USA > New York > Erie County > Buffalo > The Commercial Advertiser Directory for the City of Buffalo, [etc.] 1860 > Part 9
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The importation of sperm oil for the year 1859 was 91,408 barrels, of whale 190,410 bar- rels, being an increase of 17,655 barrels of oil over 1858. The largest amount of whale oil was received from March to July, and sperm (as in 1858,) from May to September, and the smallest amount in January.
The greatest amount of whalebone received was from March to June. From August the receipts gradually diminished to the close of the year.
The export of sperm oil was 52,207 barrels, of which 41,670 barrels went to London, 7,529 barrels to Liverpool, and 2,884 barrels to Glas- gow.
The exports of whale oil was 8,179 barrels, (5,954 barrels of which went to Havre.) being in all 37,547 barrels more than in 1858.
The average. price of sperm oil was $1 36 per gallon, against $1 21 in 1858. The lowest av- erage being in July, Augustand September, and the highest in February and March.
The average price of whale oil for 1859 was 48gc, against 54c in 1858. The lowest average being in May, June and July, and the highest in March.
The lowest price for sperm was in 1844,
wben it ruled at 63c per gallon, and whale in 1841 at 30}%c.
The stock of oil in the United States on the Ist of January, 1860, was 109,909 barrels, con- sisting of 13,429 barrels of sperm, and 96,480 barrels whale.
Imports for 1859, 99,551 bbls, of sperm 17,176 and whale 82.375 bbls.
The value of the importation of oil for 1859, taking the average price of sperm and whale and the average price of whalebone as in 1858 is as follows:
Importation of 91,408 bhls, equal to 2,879,352 gallons, sperm at the average price for 1859 amounts to $3,915,918 72. Importation of whale, 190,411 bbls, equal to 5,997,916 gallons, at the average price. amounts to $2,809,003 81. Im- portation of 1,923,850 lbs. of whalebone, taking the average price of 1858, is $1,779,561 25.
Total average value for the year 1859 is $8,- 504,483 73 of importations. This is about $859.986 71 over the average of 1858.
The number of gallons of oil imported at New Bedford is 6,952,021 gallons; . value of oil and bone $6,212,140. According to our figures, this leaves $2,292,343 78 as the value of the oil and bone imported at other places.
. The London correspondent of the Whaleman's Shipping List reports the imports of oils at London, Eng., for the year ending December, 1859, 6,588 tons of sperm, 310 tons whale- showing an excess over 1858 of 2,337 tons of sperm, and of whale 698 tons less than 1858 .- Stock on hand about 1647 tons.
"There has been a decided improvement in sperm, promoted by the market. throughout last year having sustained a medium value. commanding with our manufacturers a prefer- ence over the many inferior substitutes adopted by them in times of higher prices.
"The past year finally concludes our enter- prise in the South Sea, not any English whaling vessels being now engaged in the fisheries.
"The article of whalebone continues to main- tain a high value. With the exception of our few ships to Greenland and Davis Straits fishe- ries, the whole world may be almost considered to depend on the United States for supplies of an article in constant demand, and for which no good substitute is known. Therefore, taking into consideration the uncertainty of supply, and the small stock on hand in America, we an- ticipate an improvement in its present value."
COAL OR MINERAL OIL .- In no country has
56
COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER DIRECTORY.
there been such a rapid progress made in the development of mineral fuel, and its adaptation to every department of industry, as in the Uni- ted States. An interesting fact in regard to al- most all the useful mineral productions, and particularly coal, is that they flourish almost exclusively in the cool and temperate Zones.
The manufacture of Coal Oils has increased with such rapidity within the last three years, that it seems hardly creditable. A year ago, when coal oils were commanding large prices very many embarked in the manufacture, with a degree of recklessness truly surprising .- Without any knowledge or regard to the result, many samples sent for examination proved to be slate only ; others contained so little of the hydro-carbons that they would be exceedingly poor for fuel. It will not pay to distil coal for the illuminating oils alone, at the low figure nt which they are at present forced into market ; it is necessary that the heavy products should find a desirable market value, and it is here that so many are deceived and fortunes wasted. It is not, nor will it follow, that because an article is produced from a substance that is cheap, it will or must supercede all other products for the same purpose, particularly when the first depend upon the latter for their strength, dura- bility and economy ; nor is it a fact that, be- cause the spirit hydro-carbon of coal finds sale, that the heavy products of Paraffenized oil will be in demand likewise. In the first place, it remains yet to be proved that the volatile hy - dro-carbons as thrown into the market for burn- ing, do not produce serious effects upon the lungs and brain, resulting in dizziness and in- tense headache, and more or less affecting the senses of hearing and seeing. They should nev- er be burnt in a close room, for they require such an amount of oxygen to produce perfect combus- tion, that it burns up the very life from the air itself. Oils that are made by destructive distil- lation, produce intense heat, either by burning or friction, and particularly under pressure, and their elasticy not only prevents, in many cases, chemical-union, but it favors decomposition of almost all metals.
Volatility in a body, while it prevents separa- tion from the more fixed, facilitates the decom- position of bodies with which they are brought in contact. Volatility or escape of vapor is al- ways considered an element of instability in an oil.
coal date; as early as 1739, in England. The era of the manufacture of oils from coal can be set down at about 1805, but the most practi- cal results were in 1850. The distilates of As- phate was in 1820, by a Swiss, and was identi- cal with the distillate+ of Petroleum of Ameri- ca. Paraffin was first discovered practically in 1830, and Naptha in 1832, and only succeeded as an art in 1850.
There are now over forty manufacturers of coal illuminating oils in the United States, and the amount manufactured is so far in ad- vance of the consumption, that the attention of scientific and practical men has been turned within the last year to find use for it aside from illuminating and other purposes. The approxi- mate estimate of the quantity of illuminating oil manufactured daily cannot be far from 22,- 750 gallons, requiring 61,000 bushels of cannel coal. and its value is over $5,000,000 a year ; this is aside from the sales of the heavy oils, which are very uncertain and not at all reliable. Some of the important characteristics which mark coal that is best suited for making oil, are specific gravity, electric power and chemical constitution. Low density generally indicates a large amount of volatile matter. Some coal, which produces the best oils, becomes powerful- ly electric, while in others, which produce poor- er oils, it is not the case. It is a well known law of organic chemistry, that the higher the temperature, and the more advanced the decom- position of substances, the simpler are the pro- ducts, and the greater the quantity of hydrogen excels that of oxygen, in coal, the better it is for gas. The greater the quantity of hydrogen to react upon the carbon, the longer will coal last for burning. When hydrogen is in greater proportion than the oxygen, the gas is perma- nently gaseous, and will stand the greatest pres- sure and the greatest degree of cold.
Coal that contains the greatest amount of car- bon, with hydrogen and oxygen to generate sufficient quantities of inflammable gas to pro- mote its rapid ignition, is the best for intense heat. The nature of the change which coal undergoes by heat, depends upon the ratio that oxygen and hydrogen bear to each other. When they combine at low temperatures, volatile, oily liquids are formed ; at high temperatures, gas- eous and carbaretted hydrogen is formed. Af- ter the proper coal has been found for oil, an all important item in its distillation is to arrive at
The discovery of the production of oils from | the suitable temperature, for it is the tempera-
57
COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER DIRECTORY.
ture at which coal is carbonized that determines the nature of the product (an important point in gas making) ; another is, the best mode of distilling, for coal oil ends where that of gas making begins-any variation of temperature produces an entire new effect ; hence the endless variety of coal oils in market, and the great dif- fienkty of producing a uniform article. . Oval for making oil should be distilled downwards; a larger yield and a better oil is produced; by maporizing and forcing the vapor upwards, large quantities are condensed and fall back, are re- distilled and form an entire new product. The volatile matter contained in different coals is at present a matter of inquiry which is being agita- ted in regard to its use as fuel for steamers, in point of economy, heating power, bulk, &c. To us it does not seem in the least practicable, without the combustion were perfect, for the carbon would form in such quantities as soon to fill flues and stack. The extremely unpleasant and penetrating odor would be another serious objection ; the fixed oils might answer. The area of coal in the United States, taking twelve States, is 133,132 square miles, nearly 1-4 the area of the whole. Illinois is 3-4; Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Ohio, 12, the re- mainder 1-10 to 1-20 each.
The relative density of different species of coal from various parts of the world, is as fol- lows :
1 12
Breckenridge CanDel.
1.16
Kentucky-Bitu minous.
1 250
Mimouri do
12-2
Newcastle-Foreign
1.259
Indians -Bi uminous.
1 260
Liverpool (foreign)-average
1 262
Ohio-Bitumioons.
1.270
Penosvivania
1 326
Peoteb-Foreign.
1.519
Virginia-average.
1 575
Common bituminous coal has specific gravity of 1.27 to 1.35, and anthracite from 1.50 to 1.85. The only coal ligeter than this, is the Albert coal of New Brunswick, the density of which is 1.12, as shown.
Mean weight of American coal per cubic yard: American .... 2500 lbs. Bituminoun 2001 lbs. Anthracite. European .... 2.04
American anthracites are much heavier than those of Europe, while the bituminous are about the same.
The volatile matter contained, including all the dililates in coal from various sections, are as follows :
Albert cos!
Kestartv-Breckenridge, average ...
.61 74
Proper Irania.
32 96 to 49.8%
Virginia
bon.
10 70 to 45.40 .42 03
IlHooia.
40 33
Missouri.
30 30
Arka sas.
.28 99
Maryland. 7.13 to 22.50
Indiana.
.00
Average Liverpool Cannel, 39.58 ; Newcastle 35.59 ; Scotch Cannel, 40.06; Boghead, 71.09.
PROVISIONS.
Of pork and other hog products a very cou- siderable increase in the line of receipts has ta- ken place as compared with 1858. The receipts of beef, on the contrary, show a large falling off as compared with that year. This decrease is to be accounted for in two ways, first from the fact that less beef was packed last season than during that of 1858, and secondly, because the railroads, particularly the Grand Trunk line, passing through Canada, diverted a large share which would otherwise have found its way to this port in lake vessels.
RECEIPTS OF PROVISIONS BY LAKE FOR TEX YEARS.
Po k, bbIR
Reef.
Bacon,
Lord,
1840
59.954
61,998
5,193.996
5.3'1.037
1850
40.249
84.719
6.562,208
5,093,512
1851
32.169
73,074
7.951.00
4,798,5 0
1853.
60,699
76.6 9
9.676.590
7.164.672
1853
.102,548
69,779
23.175.615
8 185,3 5
1864
147.898
56.997
20.455.444)
13,575,660
1855
106.682
97 814
10.7 8.399
10 357.130
1856
60.477
83.320
9.220.932
5.837,502
1857.
20,283
59,911
3,612,5'9
643,006
1858
6. 482
122,945
5,180.176
4 916.521
1859.
76,519
81, 75
5,955,000
6,379,100
The shipments by canal of the three first items above last year were 35,782 bbls pork, 30,- 058 bbls beef, and 1,518,147 lbs bacon. Of "Jard, tallow and lard oil" sent forward by canal the aggregate was 3,150,502 lbs, included in which was doubtless 2,500,000 1bs lard alone. The bal- ance of these articles was taken by the railroads.
The business of pork packing at this point is principally for city and local trade, and there- fore not large. It was much smaller last winter than during the winter previous. No very sat- isfactory reason is given for this except that our banking houses do not feel inclined to loan their funds on as long dated paper as this business would necessarily require, especially when a better opportunity for investment is constantly presenting itself. But one house, that of F. A. & J. Alberger, pursue the business of pork packing during the entire year. This firm gives us 12,000 as the number which it has cut from January 1st, 1859, to January 1st, 1860. Five other packing houses give us 9,866, or 21,866 in all. The yield of lard was 409,054 lbs. These were mostly all cut in January and February. It is proper to add that but a comparatively
bhia.
the.
tha.
A.bert con'-specific gravity
1 273
Per cent.
.. 89 33
58
COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER DIRECTORY.
small amount of the foregoing stock is now on the market.
Compared with the year 1658, the year 1859 was a dull one for pork, especially from the mid- dle to the close of the year. Lard, however has been in fair request, but the demand has usually been confined to small lots. Beef has been al- most wholly nominal.
PRICES OF PROVISIONS ONCE A WEEK FOR TWO YEARS.
1848.
1859.
Pork.
Beef
Lard
Pork.
Beef.
Lard .
$17 25
$10 50
11%
March 14
....
March 21
17 60
11 00
12
March 28
11 25
12
April
4
...
..
...
17 00
10 50
May
9
16
17 00
10 25
11
17 50
10 00
12%
May
23.
16 75
10 25
11
18 00
10 00
12%
May
30.
16 75
10 00
10%
17 75
10 00
June
13
17 00
10 00
11
17 26
June
20).
16 75
9 75
10%
17 00
9 75
11%
July
4.
11.
16 25
9 75
10
17 10
9 25
12
The average price during restricted trade. 123 of.
The average price during unrestricted trade.
Showing a difference of
35 cta
or seven cents per statute bushel
STAVEA.
For the following tabular statements and arti- cle upon the trade, we are again indebted to Mr. Henry H. Hale, of this city.
The following tables have been prepared to show the movement of staves from the Western country to tide water, by the Erie and Welland Canals, and Mississippi River; also the export of staves from various ports to foreign countries; and the direct trade with Europe, from Lake Erie, vis the St. Lawrence River.
Great care has been taken in the compilation of the tables to render them accurate and relis- ble. The figures have been taken from official reports, and from the most reliable commercial reports in the United States and Canada.
. The design has been to show the course of the stave trade, for a series of years, in the United States and Provinces of Canada.
MOVEMENT OF STAVES TO TIDE WATER. The commerce of Buffalo will be seen by re- ference to table "A."
TABLE "A."
STATEWEST showing the annual receipt of Stares by Late at Buffalo, from 1840 to 1869 inclusive, as per file of Buffalo Commercial Advertiser.
1840
No. 2 594 233
1841
7.800.000
1-42.
4 992 000
1858
77.011.105
1869.
.1 2,621,028
142.967.755 243.709,816 100,293,934
Compared with 1858, Buffalo shows an in- crease of 35,609,923 lbs., while Oswego sh we a falling off of 143,415,882 lbs.
Under the present system it is impossible to obtain the amount shipped coastwise by lake, as entire cargoes are at times taken without the same being entered on the clearance of the ves- sel. We found only 117,111 bbls. and 4,600 sacks reported as having been shipped in this direction, probably not one quarter of the actual amount. There was also an aggregate of 19,- 763 bbis. taken to Canada last year.
STATEMENT showing the average price per Canal. of fine Salt at Syracuse, for sixteen years:
Centa.
Cents
1844.
89
1852
100
1845
90
1853
.1124
11% 1846
.82
1854
125
1847
.103
1855
150
1848
.95
1856
1849
.77
1857
.125
1850
.77
1858
125
1851
.85
1859
.
June
6.
16 75
9 75
10
17 00
9 50
July
18
16 00
9 75
10
16 50
July
25
16 25
10 00
10%
16 . 0)
8 50
Aug.
1
16 75
10 25
11
16 00
8 50
11%
Aug.
8
17 00
10 25
11
16 . 0
8 50
Aug.
15
17 00
10 25
11K
15 50 15 010)
8 25
Aug.
24
16 50
10 00
11%
15 50
11%
Sept.
5
17 0.1 16 87
10 25
15 50
8 50
111
Sept.
19
17 10
10 00
1112
15 50
8 50
11%
Sept.
26
16 75
10 00
15 50
8 50
11%
Oct.
3
16 50 15 50
10 00
104
16 00
9 00
11
Oct.
17.
16 25
10 00
1012
16 00
9 00
Ort. 24.
16 50
9 75
10%
16 25
9 25
Oct.
31.
16 50
9 75
10%
15 75
9 00
11%
Nov. 7
16 00
10 00
10
15 25
8 75
11 11
Nov.
14.
16 00
10 00
10
15 25
8 50
Nov. 21.
16 50
10 25
10% 10%
15 50
8 50
11
Dec.
5
..
16 75
10 25
10%
15 87
8 25
11
Dec.
12 .. ..
16 75
10 25
10%
15 50
8 50
10%
SALT.
There was a decided increase in the receipts of Salt by canal last year as compared with the amount which came forward during the previous season, or any other, even since 1853, as the fol- lowing will show :
RECEIPTS OF BALT BY CANAL FOR A SERIES OF YEARS.
Pounds.
Value.
1853.
60.327.474
$473,645
1864
67,537,072
3º2.437
1855
109.325.311
654.502
1856
60,913.373
304.902
1857
52.228.939
261,395
1858.
77,011,105
385,281
1869
112,621,028
394,588
Included in the above were 165,867 lbs. for- eign Salt, valued at $995. The receipts at Buf- falo and Oswego, for the last three years, have been as follows :
Buffeln.
nawenn
1857
tb# 52.228.989
1843.
3.500 000
,8+4.
6,543 000
28.
.....
16 50
10 00
15 50
8 50
11
Nov.
22.
16 75
10 25
10 25
1142 1136
15 50
8 50
Sept.
12.
....
April 18.
April 25 ..
May
2
....
16 75
9 50
10 50
13
12 12
June 27
16 50 16 50
9 75
17 25
9 75
11K
July
9 00
11%% 11%
11X 12
8 50
Aug.
8 50
9 00
Oct.
10.
10 :0
11
17 25
11 00
11X
April 11.
17 00
10 75
17 00
11 00
17 00
10 50
Mav
17 37
11 00
12
March 7 ..
17 37
18 30
10 00
9 75
From 1852 to 1858 inclusive, there were organized combi- nations for restricting the quantity made and fixing the price on it.
16 00
59
COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER DIRECTORY.
1845
8 573,000
1816
10,762,500
1847.
8 800,000
1848
8.091 600
1819
14.183,602
1850.
18 652 890
1:51
10.696,006
1852
12 998 614
1853
9,215,240
1854.
15,464,554
1855
16,421,568
1856
1,556,039
1857
23,024 213
1858.
15.199 019
1860
23,277 082
The sources of supply for the receipts of 1859 were as follows:
From Obio
4.180,082
Indiars
6.843,521
Michigan
84 9,144
Wisconsin ..
188,409
Pennsylvania
1,865,000
Canada
1,430,933
Total
23.277,083
The decrease of receipts in 1851, 1852 and 1853, was owing to the fact that some four mil- lions of staves in number were received at Ton- awanda during each of those years, that were heretofore, and have since been, received at Buffalo. Allowing say four millions per year for this diversion, the comparative receipts at Buffalo for the past ten years would stand as follows:
Receipts from 1850 to 1854 inclusive, 5 years, .. No. 79,027,504 Receipts from 1865 to 1809 inclusive, 5 years, .. No. 96,477,921
Total increase for 5 years ending 1859. 17,450,617
Increase over previous 5 years, 22 per cent.
The value of imports of staves at Buffalo for 1859, is as follows :- 23,277,082 staves, gross count, at $30 per M .. (average value) is $698 .- 312.
The number of sugar and molasses hogshead shooks received by lake at Buffalo during the year of 1859, was 59.000. Average value, say 75 cents each, is $44,250.
The value of staves and shooks shipped from Buffalo by canal, during the year 1859, is as follows:
Tona. Perton. Value.
rough staves und heading.
101.670
$6 00
$610,020
Hogsbead sbook ..
7.725
20 00
154,510
Sawen and dressed bogshead . taves
1.650
10 00
16,500
Cot flour barrel do
375
12 400)
4,500
Stave bolts (oak) ..
250
4 50
1,125
Total for 1859
111,670
$786.665
The above valuation of rough staves and heading,is made up from the average of sales in New York and Albany, deducting expenses and transportation, leaving their nett value at Buffalo at $6 per ton of 2,000 1bs.
The valuation by the Canal Collector,of ship- ments for 1859, was $1,114,700, being about 40 per cent too high. The valuation by the Canal Collector, of shipments from Buffalo in 1858,
was $775,213. The actual value did not exceed $529,885; showing the Collector's valuation to be nearly fifty per cent too high, for that year.
The tolls on rough staves are at 1 mill, and on dressed staves and shooks, at 1 8-10 mill per 1,000 lbs per mile. This is equal to 70 centa per ton on rough staves, and $1 26 per ton on dressed staves and shooks, from Buffalo to Al- bany. During the years 1858 and 1859, the tolls paid on rough staves passing from Buffalo to tide-water, amounted to 12 per cent of their nett value on board canal boat at Buffalo.
During the year 1857, the tolls paid on rough staves amounted to 10 per cent of their nett value at Buffalo.
The Commerce of the New York State Canals will be seen by reference to table " B":
TABLE " B."
STATEMENT showing the movement of Staves ens ward on the Canals of New York State, from 1849 to 1869 inclusive, -in tons:
YEARS.
Cleared from Buffalo.
Black Rock and Tonawanda.
Total at western terminus of
Erie Canal.
Oswego.
Total from Lakes Er'e and On-
Champlain and lateral Canals,
Total receipta at tide-water by
Erie and Champlain Canals.
1849 .. 62,197
317
62,444
1.795
64,259
12.841
77,080
1850 .. 79,740L
1,503
81,243
7.946
89,189
11,923
101,112
1851 .. 37,964
19,251
57,215
4.674
61.889
15,763
77,652
1852 .. 41,565
20.671
62,236
2.325
64 561
8,191 11,456 1- 824
79,444 911131 99,894
1865 .. 74,606
6,201
80,807
6.030
86.837
13,057
1856 .. 72,932
6.37U
79,302
5.698
86,000
[2 217]
82.783
1×57 .. 94,961
3.150
96,111
16.762
112,873
16.985
129,858
1858 .. 77,521
3,231
76,164
3.650
79,604
23 168
102.862
1859 .. 111,670
132,139
749.276
76,115
....
1,046.607
Inc. 35
18
..
30
..
8,286
....
(by deduction).
72.752
1853 .. 38,033
20,970
59,003
8.985
67.988
1854 .. 60,157
9,962
70,119
10.084
80 205
tario,
NOTE-The above shows the per centage of increase for the five years ending 1859. over the five years ending 1864. During the years 1851, 1852, and 1853, the diversion of ship- ments from Buffalo to Tonawanda, was 60,000 tons for the three years. As this business ban since returned to Buffalo, the calculation of the comparative increase in the above ta- ble, has been made by allowing the 60,000 tons to have been cleared from Buffalo during those three years.
In comparison with the trade of our own Ca- nals, that of the Welland Canal will be seen by reference to table " C":
60
COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER DIRECTORY.
TABLE " C."
STATEMENT showing the movement of Staves on the Wel- Jaud Canal towards tide-water-in tons-as per "Trade and Navigation Reports" of Canada:
YEARS.
Canad'n to Canadian Porta.
American to Canadian Ports.
Canad'n to American Ports.
American to American Ports.
Total to Canadian Ports.
Total to American Porta.
Total down the Canal.
29%
32X
Inc. { cont. over Ist 5 years 1X Dec. P cent. fr'm Ist 5 yan
NOTE-The receipts at Quebec are taken from the Annual Circular of Messra Forsyth, Bell & Co., of Quebec.
TABLE "E."
STATEMENT showing the comparative movement of stam towards Tide Water, by the Erin and Welland Canale, sod Receipts at New Orleans, for ten years erding 1856, is tons.
Receintaat
Receipts at
Passed down
Hudson River. New Orleans
308,890
Welland Canal. 4 7.580
Per cert ot move- ment. 55
19
It will be seen that of the three routes men- tioned above, the Erie Canal holds precedence in the amount of its business, but it must be borne in mind that there is a large amount of staves drawn from Canada West, which pass over the Great Western Railway, and are ship- ped from Hamilton, down the St. Lawrence River. Also, that the receipts at Norfolk by the Dismal Swamp Canal, and by railroad, are large. The same holds true in regard to the receipts at Baltimore, from the Susquehanna River, and by the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road.
The receipts at Philadelphia by the Pennsyl- vania Central Railroad, are also large. There- fore the above statement shows only a part of the amount of staves actually reaching tide wa- ter, in Canada and the United States. An esti- mate might be made of the whole amount thus reaching tide water annually, as follows:
Tore .
Receipts by the Erie and Champlain Canals, may 100.00 Receipts by the St. Lawrence River. may
Receipts at New Orleans from interior, say. 442,000 Receipta at Norfolk from interior, may .. 40 000
Receipts at various ports of the United States sea board, estimated.
50,000
Est mated total 290,000
Say, in round numbers 300 000
The above estimate is for rough staves only. The receipt at tide water of shooks, and pine heading for the same, not being taken into the account, though it is intended to embrace the receipt of staves used in the manufacture of shooks.
The above estimate can only approximate to- wards the real amount, be it more or less; yet from the data given, it must be something of an approximation towards the aggregate of re- ceipts at tide water, of the United States and Canada.
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