History of the counties of McKean, Elk, Cameron and Potter, Pennsylvania, with biographical selections; including their early settlement and development; a description of the historic and interesting localities; sketches of their cities, towns and villages biographies of representative citizens; outline history of Pennsylvania; statistics, Part 12

Author: Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.) comp. cn; J.H. Beers & Co., pub
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: Chicago, J. H. Beers & Co.
Number of Pages: 1320

USA > Pennsylvania > McKean County > History of the counties of McKean, Elk, Cameron and Potter, Pennsylvania, with biographical selections; including their early settlement and development; a description of the historic and interesting localities; sketches of their cities, towns and villages biographies of representative citizens; outline history of Pennsylvania; statistics > Part 12
USA > Pennsylvania > Potter County > History of the counties of McKean, Elk, Cameron and Potter, Pennsylvania, with biographical selections; including their early settlement and development; a description of the historic and interesting localities; sketches of their cities, towns and villages biographies of representative citizens; outline history of Pennsylvania; statistics > Part 12
USA > Pennsylvania > Elk County > History of the counties of McKean, Elk, Cameron and Potter, Pennsylvania, with biographical selections; including their early settlement and development; a description of the historic and interesting localities; sketches of their cities, towns and villages biographies of representative citizens; outline history of Pennsylvania; statistics > Part 12
USA > Pennsylvania > Cameron County > History of the counties of McKean, Elk, Cameron and Potter, Pennsylvania, with biographical selections; including their early settlement and development; a description of the historic and interesting localities; sketches of their cities, towns and villages biographies of representative citizens; outline history of Pennsylvania; statistics > Part 12

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

The Buffalo Pipe Company's station, on the divide between Indian creek and Four Mile creek, was completed in 1880. The point is 200 feet above the Buffalo end, so that the oil is pumped up from Bradford into the four 25,000-barrel tanks, whence it is piped sixty-three miles to Buffalo.

The Kane and Parker City Pipe Line, connecting Bradford with the lower country (sixty-five miles in length), was completed August 5, 1880. The Bradford Gas Company's tile pipe line was laid from Rixford to Bradford in August, 1880.

The United Pipe Line Association was organized by J. J. Vandergrift and George V. Forman as the Fairview Pipe Line Company. In 1877 and subse- quently the following named lines were consolidated under the title " United, Antwerp, Clarion, Oil City, Union Conduit, Grant, Karns, Relief, Pennsyl. vania and Clarion Division of the American Transportation Company." Later the Mckean Division of the American Transportation Company, and the Pren- tiss and Olean lines were absorbed, and J. J. Vandergrift was elected president; M. Hulings, vice-president; H. F. Hughes, secretary; E. Hopkins, manager, the president and J. T. Jones and D. O'Day being the executive committee of the association.

In 1884 the company had 3,000 miles of pipe, and storage capacity for 40,000,000 barrels. Their large depots were at Tarport, Duke Centre, Rich- burg and Kane, and the central offices at Bradford and Oil City. Through- out the field were 118 pumping stations; fifty-one of which were in the Brad- ford and Allegany fields. On April 1, 1884, the transfer of the United Pipe Lines to the National Transit Company was effected. The National Transit Company was organized in 1880.

The average daily pipe line runs, by barrels, of the Bradford field by years have been as follows: 1878, 16,980; 1879, 38,586; 1880, 55, 173; 1881, 70,811; 1882, 51,030; 1883, 36,812; 1884, 33,052; 1885, 29,228; 1886, 26,980; 1887, 20,722; 1888, 13.992; 1889, 16, 462.

The pipe line runs for the year 1884 amounted to 12,096,950; in 1885, 10,668,255; in 1886, 9,847,911; in 1887, 7,563,452; in 1888, 5, 121,025, and in 1889, 6,018,737 barrels.

Well Drilling, Past and Present. - The reminiscences of early days in the oil field furnish some interesting as well as instructive lessons. In 1888 George Koch, of East Sandy, Penn., contributed to the pages of the Petroleum Age the following history of old time and modern drilling operations:

The first oil well drilled was finished August 28, 1859, at a depth of sixty-nine and one- half feet, and was known as the " Drake well." It was located near Titusville. It was commenced in June, and seventy-four days later it was finished. The drilling was done with rope tools, and when drilling they made about fonr feet a day, " Unele Billy Smith " and his sons, of Tarentum, Allegheny County, Penn., doing the work. The drilling tools were made at Kier's shop, Tarentum. It was a four-inch hole. At that time experienced

A. J. Taylor

HISTORY OF MCKEAN COUNTY.

drillers could only be had at Tarentum, where salt wells were being drilled, and Kier's shop there was the only place where rope-drilling tools could be had. Drilling was done by hand, no engines being used. At Tidioute the first engine was used in September, 1860, for drilling oil wells, but for some years after many wells were drilled by hand. A good eight-horse portable engine and boiler cost about $2,000 during 1864 and 1865. The cost of getting them to the oil regions before the railroads were built was the cause of them not being used generally. The drilling tools used during the early days of the business were very primitive. The auger stem was from twelve to fifteen feet long. and one and a half to one and three-fourths inches in diameter. The sinker was ten to twelve feet in length. The tools, ready to drill, weighed from 225 to 350 pounds. The men on the well would, when necessary, often carry the string of tools on their shoulders for miles to a shop for repairs. They used one and a half to one and three-fourths-inch rope for drilling. and iron jars. George Smith, at Rouseville, made the first set of steel-lined jars in 1866, for H. Leo Nelson. They did not prove a success. The steel came out of them. They were used with a set of three-inch tools, the largest drilling tools then made. but they did not prove successful.

The first well drilled through casing was located on Benninghoff run. It was drilled during the summer of 1868. This was the greatest invention ever conceived and applied to the art of drilling. Previous to that time all wells were drilled wet. No casing was used. Three to six months were required to drill a well 600 feet deep. Contractors at that time received from $3 to $4 a foot for drilling, and the well owner paid all expenses excepting the labor. It would appear that at that time the contractor received a very remun- erative price, but many of them failed. The trouble was fishing, and a lot of it was done. Iron jars and poor welding, especially the welding of the jars and the steel in the bits and reamers, was the trouble. Fishing tools were very primitive. The valve sockets and the grabs were all the tools known for that purpose. When a hit, rimmer or part of the tools was lost in a well, the floating sediment or drillings would settle and fasten it. The driller knew but little about fishing at that time, and the fishing tools were poorly adapted to the business. At this time, looking back over the tools used and the primitive methods then in vogue, it is indeed wonderful to think that up to 1868, 5,201 wells were successfully drilled. In 1868 the first well was drilled through casing, and the time of drilling was made fully two-thirds shorter. The device was not patented. Tool-fishing lost many of its terrors. Tools lost in a cased well do not become fastened by the drillings settling. When the oil sand is reached it can most always be told if it will be a paying well: in a wet hole but little can be told until it is pumped for a time. All drillers dislike to work in wet holes. The rig now universally used is known as the " Pleasantville rig." and was first used by Nelson on the Meade lease, at Rouseville, in 1866. The writer took out a patent November 11, 1873, on full size, fluted drills, which did away with the rimmer. This inveution was a great benefit to the oil business. It reduced the time of drilling from sixty to twelve days, and the price from $3 a foot to 45 cents. The writer and his brother William filed an application March 31, 1877, for a patent on the bull-wheel now in use, and a patent was granted to them October 1, 1878. This has also been of vast use to the oil men, but it has been poor property to the inventors. We hereby grant all our rights and privileges in and to hoth patents to the benefit of the oil men during the full term of both patents. During 1887 drilling was done without a sinker, and at this time no driller thinks of using theni. This has been a great benefit to the trade. Heavier tools can be used with but little strain on the jars. The common-sized tools are now forty-five feet long and three and three-fourths inches in diameter, with the jars screwed or welded on the top, and the rope socket screwed on to the jars. In formations, where but little sand is found, no jars are used.

Oil Scouts .- From the days of the Drake well to the present time the oil scout and reporter have been institutions in the oil field. The newspapers of the field were principally relied upon for reports up to 1882, leaving free scout- ing to the many who did not believe in geologists or newspaper men of that period. The Cherry Grove and Shannon mysteries of that year brought the professional scout into existence, and soon Oildom was excited over the doings of "Si " Hughes, Justus C. McMullen, J. C. Tennant, Joseph P. Cappeau, Daniel Herring. Patrick C. Boyle, Owen Evans, Jule Rathburn, John B. Drake, A. L. Snell and their disciples. A. R. Crum, in his sketches of famous scouts, refers to the late J. C. McMullen as the most painstaking of the little com- pany. This reference is transferred to the chapter on journalism, where men- tion is also made of Boyle, Snell and others. "Si" Hughes explored the mysterious 646 well near Clarendon, belonging to Grace & Dimmick, and gave $500,000 worth of information to the Anchor Oil Company. He is superintend

HISTORY OF MCKEAN COUNTY.

ent of the Elk Oil Company of Kane, Penn. The story of Tennant's exploration of the Shannon mystery is told in the history of Elk county. He was one of the pioneers of the Macksburg (Ohio) field, until his removal to Kansas. Cappeau, now a resident of Pittsburgh, is a leading oil producer; Owen Evans is con- nected with the Philadelphia Natural Gas Company; Jule Rathburn resides at Kane, and is interested in oil lands. Herring is a hotel-keeper in New York State, and John B. Drake, a ranchman in Nebraska. P. C. Boyle is editor- in-chief of the Era and owner of the Toledo Commercial, while A. L. Snell is managing editor of the Era.

Well Torpedoes. - When the old wells began to show signs of giving out, ne- cessity invented the torpedo. The Roberts Brothers patented the invention. The " torpedo kings," as they were called, had scores of agents in all parts of the oil re- gions exploding these torpedoes in wells for producers. Each torpedo was from ten to 200 quarts capacity, and the danger in carrying them over the country was very great. The agents were called " shooters." They carried the nitro-glycerine in wagons drawn by one and often two horses. They often carried as much as 1,500 pounds of the deadly stuff, and yet these men would become so reckless in their business that they gave little heed to the manner of their driving.

When the patents expired by limitation the business of exploding torpe- does in oil wells was taken up by whosoever chose to engage in the hazardous undertaking, and now scores of firms are supplying the trade which formerly depended upon "Torpedo Roberts," as the doctor was called. He was origi- nally a dentist in New York, but coming to the oil country in the early days of the petroleum excitement, he and his brother engaged in the oil business, and soon secured a patent on a device for exploding nitro-glycerine in the bot- tom of oil wells to increase the flow. The device was simple, but it proved to be one of the most valuable inventions of the age, and certainly far exceeded the wildest dreams of the young inventors. The device was simply a tube made of tin to hold the explosive, supplied with a cap for exploding the sub- stance. This was lowered into the well to the depth of 1, 000 feet, if necessary, by means of a cord, and, when at the desired depth, a small iron weight called "go devil" was dropped down on the cord, and this striking the tube contain- ing the nitro glycerine a terrific explosion followed. These explosions shat- tered the oil-bearing rock, and the result in nearly every case was an increase in the production of the well. The demand for these torpedoes was enor- mous. There were anywhere from 15,000 to 25,000 wells in the region and nearly all of them were torpedoed at regular intervals. "Torpedo accidents" were therefore a common occurrence. In dozens of cases man, team and vehicle were blown entirely out of existence. It was rarely that a cigar box would not hold all of the driver that could be found. In one case, that of "Doc " Haggerty, no vestige of a human being was ever found, and a few pounds of flesh identified by the hair as being all that was left of two horses. This was the strangest case of the many "torpedo explosions " in the oil country. Below Eldred, or near Cores, resided a short time ago a man who was thrown high up into space, and beyond being filled with tiny pieces of tin he did not suffer much from the explosion.

Miscellaneous .- He who supposes that oil men are specially exempt from ordinary human frailties is a miscalculator. They are much like ordinary men in many respects, but their dealings are on a larger scale, and their vision is more comprehensive. Looking over the pages devoted to the history of the Bradford field, one would suppose that the courts were always full of oily liti- gants; but the records do not bear out this supposition. Of course leases of oil lands have been questioned time and again, but the suits were of an agra-

HISTORY OF MCKEAN COUNTY.

rian character. Indeed, with the exception of a few direct oil cases, the following memorandum may be considered a fair sketch of the heavy oil suits in Mckean county: In 1868 the celebrated oil case, O'Connor vs. Tack Bros., was tried. The plaintiff appeared to believe that the price of oil would fall very soon, and so instructed his brokers, the defendants, to sell for the future. Oil did decline within a day or so, but immediately rose again, thus leaving O'Connor short. He charged his brokers with conspiracy, claiming $50,000. but the court awarded him $600 of the $1,000 due him by his brokers, and dismissed the conspiracy charge. In August, 1883, Col. N. D. Preston, of the Bradford Oil Exchange. was sued by Mrs. Maria A. Harm, for whom the Colonel held 30,000 barrels of oil. It appears he sold this oil, first formally, and secondly on change, but the arbitrators decreed that he should pay Mrs. Harm $24,000. The Roberts Torpedo Patent resulted in a series of lawsuits. "Every oil producer had to pay tribute to the Roberts Brothers, and finally the oil men sought to break the monopoly by attacking the validity of the patents. The producers organized to fight the patents in the courts, and long and bitter litigation was the result. The fight went on in every court for years, and finally the supreme court of the United States decided in favor of the Roberts Brothers, and they continued to have the exclusive right to man- ufacture and use the torpedo for seventeen years, the life of the patent."

In November, 1885, the celebrated case, Blackmarr rs. Scofield, was tried at Smethport. On December 8, 1882, H. L. Blackmarr and C. W. Scofield entered into a contract, of which the following is a copy :

BRADFORD. PA., Dec. Sth. 1882.

No. Sold to C. W. Scofield, for account of H. L. Blackmarr, twenty-five thousand (25,000) barrels of crude petroleum at one dollar and twenty-five cents ($1.25) per barrel of forty- two (42) gallons, in bulk, to be delivered at buyer's option at any time from the eighth day of December, 1882, to the sixth day of February, 1883, in accepted and-United Pipe Line receipts, pipage unpaid, and to be paid for in cash as delivered, with no notice from buyer to seller. Should no notice be given, delivery shall be made on the sixth day of February, 1883. Place of delivery, Bradford, Pa. Brokerage .. cents per barrel by sellers. No margins. Through

Accepted by C. W. Scofield.

This contract was written on a blank form, such as has been in use in the Old Exchange for many years, and a duplicate was given to Scofield. Feb- ruary 6, 1883, was, by the terms of the contract, the limit of the time for settlement, and Blackmarr received the following notification :

BRADFORD, PA., Feb. 6, 1883.

To H. L. BLACKMARR:

Dear Sir :- You are hereby notified that a certain pretended contract alleged to have been made by and between yourself and C. W. Scofield about December 8, 1882, for a pre- tended sale of 25,000 barrels of oil at $1.25 is illegal and void, will in no wise be carried out by me in any respect, aud you are further notified that any attempt to establish a difference by a sale of the oil either publicly or privately will be the subject of au action for damages. Yours truly,

C. W. SCOFIELD.

By Berry, Elliott & Jack, Attorneys.

Upon receipt of the above Blackmarr tendered certificates for 25,000 bar- rels of oil, freshened to date, to Berry, he being the only representative of Scofield that could be found in the city. Berry refused to accept the oil, and it was sold by C. L. Wheeler, of the Bradford Oil Exchange, at public sale, for $1.043 to C. P. Stevenson, who gave his certified check for $26,125. According to the terms of the contract this left a deficiency of $5,125 due Blackmarr. Scofield refused to pay the difference, on the grounds that he did not consider the contract legal, and consequently not binding. Blackmarr

HISTORY OF MCKEAN COUNTY.

took legal proceedings to obtain the established difference, and the case was crowded over or postponed a number of times, until November 14, 1885, when it was decided by the jury that Blackmarr should be allowed his claim of $5,125. The court charged the jury that if Blackmarr had the 25,000 barrels of oil, or was able to procure the oil before the expiration of the contract, the defendant should be held for the difference. Scofield's attorneys were Berry, Elliott & Jack, and Brown & Roberts, of Bradford, and Jerome Fisher, of Jamestown. Blackmarr's were B. D. Hamlin, of Smethport, and F. L. Black- marr, of Meadville. The suits in re title to oil and oil lands in Forest coun- ty won notoriety at the time, and cost the litigants thousands of dollars.

As illustrative of the manner in which much of the business was done in early oil days, and as evidence of the good faith that prevailed among oil men, the following incident is worthy of note: Soon after the Noble well was struck on Oil creek, Mr. Wheeler met Orange Noble on the streets of Titus- ville, and asked him what he would take for 30,000 barrels of oil. Mr. Noble replied, "$1.50 per barrel." Mr. Wheeler said, "I will take it." No further record was made of this transaction, but before the oil was delivered crude had advanced to $7.50 per barrel, but every barrel was delivered and paid for as regularly as if the contract had been drawn up by an expert legal authority and recorded in the courts.

John McKeown, the king of the oil regions, purchased from Mitchell and Van Vleck, in August, 1888, 1,200 acres of oil land, and fifty producing wells, in Keating and Lafayette townships, McKean county, the price paid being $90,000. This action on the part of this great oil owner showed his faith in the old field, which he aided in developing before his removal to the Washing- ton field. The recent Emerson purchase, for $100,000, is an equally material testimony to the faith of operators in the perpetuity of the greatest oil field in the world.

During the last ten years crude ranged from 543 cents in 1882 to $1.17} in 1883. For some time prior to the summer of 1889 it was far below the dollar mark, but owing to the judicious action of the producers, it is now ranging in price above the dollar.

"The Bradford field began to be known as early as 1875, but its total pro- duction for that year did not exceed 25,000 barrels. It attained its maximum in 1881, when its average pipe-line runs were 70,811 barrels a day. . By 1887 these had declined to 20,722 barrels a day. During 1888 there was a decline to 13,992 barrels a day, followed in 1889 by a recovery to 16,462 barrels for every twenty- four hours. This increase for 1889 is due to two causes: First, the termination of the artificial shutting-in of production, and the discovery of additional territory on the borders of Cole creek aud in the vicinity of Mount Jewett. And to bring about this increase of 2, 470 barrels a day in the pipe- line runs it has been necessary to drill 683 wells during the twelve months ending with December 31, 1889."*

* From the Ein.

HISTORY OF MCKEAN COUNTY.

CHAPTER III.

PIONEERS AND PIONEER DAYS.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS-INDIANS-INDIAN LAND PURCHASES-SALE OF LANDS- EARLY SURVEYS AND SETTLEMENTS-EARLY TAX PAYERS-UNDERGROUND RAILROAD-HUNTING-STORMS AND FLOODS-FIRST COURT-HOUSE-FIRST BALL-EARLY WEDDING-EARLY INCIDENTS AND REMINISCENCES-COUNTY CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION.

T THE pioneers were the self-commissioned explorers and settlers of the New Purchase. Some of them followed the retiring Indians so closely that they cooked their frugal meals by the deserted camp-fires of the evacuating tribes; others joined the adventurous band in the wilderness, while yet the Allegheny Divide was considered the limit line of settlement, and all may be considered satellites of that star which has carried empire westward since the days of the Revolution. Their objects and hopes belonged to that peculiar form of Ameri- can civilization which desires, to this day, to settle on the horizon, a feat of irresistible fascination to them, which they performed practically, although the thing was theoretically impossible.

The Treaty Indians, whose old country they entered, were comparatively modern settlers. There were men here before them, who lived in the age of giant nature. On the Fisher farm, near Bradford, in the Tuna Valley flats, there were relics of a large race exhumed years ago. It appears an aged tree was felled and uprooted to make way for improvements, and beneath were found large skulls, any one of which could encase the head of any modern man; while thigh-bones and shin-bones were several inches longer than those of the present people. Near Kane are other souvenirs of prehistoric times, and on other sections evidences of possession by an unknown race are not wanting.

On a map made by the French in 1763 the territory along the lake extend- ing southward is marked: "The seat of war, the mart of trade and chief hunting grounds of the Six Nations on the lakes and the Ohio." Sixty years prior to the date of this map Le Houton published an account of a decade passed by him among the savages on the south of Lake Erie-"the Iroquois, Illinois, Oumanies and others who are so savage that it is a risk to stay with them." The Iroquois had exterminated the Eriez and the Massasaugas about the year 1650. The Eriez were named in 1626, when the French missionaries first came among them, as the Neutre Nation, and were governed by a queen- Yagowania-whose prime minister was a warrior named Ragnotha. In 1634 some Senecas murdered a son of the chief of the Massasaugas, and a deputa- tion from that tribe waited on the queen to ask for justice. Two Seneca war- riors also came, who, on learning of the queen's intention to set out with her warriors to give justice, fled to their people to give warning. On the approach of the Eriez the Senecas offered battle and forced the imperial troops to fly, after leaving 600 warriors on the field. In 1650 the Iroquois invaded the district and, though driven back seven times, ultimately conquered, particu- larly during the year of pestilence, when disease swept away great numbers of the nation. In 1712 the Tuscaroras were admitted to the Iroquois confed- eracy and the name "Six Nations " took the place of that of "Five Nations."

HISTORY OF MCKEAN COUNTY.

Their territory stretched from Vermont to the upper end of Lake Erie and embraced the country at the heads of the Allegheny and Susquehanna, with the seat of council in the Onondaga Valley. The Senecas, a tribe of the original Five Nations, occupied the territory along the Allegheny and near the Penn- sylvania-New York line, and in the treaty of 1784 they were particularly con- cerned. In 1789 a supplementary treaty was made and $800 granted to Corn- planter, Half-Town and Big Tree in trust for the tribe. This treaty was signed in 1791 by the chiefs, and in March, 1792, the triangle was purchased from the United States by the commonwealth. In April, 1792, the assembly passed an act to encourage settlement here, and in 1794 troops were stationed at Le Bœuf to keep peace, as many of the Senecas refused to respect the treaty and charged Cornplanter and the other chiefs with being traitors. The British emissaries of course urged on the disaffected braves, Brandt, chief of the Mohawks, being one of the diplomats; but their logic could not influence Cornplanter, although British interest in justice to the Indians was manifested by two armed vessels lying off Presque Isle to enforce the claims of the discou- tented Senecas. In 1795 other treaties were negotiated, and the threatened Anglo-Indian raid on the young republic was postponed. At this time there were eighty Senecas at Cornplanter's town, west of the present city of Bradford, where a large tract of land was reserved to them. In 1866 the legislature authorized the building of a monument to Cornplanter which was completed and dedicated at Jennesedaga October 18, 1867. The chiefs of the Senecas who signed the treaty in 1789 were Gyantwachia (Cornplanter), Guyasota (Big Cross), Kanassee (New Arrow), Achiont (Half Town), Anachkont (Wasp), Chishekoa (Wood Bug), Sessewa (Big Bale of a Kettle), Sciawhowa (Council . Keeper), Tewanias (Broken Twig), Souachshowa (Full Moon), Cachunevasse (Twenty Canoes), Onesechter, Kiandock-Gowa and Owenewah.

The purchase from the Indians (Six Nations, Wyandots and Delawares) in October, 1784, embraced all the territory lying north and west of a line from the mouth of Beaver creek on the Ohio; thence by said river up the Allegheny to Kittanning; thence by line to Upper Canoe Place on the West Branch of the Susquehanna; thence by that river to the month of Pine creek, and north by this creek to the New York State line. In 1758 and at other periods the Indians ceded their possessions in this district in small parcels, but the " New Purchase " treaties and the power of the whites soon did away with requests of favors from the red men, and ended in the expulsion of the aborigines. The Susquehanna Company's purchase of 1754 is bounded by a line drawn north and south through Benizette, Shippen, Norwich, Liberty and other townships to the New York State line. In 1785 the act of Pennsylvania declared that the land purchased from the Indians in 1784 and defined in the treaty of Fort Stanwix and Fort McIntosh, should be attached to Westmoreland and Northum- berland counties, and that the Allegheny river from Kittanning to the mouth of Conewango creek should be the county line. The land office was opened in 1785, but the homestead of 400 acres and actual settlement thereon, together with the Indian wars down to 1796, made the plan of sale useless. In 1793 an act was passed allowing the sale of lands in 1,000-acre warrants on condi- tion of settlement, except during Indian troubles. Under this permit the Holland Land Company purchased 1, 140 warrants, and in 1801 the condition of settlement being removed, this company, with the Keatings, Binghams and others, located their warrants at will, and within a few years essayed to develop the wilderness-John Keating being in the advance.

Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.

Author: Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.) comp. cn; J.H. Beers & Co., pub Publication date: 1890 Publisher: Chicago, J. H. Beers & Co. Number of Pages: 1320

Author: Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.) comp. cn; J.H. Beers & Co., pub
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: Chicago, J. H. Beers & Co.
Number of Pages: 1320