Twentieth Century History of Findlay and Hancock County, Ohio, and Representative Citizens, Part 153

Author: Jacob Anthony Kimmell
Publication date: 1910
Publisher:
Number of Pages: 1189

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Patin was a learned man, a brilliant writer and ;hly acquainted with the Latin language, which he perfection. " His creed contained but two articles- z and purging with Senna." Certainly he was not a out with mediaval intolerance he opposed all who were the existing order of things. It might have been of it Molière has said " that a dead man is only a dead id is of no consequence, but a neglected formality does arm to the entire profession." Guy Patin strongly in having his patients die " according to rule rather recover in violation of it."

re ridiculed all physicians and all medicine. He had respect for the " outside doctor "-him of Montpellier he had for the members of the Parisian faculty. He ecially venomous against the medical profession be- their seeming ignorance and lack of skill. Suffering d from a painful disease he became morose and dis- with the futility of prescriptions. Whether it was n of the aorta or pulmonary tuberculosis, as has been I by some, in any case, accompanied as it was by ndriasis, it was sufficient to especially interest him in ical factions of his day. He ridiculed all of them lly.

'e's dramas against medicine began in his "barn ;" days. "The Flying Physician " and " The Physi- Love " are two plays of inferior quality written by natist at the very beginning of his career. The lat- la is lost. In Le Médecin Volant we find Molière's ck on medicine. Sganarelle, the famous rogue, under-

talks with the pedantic air, which Molière thought was char- acteristic of the physician :

Hippocrates says, and Galen, by undoubted arguments, dem- onstrates that a person is not in good health when he is ill. You are wise to place all your hope in me; for I am the greatest, the noblest, the most learned physician in vegetable, sensitive and mineral faculty.

Unlike other physicians he not only looks at the urine but also tastes it, but like them he is a stickler for formality. Upon being told his patient is dying, he exclaimed :

Ah! let her be careful not to do so; she must not amuse herself by allowing herself to die without a prescription from the doctor.

This last remark, the author was very fond of repeating, and we find it again in 'The Physician in Spite of Himself.'"

In another of his farces " The Jealousy of Le Barbouillé " written during his provincial career the doctor is still more ridiculed. Le Barbouillé is plagued by a shrewish wife, who, as fate would have it, always gets the upper hand of him. 'The unfortunate husband seeks advice from a doctor, and like a good business man, accosts the physician and immediately comes to the point:

Le B: " I desire to beg for an opinion on a question of great importance to me."

The doctor, ever wakeful to the danger of losing his dignity, replies in what he endeavors to make a very reproving state- ment :

You must be very ill bred, very loutish and very badly taught, to speak to me in that fashion, without first taking off your hat, without observing rationem loci, temporis et personc. What! You begin by an abrupt speech, instead of saying Salve, vel salvus sis, doctor doctorum eruditissime. What do you take me for, eh?

No apologies will help. In endeavoring to excuse himself, poor Le Barbouillé gets more entangled. What astounds him most is that the doctor does not care for money. "Well, I made a mistake," he soliloquizes puzzled. " Seeing him dressed as a doctor, I felt that of necessity I must speak of money to him, but since he does not want any, nothing can be more easy than to satisfy him." The doctor is a very verbose indi- vidual who is continually advising his hearers to be brief. The stage direction in the seventh scene is interesting :

All wish to explain the cause of the quarrel: The doctor ex- plains that peace is a fine thing. They all talk together, and make a dreadful noise. In the midst of all this Le Barbouillé ties the doctor by the legs with a rope, throws him down on his back, and drags him away. The doctor goes on talking all the time, and counts all his arguments on his fingers, as if he were not on the ground.

Molière took a general interest in the educational affairs of France. In Le Marriage Force he throws a shaft at the University of Paris, which was endeavoring to persuade Par- liament to confirm a sentence dated Sept. 4, 1624, which condemned to death all those who would dare to attack the Aristotelian doctrine.

Sganarelle meets two philosophers discussing and quarrel- ling. He accosts one, and is met with gibberish that he does

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JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.

not understand. "Devil take the scholars," he exclaims. "They will never listen to anybody. I see it was the truth I was told and that this Master Aristotle was a talker, and nothing else."

The doctor has a very good opinion of himself.

Get along, you are more impertinent than the fellow who main- tained that we ought to say the form of a hat instead of a figure, and I will prove it to you at this time, by the help of demon- strative and convincing reasons, and by arguments in Barbara, that you are and never will be anything but a simpleton and that I am and ever shall be, in utroque jure, the Doctor Pancrace. . .. A man of sufficiency, a man of capacity, a man finished in all the sciences, natural, moral, and political. A savant, savantissime, per omnes modos et casus. A man who has a knowledge suptrla- tive of fables, mythologies, and histories; grammar, poetry, rheto- ric, dialectics, and sophistry; mathematics, arithmetic, optics, ornicritics, physics and metaphysics; cosmometry, geometry, architecture, speculary, and speculatory sciences, medicine, as- tronomy, astrology, physiognomy, meteposcopy, chromancy, geo- mancy.

The doctor gets out of breath naming all these true and pseudo branches of learning. He is very intolerant of a diverse opinion, and would condemn anyone to the galleys or scaffold for contradicting him.

Molière ever attacks vice, undauntedly, uncompromisingly. He seems to fear to be too lenient with corruptions, lest he himself become indifferent. Pope well puts it:

Vice is a monster of such frightful mien, That to be hated needs but to be seen, Yet seen too oft, familiar with her face We first endure, then pity, then embrace.

-Essay on Man.

Not all the doctors of Molière are so indifferent in money matters as is the savant Pancrace of Le Marriage Force. In fact, the humorist rarely imagined a physician who was not absorbed in money making. He is not harsh with weak- lings and sinners. He laughs at them heartily, and he expects us not to condemn his Sganarelles and Gros-Renes and Mas- carilles. It is true that they are deep-dyed rogues but he smiles at their escapades and is very lenient with their delin- quencies. Not so with the physicians and savants. There always seems to be something rankling in his heart against these learned men. He considered them hypocrites, fools, and villains. Humorist though he was, he never kept his sense of humor in dealing with doctors. Molière's suave and witty testimony cannot be accepted before a court of justice. Molière does not bear true witness.

Critics and editors of Molière always feel themselves called upon to defend the dramatist for his attacks on the doctors. Mr. Chatfield-Taylor in his admirable biography devotes a whole chapter to the strife between Molière and the faculty, and he covertly sneers at the College of Medicine, who, when they congregated, resembled more an assembly of Roman Senators than a meeting of French scientists. Professor Charles Heron Wall in his introduction to Monsieur de Pour- ceaugnac finds it necessary to state that "the attacks upon the doctors are not exaggerated." In their endeavor to defend the critics become partial and unjust.

Monsieur de Pourceaugnac is perhaps the best fiss written, and Molière did not feel called upon to do ez but cause uproarious laughter. He does not attempt to us with the sharp witticism of the comedian; inmax. employs the broad humor and crude jests of the clone

M. de Pourceaugnac, a lawyer from Limoges, has dzs Paris to marry Julia the daughter of Oronte. He is quainted with Paris and is easily led astray. Juli de feel inclined to obey her father, and her affections are ac upon Eraste, a young fashionable gentleman. In c: circumvent the meeting between Pourceaugnac and ine Serigani the servant of Eraste persuades the unita countryman to place reliance on Eraste and himself. C: pecting, he is conducted to two physicians, who readily Serigani that Pourceaugnac is insane, and ignorant wretched man's protestations, they argue and debate is : usual pedantic style over the malady of their patient 2 consultation between the doctors is extremely witty. the senior physician has given a very lengthy and lang learned discussion of the case, the junior doctor, = admiration, replies :

Heaven forbid, Sir, that it should enter my thoughts at anything to what you have just been saying. You bord coursed too well on all the signs, symptoms and causes !! gentleman's disease. The arguments you have used #: learned and so delicate that it is impossible that he is not bad and hypochondrically melancholic; or were he not, that be A to become so, because of the beauty of the things you have sua and of the justness of your reasoning. Yes, sir, you have cally depicted, graphice depinsisti, everything that apper this disease. Nothing can be more learnedly, judicious: ingeniously conceived, thought, imagined than that yo: : delivered on the subject of this disease either as regards diagnostic, the prognostic or the therapeutic, and nothing re for me to do but to congratulate this gentleman upon falt: your hands. All I should like to add is to let all his the and purgings be of an odd number, numero deus in pare pa to take the whey before the bath, and to make him a fox plaster, in the composition of which there should be salt- the symbol of wisdom.

There is one thing about this comedy that is gratify- the doctors and this is that Molière as pointedly attas lawyers as he does the physicians. In fact, he ridiet ... men of law more than he does the practitioners of me .. .. They have a refrain which they are constantly reciting:

Your deed Is plain and clear And all the gear Of wigs and law Upon this flaw One verdict bear . . . . Polygamy's a case, you find, A case of hanging.

Only one man who was not a doctor took up arms in !: of the medical faculty. Le Boulanger de Chalussay :" comedy entitled Elomire Hypochondre, ou Les Médecins gés in which he ridiculed Molière (Élomire) and his wtl: : represents the doctors as learned men who take vengea. the mortal who has dared to attack the dignity of i2"

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> death Moliere despised physicians. His last comedy, lade Imaginaire, was written at a time when he was I and nearly dying. Molière himself acted the part of the imaginary invalid. This drama is very laughable. ory is very simple. Argan, the imaginary invalid, is itly employing a physician to prescribe for him. As ond wife says, " He is a wretch, unpleasant to everybody, seous dirty habits, always a clyster or a dose of physic body." His wife pretends great affection and diplo- lly so manages affairs that her husband should make Il in her favor, thus dispossessing her step-daughter que. Her plan would have been successful but for te the maid of the intended victim. Argan, desiring ice his doctor's bills, hits upon the remarkable scheme rying his daughter (who is in love with a young, hand- entleman) to his physician's son.

curtain rises upon Argan sitting alone and adding up thecary's bill.

, on the 24th, a small insinuative clyster, preparative and to soften, moisten and refresh the bowels of Mr. Argan- sous.

, on the said day in the evening, a julep, hepatic, sopori- and somniferous, intended to promote the sleep of Mr. -thirty-five sous.

, on the 26th, a carminative clyster to cure the flatulence Argan .- thirty sous.

more, and still more. A goodly list and quite lucrative : medical man in this case.

n the intended son-in-law, who is to receive his doctor's in three days, comes to visit the Argan family, he positively that he is invested with great learning. He es the step-mother for Angélique and pays her compli- ntended for his belamour. His father, Doctor Diafoirus, tantly prompting him as to good manners and fashion- iquette. His father, in praising him, says :

.Il disputations has he rendered himself formidable, and no passes but he goes and argues loudly and to the last ex- in the opposite side. He is firm in dispute, strong as a his principles, never changes his opinion, and pursues an at to the last recesses of logic. . . . . But, above all, what me most is his blind attachment to the principles of the i, and that he would never listen to the pretended dis- of our century concerning circulation of the blood and binions of the same stamp."

her words, asinine obstinacy is the marked character- the future practitioner. In reading these lines we are ed of the famous hero of Butler's panegyric on Puritan- udibras, likewise, was strong in debate:

He was in logic a great critic, Profoundly skilled in analytic; He could distinguish and divide A hair 'twixt south and southwest side; On either which he would dispute, Confute, change hands, and still confute. He'd undertake to prove by force Of argument, a man's no horse;

And that a ford may be an owl; A calf an alderman, a goose a justice, And rooks, committeemen and trustees. He'd run in debt by disputation. And pay with ratiocination, All this in syllogism true,

In mood and figure, he would do. (Hudibras, Part I, Canto I.)

The young doctor is very gallant. He graciously invites his lady-love to amuse herself by assisting at the dissection of a woman upon whose body he is to give lectures; a new and improved method of gratifying the desire for fun in a young girl !

Once M. Argan refuses to take a prescription of his physi- cian. The latter does not seem at all pleased about it :

What daring boldness; what a strange revolt of a patient against his doctor! . . . . A clyster which I have had the pleas- ure of composing myself, invented and made up according to all the rules of art. . . . . A case of high treason against the faculty.

The final scene is an interlude representing the admission of a student to the degree of doctor of medicine. The scholars and professors recite a piece composed of dog-Latin and French praising medicine, and in a burlesque manner they march on the stage with clysters and bleeding pails. Their refrain is:

Clysterium donare, Postea seignare, Ensuita purgare.

Really not a bad remedy for all diseases.

Like Rabelais before him, Molière always makes us laugh, but more than that he makes us think. Undaunted, he stood alone and battled with those in authority. Their endeavors to harm him proved fruitless and he escaped unscathed. Un- doubtedly Molière had great influence upon his contem- poraries and we notice great improvement in the proceedings of the Medical Faculty in the early part of the eighteenth century. We should not consider Molière as an enemy of medicine, but as a critic of the ignorance and intolerance of the medical practitioners.

REFERENCES.

J. H. Bass: Geschichte der Medicin (Henderson), 1889.

J. Paget: Geschichte der Medicin, 1898.

G. F. Fort: History of Medical Economy during the Middle Ages, 1883.

E. Issensee: Die Geschichte der Medicin und ihrer Hulfswis- senschaften, 1840-1845.

J. Freind: History of Physic to the beginning of the 16th Century, 1727.

Stephen Paget: Ambroise Pare and His Times, 1897.

H. C. Chatfield-Taylor: Molière, 1906.

F. Funck-Brentano: Die Aerzte Molières, Deutsche Review, 1903, XXVIII, 192.

W. J. Conklin: A Page of Medical History; Transactions Ohio State Medical Society, 1891.

Molière's Works edited by H. C. Wall, 1876-77.

Molière's Works edited by Henri Van Laun, 1875-77.

Encyclopedia Britannica, IX Edition.

La Grande Encyclopédie Française.

Brander Mathews: Shakespeare and Molière: North American Review, 1910, CXCII, 351.

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JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.

THE NEW DEPARTMENT IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. "ART AS APPLIED TO MEDICINE."

By MAX BRÖDEL, Associate Professor of Art as Applied to Medicine.

The illustrations of medical publications are as a rule far below the standard set by other publications, both in regard to the correctness of the pictures and their artistic merits. In many instances, in fact, medical illustrations do not aid the text, but rather obscure it, and are often crude in the extreme. Illustrations of medical books are a highly special- ized form of art, requiring on the part of the artists not only reliable draughtsmanship and adequate technique, but also a thorough understanding of medicine in most of its branches. It is obvious that a medical illustration can never be a suc- cess if the artist does not fully comprehend the object which requires illustration. It is hopeless here more than else- where in art for an artist to attempt to draw or paint an object of which he has no clear conception. Such a con- ception is absolutely necessary because it serves to create a picture in the artist's mind which must be the forerunner or model of the actual picture afterwards upon his paper. Upon the clearness of this mental picture depends the scientific as well as the artistic value of the drawing, for only under this condition can the artist's hand work with freedom and pre- cision.

All medical illustrators of the present day are self-taught, because hitherto there has been no school where instruction in this important branch of art could be obtained. Most of them have been compelled to go through a long and tedious period of self-instruction marked by many failures. Their development has for the most part been a process of groping in the dark with an occasional success in the latter part of their career. Some of the best have died without having had an opportunity to train a successor, and the experience they [ .. have gained and the methods they have gradually evolved have thus been buried with them. No science, no art can ever develop to a high degree unless a new generation can. base its methods upon the work of the last generation and thus profit by the failures and successes of others.

For this reason a department has been created in the Johns ? Hopkins University to be known under the general title " Art as Applied to Medicine." Its purpose is to bridge over the gap existing between art and medicine, and to train a new generation of artists to illustrate medical journals and books in the future and to spare them the years of trial and dis- appointment of their self-taught predecessors. In view of the fact that medical illustrating is midway between art and medicine, it is proposed that the instruction given be designed for the needs of two classes: (1) For medical students, and (2) for artists. Experience in the past has taught us that promising pupils can be obtained from both medical students and artists.

The following is the plan according to which the proposed course will be given :

A. COURSES FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS.

1. A course of lectures to first-year class for one hom av during the first trimester. This course is intended general instructions in the elementary principles of dry and sketching as an aid to the study of medicine.

2. A short course in artistic anatomy to be given duris second trimester. The purpose of this course is to set ment the study of the cadaver in the dissecting roce

3. A course in actual, drawing open to students of ta classes, to research workers and to members of the b. for two hours twice a week throughout the year. This will be limited to 12 students.

The work will first deal with the exact study of the pal representation of medical objects of all kinds. Later a : will lead to the study of diagrammatic drawings and str s useful in taking medical histories or illustrating laz with blackboard sketches. Lastly, a suitable technipy : making medical illustrations for publication will be

4. Research workers who require pictorial representation cz research will be taught the principles of making succ ings.

B. COURSES FOR ARTISTS AND ART STUDENTS.

1. Special instructions to medical illustrators who desire to ss up advanced work in a particular branch. The fee pend on the length of the course and the character !! instructions. Minimum fee $25.00. Such courses EN taken at any time during the academic year.

2. A regular course for beginners. This course will cc =. during the entire day throughout the academic year (fc: 1-May 31).

Applicants who are not graduates of an art school mas. s. mit samples of their art work. The duration of the v: course will of necessity depend on the talent of the =: vidual, the average term, however, not exceding two Fe The fee is $100.00 a year.

Drawings of especial merit may be accepted and utiles the department for publication and as a practical test d' artist's ability. Although such drawings become the ra erty of the school, the student will receive several p= proofs after publication. All drawings and sketches :" honored will remain the property of the student. Theux course will be as follows:

a. Anatomical studies of the skeleton, muscles and '9 from the standpoint of the medical illustrator. thing studied is sketched or drawn.

b. Studies of fresh material at autopsies combined microscopic studies of the various tissues in and disease. A number of accessory methods @ : employed in studying fresh tissues.

c. Studies of hardened specimens from the various pa: logical collections combined with the study c !: texture of the individual structures of the body

d. Based on the foregoing the student is ready to . the pictorial representation of physical examina ?! various kinds of treatment, and the different step: surgical operations.

e. Stress will be laid on the correct attitude of the mex illustrator toward problems in medical researet toward the conception of a medical illustratie general as an aid to the text and also as a wort !:

f. Parallel with and supplementing these studies .. instructions and demonstrations in the various %. niques suitable for medical illustrations intende: publication. These are:

(1) Half-tone drawings in crayon, etc .- Mired K. nique.

(2) Water-color painting. (3) Line drawings in pen and ink. Diagrams (4) Charts for class demonstrations.

g. Studies of the various methods of reproduction the standpoint of the illustrator.

The .Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletins are issued monthly. They are printed by the LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, Baltimore. "cian postage, 50 cents), may be addressed to the publishers, THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE: single copies will Subscription, E. ty-fire cents each. Single copies may also be procured from the BALTIMORE NEWS CO., Baltimore.

HE JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL

Entered as Second-Class Matter at the Baltimore, Maryland, Postoffice.

XII .- No. 248.]

BALTIMORE, OCTOBER, 1911.

[Price, 25 Cents

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Combined Adenocarcinoma and Mixed-Celled Sarcoma of the Ovary. (Illustrated.)

By ERNEST K. CULLEN, M. B. 367

The Blood-Picture in Hodgkin's Disease. By C. H. BUNTING, M. D. . 369

The Transplantation of Free Flaps of Fascia. An Experimental Study. (Illustrated.) By JOHN STAIGE DAVIS, M. D. 372

Notes on New Books

381

THE PROBLEM OF TYPHOID FEVER IN BALTIMORE.

By WILLIAM W. FORD, M. D., D. P. H., Associate Professor of Hygiene and Bacteriology, The Johns Hopkins University.

AND

E. M. WATSON, A. M.

(From the Laboratory of Hygiene and Bacteriology, The Johns Hopkins University.)

g the past year the city of Baltimore has suffered erious and costly epidemic of typhoid fever. From 1, 1910, to January 1, 1911, 235 deaths from this vere reported to the Board of Health, while for the e the total number of cases equaled 1890. The ma-

I .- Typhoid Fever in Baltimore, January, 1910, to June, 1911.

e Incidence. Deaths.

Case Incidence.

Deaths. 42

1. ... 39

1910.

Oct .... 359

). .... 25

Nov. ... 251 37

r. ... 30

Dec. ... 106

:il .. 22

1911. Jan. ... 55

Y ... 31

Feb. ... 31

je ... 46

Mar. ... 35

7 . .. 110

April ... 44

. ... 473

May ... 56 7

t. .. 398 49

bese cases developed during the summer and autumn is shown on Charts I and II. Up to July 1 but 44 193 cases had been found, but beginning with this disease began to show a greater prevalence. During aths and 110 cases were reported; during August,

30 deaths and 473 cases; during September, 49 deaths and 398 cases; during October, 42 deaths and 359 cases. The two subsequent months, November and December, showed some falling off in both case incidence and fatality, 37 deaths and 251 cases occurring in November and 26 deaths and 106 cases in December. As the cold weather of 1911 became more settled the cases diminished in number, 55 cases and 11 deaths appearing in January, 31 cases and 3 deaths in February, and but 35 cases and 5 deaths in March.

During the year 1909 there were 136 deaths from typhoid and 1069 cases; during 1908, 180 deaths and 1426 cases; in 1907, 230 deaths and 1417 cases. Thus the year 1910 shows more typhoid fever than does any previous year for a con- siderable period of time. The number of cases recorded in the Department of Health is the largest since vital statistics have been kept in Baltimore, and the number of deaths is only equalled by the figure for the year 1890, when 247 fatalities from this disease were reported.

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Twentieth Century History of Findlay and Hancock County, Ohio, and Representative Citizens, Part 153

Author: Jacob Anthony Kimmell Publication date: 1910 Publisher: Number of Pages: 1189

Author: Jacob Anthony Kimmell
Publication date: 1910
Publisher:
Number of Pages: 1189