung over the fort for the past two days had its explanation then. It was almost stifling. Men and women moved anxiously, nervously straining their eyes for the expected messenger, listening as footsteps fell. There was whispering and excitement among the Indian police. There were rumors of a great battle. Those who saw the Indians and witnessed their movements knew that something unusual must have happened. But what? Who would not have given worlds to know just why all this excitement among the Indians. Fleet-footed warriors, mounted on still fleeter animals, aided per- haps by signals, had brought the news to then even before the arrival of the "Far West," but no white man knew. That it brought joy to them was reason enough for depression among the whites.
A few more battles, a few more skirmishes, a treaty or two, and the Sioux warriors gave up the unequal contest. The superiority of the white man will never be acknowledged by the Indian, but he bows to the powers which have subdued him.
INDIAN TREATIES
At the very beginning of the life of the United States, it not only became its policy, but a necessity, to treat with the Indians. They contributed in 170 small degree to the success of the Revolution. The first formal treaty was with the Delawares, September 17, 1778, when all offenses or acts of hostility by one or either of the contracting parties were mutually forgiven and buried in the depths of oblivion, never more to be had in remembrance, and each agreed to assist the other if either should be engaged in war, the Delawares agreeing to furnish warriors for the then prevailing struggle.
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