USA > Ohio > Lucas County > Toledo > History of the city of Toledo and Lucas County, Ohio > Part 3
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10
OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
The right to vote in Ohio is now seeured to all male citizens, without regard to race, color or previons condition of servitude, provided they be 21 years of age, and have a residence of one year within the State, 30 days in the County, and 20 days in the Township, Village or Ward next preceding the election. The State or general elections are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in No- vember annually, when State, District and County officers, members of Congress and of the Legislature and Presidential electors are chosen. Elections for Township and Munici- pal officers are held on the first Monday of April annually.
The General Assembly consists of a Senate of 36 members and a House of Representatives of 105 members, both chosen for two years. The sessions are biennial, although they are made practically annual by an adjournment to the succeeding Jannary, at the close of each regular session. The Executive officers of the State consist of a Governor, with a salary of 84.000; a Lieutenant Governor, salary, $800 ; a Secretary of State, salary, $2,000; an Au- ditor, salary, 83,000; a Treasurer, salary, $3,000; a Comptroller of the Treasury, salary, $2,000; an Attorney General, salary, $1,500, and fees; and a Commissioner of Schools, salary, $2,000. Of these all are elected for two years, except the Auditor, whose term is four years, and the Comptroller and Commis- sioner of Schools, elected for three years. The Board of Public Works, three in number, are chosen for three years each. The Com- missioner of Railroads and Telegraphs, the Superintendent of Insurance, the Supervisor of Public Printing, the Gas Commissioner and the State and Law Librarians are appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The State Board of Agriculture, consisting of ten members, is chosen by a Convention of Presidents of the
County Agricultural Societies, five being se- lected each year. The Supreme Court of the State consists of five members, one elective each year, and the one serving on his fifth year acting as Chief Justice. Their salary is $3,000. There are nine Common Pleas Districts, each having three sub-divisions, in which are pro- vided one or more Judges, according to the demands of the case. The Circuit Court pro- vided for in 1883 consists of 21 Judges, with salaries of $4,000 each, chosen for seven Cir- cnits, who hold two terms of Court each year. There are special Superior Courts in Cincin- nati, Cleveland, Dayton and Xenia. Justices of the Peace, elected for each Township, have exclusive jurisdiction in civil actions in which not more than $100 is involved, and concur- rent jurisdiction with the Common Pleas in cases of $100 to $300. By act of Congress the State is divided into two Districts for United States Courts, which are held, the one for Southern Ohio at Cincinnati, and the other, for Northern Ohio, at Cleveland and Toledo. Besides, Federal Circuit Courts are held in each of these Districts.
Under the laws of Ohio, a married woman may hold, free from claim by her husband or his creditors, all property belonging to her at the time of their marriage or afterward ac- quired by her by gift, bequest or inheritance, or by purchase with her own separate means, and may, by will or otherwise, dispose of such property. Like control over her earnings is possessed by her. Divorces may be granted for three years' desertion, for adultery, impo- tence, extreme cruelty, fraudulent contract of marriage, gross neglect of duty, habitual drunkenness for three years, or imprisonment under criminal sentence. The legal rate of interest is six per cent., and not to exceed eight per cent. may be agreed upon in writing, while six per cent. may be recovered where more than eight has been contracted.
CHAPTER II.
BENEVOLENT AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS. - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. - THE OHIO PRESS. - OIIIG IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. - GOVERNORS. - GLASS AND IRON MANUFACTURES. - CLI- MATE .- POPULATION OF STATE AND CITIES .- THE "BUCKEYE STATE."- HISTORICAL BREVITIES.
L IBERAL provision for the care of the nn- fortunate classes has been made by Ohio. As early as 1829, and far in advance of many older States, an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was established. This was followed by an Asylum for the Blind, in 1837, one for the Insane in 1839, one for Idiots in 1857, a Reform School for Boys in 1857, an Industrial Home for Girls in 1869; to which have been added five asylums for the insane-the Northern, at Cleveland; the Southern, at Dayton; the Southeastern, at Athens; the Longview, -at Cincinnati ; and the Northwestern, at Toledo, the latter to succeed the Lucas County Asylum. The Longview Asylum, while belonging to Hamilton County, is largely occupied by State patients. Both white and colored insane are treated there. The Reform School for Boys is situated on a tract of 1,170 aeres, six miles South of Lancaster. The inmates are boys sent there for crime or misdemeanor, and besides receiving literary instruction, they are em- ployed in farm and other industrial work. The average detention of them is about two and one-half years. The Industrial Home is at White Sulphur Springs, Delaware County, on a tract of 189 acres of land. The inmates are girls sent by authority of Probate Courts for reasons of viciousness and incorrigibility, or for want of proper parental care. At the ses- sion of the Legislature for 1885-86, provision was made for an Intermediate Penitentiary, for the incarceration of convicts for first offense, and for crimes of lesser turpitude, the prison being located at Mansfield.
The first geological survey of the State was made in 1837-8, under direction of Prof. W. W. Mather. A second and more full survey was begun in 1869, and completed in 1874, by Prof. J. S. Newberry, assisted by E. B. Andrews, Edward Orton and John H. Klippart.
As shown by the census of 1880, there were then in Ohio 774 newspapers, of which 683 were printed in the English language, 89 in the German, one in the French and one in the Bohemian language. There were 57 religious
papers, published for 17 different denomina- tions. Of the whole, 56 were issued daily, 584 weekly, and the balance at various periods, 90 being monthly. Their aggregate circulation per issue in 1879, was 3,093,931 copies, of which 216,336 were by dailies, and 2,877,595 by week- lies and others.
Few States responded as promptly or as freely to the eall of the Government for troops in defense of the Union, as did Ohio. Her vol- unteers were among the first at the front, and throughout the struggle their numbers were kept well filled, while their service was credit- able alike to them and to the State they repre- sented. The whole number of troops furnished by this State for the Union Army was 317,133, or, reduced to the three-years' standard, 239,976, making an aggregate of 719,928 years' service. Besides these, were large numbers of local troops, doing temporary service within the State and on the border. It so happened that Ohio was made even more conspicuous in the War for the Union by the relations which many of its most distinguished leaders bore to the State, among whom may be named Generals Grant, MePherson, Sherman, Sheridan, Roscerans, Garfield, and others of more or less renown.
The Governors of Ohio and years of service have been as follows: Arthur St. Clair, 1788- 1802; Charles W. Byrd, 1802-1803; Edward Tiffin, 1803-1807 ; Thomas Kirker, 1807-1808 ; Samuel Huntington, 1808-1810; Return J. Meigs, 1810-1814; Othniel Looker, 1814; Thomas Worthington, 1814-1818 ; Ethan Allen Brown, 1818-1822; Allen Trimble, 1822 ; Jere- miah Morrow, 1822-1826 ; Allen Trimble, 1826- 1830; Duncan McArthur, 1830-1832; Robert Lucas, 1832-1836; Joseph Vance, 1836-1838; Wilson Shannon, 1838-1840 ; Thomas Corwin, 1840-1842; Wilson Shannon, 1842-1844 ; Thos. W. Bartley, 1844 ; Mordecai Bartley, 1844-1846 ; William Bebb, 1846-1848; Seabury Ford, 1848- 1850; Reuben Wood, 1850-1854; William Me- dill, 1854-1856; Salmon P. Chase, 1856-1860 ; William Dennison, 1860-1862; David Tod, 1862-1864; John Brough, 1864-1865 ; Charles
12
OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
Anderson, 1865-1866; Jacob D. Cox, 1866-1868; Rutherford B. Hayes, 1868-1872; Edward F. Noyes, 1872-1874; William Allen, 1874-1876; Rutherford B. Hayes, 1876-1877; Thomas L. Young, 1877-1878; Richard M. Bishop, 1878- 1880 ; Charles Foster, 1880-1884; George Hoad- ley. 1884-1586; and J. B. Foraker, 1886-
The earliest record of glass-making in Ohio. is of date of 1817, when ten glass-houses were in operation in the State. None were reported by the census of 1840; but six were found in 1850, four in 1860, and nine in 1870. The number in 1880 was 20, with a capital of 81,191,850, employing 1,688 hands, with a total product of $1,549,320.
The first venture in the iron industry in Ohio was that of Daniel Heaton, in 1804. His furnace stood in Poland Township, now Mahon- ing County, where the present furnace of the Struthers Furnace Company stands. The next furnace in the State was that Robert Mont- gomery and John Struthers built in 1806. Of these establishments Mr. Struthers said : " These furnaces were of about equal capacity, and would yield two and a half or three tons per day. The metal was principally run into monlds for kettles, bake-ovens, flat-irons, stoves, andirons and other such articles as the needs of a new settlement required, and any surplus into pigs, and sent to the Pittsburgh market." The Struthers furnace closed in 1807, and the Montgomery in 1812, by the drafting of its men into the army. The next venture of this sort was at Niles, Trumbull County, in 1809, by James Heaton, where was produced the first hammered bars in Ohio. Subsequently, at various dates, furnaces ap- peared-in 1816 at Middlebury and at Tall- madge, now Summit County ; in Madison, now Lake County (the " Arcole " furnace), in 1825; and in Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Huron (now in Erie), and in Lorain Counties. These Lake shore establishments sprung from the deposits of bog-ore found in swales and swamps near, and generally to the North of a ridge of land which was probably once the shore of Lake Erie, and extended, with some interruptions, from the New York State line to the Huron River, the Westernmost furnace having been in Vermillion Township, now Erie County. One after another, these establishments were sus- pended, in consequence of the increasing eost of charcoal, their only fuel, and the cheaper
product of regions possessing bituminous coal and larger deposits of iron. The first use of the new fuel in the State, was at Lowell, Ma- honing County, by Wilkeson, Wilkes & Co., in a blast furnace which was blown in on the 8th of August, 1846 This use of uncoked coal was followed by like use at various charcoal fur- naces in the Mahoning valley and elsewhere. The discovery of the coal fields of Ohio and of the iron ores of Lake Superior, joined to stim- nlate the iron product in this State to a high degree, the latter article being found highly valuable for mixture with Ohio ores. The first rolling mill in Cleveland (in 1855) was a plate- mill, worked a direct ore process, but was not a success. Rails were first re-rolled at Cleveland in 1856. In the census of 1870 and 1880, Ohio stands second in rank as an iron-producing State. The latter return shows that there were then in the State 134 iron and steel mannfacto- ries, with a capital of $25,144,294; employing 20,000 hands, at an annual cost of 88,265,070 in wages, with $34,918,360 worth of products. Pennsylvania had 366 establishments, with 58,000 hands, and $145,576,268 in products.
The climate of Ohio is subject to material changes, the extremes in temperature being from 16° below zero to 100° above, showing a range of 116°. The annual mean at Cleveland for ten years was 49.77º-that of January being 27.36°, and that of July, 72.57º, showing the annual range to be 45.21°. At Cincinnati, the average for sixteen years was found to be 54.67º ; the mean for January 31.20°, and for July 78.61°. The annual precipitation ranges from 33.24 inches at Kelley's Island, to 44.87 at Cincinnati. Observations for ten years at Cleve- land, by G. A. Hyde, showed the annual maxi- mum fall to be 48.91 inches in 1866, and the minimum to be 30.76 in 1863.
The population of the State and its rank in the Union as to population, as shown by the Federal census, have been as follows :
YEAR.
WHITE.
COLORED.
TOTAL.
RANK.
1800
45,028
337
15,365
18
1810
228,861
1,899
230,760
13
1820
576,572
4,723
581,295
5
1830
928,329
9,574
937,903
-1
1840
1,502,122
17,345
1,519,467
1850
1,955,050
25,279
1,980,329
1860
2,302,808
36,673
2,339,511
3
1870.
2,601,946
63,213
2,665,260
3
1880
3,117,920
79,900
3,198,062
3
13
POPULATION OF STATE AND CITIES.
There are in Ohio 88 Counties, having pop- ulation in 1880 and 1870, as follows :
1880
1870.
TOTAL.
WHITE, COL'D
TOTAL.
WHITE.
COL'D
Richland.
36,306
36,119
186
32,516
32,372
144
Ross
40,307
37,020
3,286
37,097
33,862
3,230
Sandusky
32,057
31,863
194
25,503
25,360
143
Scioto
33,511
32,352
1,159
29,302
28,259
1,013
Seneca
36,947
36,806
141
30,827
30,668
159
Shelby
24,137
23,602
535
20,748
20,142
600
Stark
64,031
63,738
292
52,508
52,190
318
Summit
43,788
43,397
384
34,674
34,373
299
Trumbull
44,880
44,635
245
38,659
38,425
Athens.
28,411
27,236
1,170
23,768
773
Tusearawas
40,198
40,052
146
38,840
33,724
116
Auglaize
25,444
25,375
69
20,041
19,979
61
Union
22,375
21,971
404
18,730
18,387
343
Belmont
49,638
48,007
1,631
30,714
38,406
1,307
Van Wert
23,028
22,539
476
15,823
15,619
201
Brown
32,911
30,595
2,316
30,802
28,735
2,067
Vinton
17.223
17,011
212
15,027
14,819
208
Butler
12,579
41,435
1,140
39,912
38,921
988
Warren.
28,392
27,109
1,283
26,689
25,511
1,178
Carroll
16,41G
16,355
61
14,491
14,433
58
Washington
43,244
42,000
1,243
40,609
39,551
1,058
('hampaign
27,817
26,145
1,661
24,188
23,078
1,110
Wayne
40,076
39,892
183
35,116
35,061
55
Williams
23,821
23,787
3-1
20,991
20,949
42
Wood
34,022
33,868
132
24,596
24,553
43
Wyandot
22,395
22,222
171
18,553
18,462
82
POPULATION OF CITIES IN OHIO, Having 4,000 inhabitants and over in 1880 and 1870:
NAME OF PLACE,
TOTAL.
Native.
Foreign
TOTAL.
Native. Foreign
Akron
16,512
12,901
3,611
10,006
7,402
2,604
Franklin
86,797
82,840
3,936
63,019
60,251
2,768
4,636
4,159
477
4,063
3,495
568
Fulton
21,053
20,998
55
17,789
17,766
23
Bellaire
8,025
6,873
1,152
4,033
3,165
668
Canton
12,258
10,315
1,943
8,660
7,037
1,623
Greene
31,349
26,774
4,553
28,078
24,199
3,815
10,938
9,295
1,643
8,920
7,111
1,809
Guernsey
27,197
26,611
586
23,838
23,493
345
Circleville.
6,046
5,543
503
5,407
4,845
562
llancock
27,784
27,632
152
23,847
23,730
117
Cleveland
160,146
100,737
59,409
92,829
54,014
38,815
Hardin
27,023
26,381
040
18,714
18,440
274
Dayton
38,678
31,432
7,246
30,473
23,050
7,423
Henry
20,585
20,552
33
14,028
14,017
11
Defiance
5,907
4,751
1,156
2,750
2,072
678
Highland
30,281
28,515
1,763
20,133
27,449
1,684
Delaware
6,891
6,006
888
5,641
4,739
902
Hocking
21,126
20,921
205
17,925
17,783
142
East Liverpool
5,568
4,612
956
2,105
1,643
402
Huron
31,609
31,357
251
28,532
28,332
200
Findlay
1,633
4,255
383
3,315
2,898 |
417
Jackson
23,688
22,774
912
21,759
20,970
789
Galion
5,635
4,765
870
3,523
2,814
709
Knox
27,431
27,128
26,333
26,144
186
Ilamilton
12,122
9,587
2,535
11,081
8,019
3,062
Lawrence
39,068
37,319
1,746
31,380
30,120
1,241
Lancaster
6,803
6,087
716
4,725
4,005
720
Logan
26,267
25,210
1,057
23,028
22,066
962
Mansfield
9,859
8,371
1,488
8,029
6,507
1,522
Lucas
67,377
66,281
1,093
46,722
45,944
776
Massillon
6,836
5,381
1,455
5,185
3,952
1,233
Mahoning
42,871
42,419
449
31,001
30,744
257
Mt. Vernon
5,249
4,735
514
4,876
4,327
546
Medina.
21,453
21,417
36
20,092
20,042
50
Norwalk.
5,704
4,842
862
4,498
3,666
832
Mercer
21,80%
21,502
306
17.254
16,810
444
Piqua
6,031
5,159
872
5,967
4,840
1,127
Miami.
36,158
34,984
1,172
32,740
31,691
1,049
Portsmouth
11,321
9,695
1,626
10,592
8,530
2,062
Montgomery
78,550
77,234
1,310
64,006
68,197
809
Salem
4,041
3,731
301
3,700
3.420
280
Morgan
20,074
19,881
193
20,363
20,127
236
Sandusky
15,838
1,128
4,555
13,000
S,396
4,604
Morrow
19,072
18,928
143
18,583
18,440
143
Springfield
20,730
17,646
3,084
12,652
10,483
2,169
Muskingum
49,774
48,446
1,329
44,886
43,719
1,166
Steubenville
12,093
10,150
1,943
8,107
6,460
1,647
Noble
21,138
21,044
94
19,949
19,864
85
Tiffin
7,876
6,650
1,224
5,648
4,490
1,158
Ottawa
19,762
19,726
33
13,364
13,272
92
Toledo
50,137
35,778
14,349
31,581
20,485
11,099
Paulding
13,485
12,838
647
8,544
8,069
475
Urbana
6,252
5,579
673
4,276
3,632
641
Perry
28,218
28,127
91
18,453
18,366
80
Van Wert
4,079
3,871
2,625
2,487
138
Pickaway
27,415
26,140
1,252
24,875
23,795
1,080
Warren
4,428
3,732
696
3,457
2,896
561
Pike
17,927
16,700
1,227
15,447
14,304
1,142
Wooster
5,840
5,233
607
5,419
4,730
689
Portage
27,500
27,356
144
24,584
24,479
105
Xenia
7,026
6,436
590
6,377
5,686
691
Preble
24,533
24,051
482
21,809
21,390
419
Youngstown
15,435
10,678
4,757
8,075
5,258
2,817
Putnam
23,713
23,619
94
17,081
17,008
73
Zanesville
18,113
15,996
2,111
10,011
8,448
1,563
3.198,062;
3,117,920 79,900
2,665,260 2,601,946
63,213
Adams
24,005
23,662
343
20,750
20,377
373
Allen
31,314
30,800
510
23,623
23,410
213
Ashland
23,883
23,813
40
21,933
21,907
26
Ashtabula
37,139
36,875
263
32,517
32,365
151
22,995
2,056
Clermont.
36,713
34,895
1,817
34,268
32,638
1,629
Clinton
24,756
23,293
1,468
21,914
20,769
Columbiana
48,602
47,918
684
38,299
37,814
485
Coshocton
26,642
26,582
59
23,000
23,567
33
('rawford
30.583
30,475
108
25,556
25,454
101
Cuyahoga
196,943
194,735
2,175
132,010
130,564
1,445
Darke
40,496
39,917
579
32,278
31,717
561
Defiance.
22,515
22,371
144
15,719
15,608
111
Delaware.
27,381
26,770
610
25,175
24,618
557
Erie
32,640
32,170
168
28,188
27,845
342
Fairfield
34,28-1
33,881
403
31,138
30,824
314
Fayette
20,364
18,919
1,444
17,170
16,095
1,074
Ashtabula.
4,445
3,652
793
1,999
1,638
361
Gallia
28,124
25,178
2,945
25,545
22,743
Geauga
14,251
14,240
11
14,190
14,169
21
Chillicothe
Cincinnati
255,139
183,480
71,659
216,239
136,627
79,612
Hamilton
313,374
302,793
10,533
260,370
252,934
7,432
Columbus
56,647
42,576
9,071
31,247
23,663
7,611
Harrison
20,456
19,809
647
18,682
18,197
485
Fremont
8,446
7,077
1,369
5,485
4,383
1,072
Jefferson
33,018
31,835
1,183 302
29,188
28,183
1,005
Gallipolis
4,400
4,144
256
3,711
3,456
255
Lake
16,326
16,174
152
15,935
15,835
100
Ironton
8,857
7,647
1,210
5,686
4,604
1,082
Licking
40,450
40,077
370
35,756
35,513
243
Lima
7,567
6,614
953
4,500
3,832
668
Lorain
35,526
34.351
1,169
30,308
29,196
1,106
Marietta.
5,444
4,788
656
5,218
4,353
865
Madison
20,129
19,046
1,083
15,633
14,928
705
Middletown
4,538
3,821
717
3,040
2,476
570
Marion
20,565
20,808
197
16,184
16,087
97
Newark
9,600
8,424
1,176
6,698
5,413
1,285
Meigs
32,325
30,527
1,795
31,456
29,841
1,624
Pomeroy
5,560
4,457
1,102
5,824
4,173
1,651
Monroe
26,496
26,416
80
25,779
25,676
103
Elyria
1,777
3,667
1,110
3,038
2,339
Holmes
20,776
20,774
18,177
18,173
1
Clarke
41,948
38,366
3,580
32,070
30,014
COL' D
State
1880.
1870.
TOTAL.
WHITE.
COL'D
TOTAL.
WHITE.
1,145
1880.
1870.
Alliance
2,802
233
14
OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
On the occasion of the 45th anniversary of the settlement of Cincinnati, December 26, 1833, a " Buckeye dinner " was given. Dr. Daniel Drake, one of the oldest and most intel- ligent physicians of the West, gave an ingen- ious and humorous description of the Buckeye tree. Ile said it belonged to a family, of which but few existed. It was of the genus Esculus, belonged to the elass Heptandria, signifying " seven men," and there were seven species of the genus, of which the Ohio species was the last discovered. Neither Europe nor Africa has a native species of Esculus, and Asia but one, the Esculus- Hippocastanum, or horse chestnut. Nearly 300 years previous, a minister from a Court in Western Europe, found this tree growing in Moscow, whither it had been brought from Siberia, and, struck by its beauty, naturalized it in his own country, where it flourished and spread rapidly, reach- ing England, where it became a favorite. Dr. Drake said the qualities of our native " Ohio- ensis," the " horse chestnut," made it the fit representative of the hardy pioneers of the " Buckeye State." It is eminently prolific, hardy, beautiful in leaf and blossom, a native, and grew nowhere else until transplanted, as it had been to considerable extent. Its slow- ness in combustion made it specially valuable to the pioneers for " back-logs " in their ample cabin fire-places, where it survived the burning of several supplies of " fore-sticks " and accom- panying fuel. The medicinal qualities of the Buckeye are such, that if skillfully used, it is useful in fever and ague, but unskillfully em- ployed, it is a violent emetic. As the earliest tree in foliage each spring, it was a fitting em- blem of the advance-guard of the present millions in the " Buckeye State."
A few of the muore prominent facts in the history of Ohio may be stated as follows:
The first permanent settlement within the bounds of the State was made at Marietta early in the year 1788, and the second settlement at what was known as Columbia, near to the present site of Cincinnati, was made in the latter part of the same year.
The establishment of a Territorial Govern- ment was made by Congress in 1787, and was organized in July, 1788.
The first and only Territorial Governor was General Arthur St. Clair.
The first County established in Ohio was
Washington, by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, July 26, 1788. The three next Counties organized were Hamilton, Wayne and Adams, that of Wayne embracing all that portion of Michigan south of Mackinaw.
The first Court held within the State of Ohio met at Marietta, September 2, 1788.
The battle most disastrous to the peace and welfare of the white settlers was that of Gov- ernor St. Clair by the Indians, November 4, 1791, within the limits of Darke County.
The most important victory gained over the Indians was that of General Anthony Wayne, at Fallen Timbers, on the Maumee River, and now within the County of Lucas, August, 1794.
The first Territorial Legislature met at Cin- cinnati, September 16, 1799.
The State of Connecticut, May 30, 1801, ceded to the United States her claim to the territory since known as the Connecticut Western Reserve, extending from the Pennsyl- vania line to the Western boundary of Huron County, and embracing, substantially, the Counties of Ashtabula, Trumbull, Lake, Sum- mit, Geauga, Cuyahoga, Lorain, Medina, Hu- ron and Eric.
The first State Constitution was formed No- vember, 1802, at Chillicothe, which had be- come the Capital of the Territory.
The first State election took place in Jan- uary, 1803, the new State Government being in operation in March, following.
What was known as the " Burr Conspiracy," compassing the separation of the Southwestern States and their union with Mexico, to be seized by military and naval force, was fully organized and entered upon in the year 1806, and ended in the arrest of Burr and several associates in January, 1807.
The most important events in connection with the war of 1812-15, and occurring within the limits of Ohio, consisted of the successful defense of Fort Meigs, in May, and of Fort Ste- phenson, in August, 1813, and the victory of Perry over the British fleet, in September, same year.
The permanent location of the State Capital at Columbus was made in 1816.
The formal " breaking of ground" in the commencement of the great system of State Canals, took place at Newark, a point on the Ohio Canal (Cleveland to Portsmouth), July 4, 1825. Present and taking part in the cere-
15
HISTORICAL BREVITIES.
monies, were Governor Jeremiah Morrow of Ohio, and Governor DeWitt Clinton, of New York.
The first definite steps toward a system of Publie Schools, were taken in 1825.
The first Railway opened within the State ·was the Erie & Kalamazoo Road, in the fall of 1836. It extended from Toledo to Adrian, Mich,, a distance of 33 miles.
Ohio has furnished four Presidents of the United States-William H. Harrison, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes and James A. Garfield, the first and the last named of whom died in office, the former after a service of one month, and the latter six months after his in- auguration. One Vice-President, Hendricks, of Indiana, was a native of Ohio. Two Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States were appointed from Ohio-Salmon P. Chase and Morrison R. Waite; as were three Associate Justices of the same-John McLean, Noah H. Swayne and Stanley Matthews. Four Secretaries of the Treasury of the United States -Thomas Ewing, Thomas Corwin, S. P. Chase and John Sherman-were citizens of Ohio while holding such office. Of such were three Secretaries of the Interior-Thomas Ewing,
Jacob D. Cox and Columbus Delano; three Secretaries of War-John McLean, Benjamin Stanton and Alphonso Taft; two Attorneys General-Henry Stanbery and Alfonso Taft, and three Postmasters General-Return J. Meigs, John McLean and William Dennison. Of those prominent in the military service of the United States during the War of the Rebellion (1861-65), the following were from Ohio: U. S. Grant, James B. MePherson, William T. Sherman, Phillip II. Sheridan, George B. MeClellan, Irwin McDowell, Quincy A. Gilmore, Wager Swayne, James B. Steed- man and the McCook Brothers.
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