USA > Pennsylvania > Jefferson County > Jefferson County, Pennsylvania : her pioneers and people, 1800-1915, Volume I > Part 10
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420
9,435
Huntingdon
35,484
Franklin. Chambersburg
731
59,775
Indiana
20,782
Fulton, McConnellsburg
416
9,703
Jefferson
7,253
Greene, Waynesburg
588
28,882
Juniata
11,080
Huntingdon, Huntingdon
940
38,304
Lancaster
84,203
Indiana, Indiana
820
66,210
Lebanon
21,872
Jefferson, Brookville
620
63,090
Lehigh
25,787
Juniata, Mifflintown
398
15,013
Luzerne
35,906
Lackawanna, Scranton
470
259,570
Lycoming
22,649
Lancaster, Lancaster
900
167,029
McKean
2,975
360
70,032
Mercer
32,873
370
59,565
Mifflin
13,002
Lehigh, Allentown
328
118,832
Monroe
9,879
Luzerne, Wilkes-Barre
910
343,186
Montgomery
47,241
Northampton
40,996
Northumberland
20,027
680
77.699
Perry
17,096
4II
27.785
Philadelphia
258,037
Monroe, Stroudsburg
630
22,941
Pike
3,832
Montgomery, Norristown
501
169,590
Potter
3,371
1.42
14,868
Schuylkill
29,053
370
127,667
Somerset
19,650
Susquehanna
21,195
Perry, New Bloomfield.
561
24,136
Tioga
15,498
I30
1,549,008
Union
22,787
Venango
17,900
Warren
9,278
Schuylkill, Pottsville
789
207,894
Washington
41,279
Wayne
11,848
Somerset, Somerset
1,040
67.717
Sullivan, Laporte
470
II,293
Susquehanna, Montrose
823
37,746
Tioga, Wellshoro
1.180
42,829
Union, Lewisburg
316
16,249
Venango, Franklin
671
56,359
Warren, Warren
860
39,573
Washington, Washington
830
143,680
Wayne, Honesdale
834
29,236
Westmoreland, Greensburg
1,060
231,304
Wyoming, Tunkhannock
409
15,509
York, York
875
136,405
County and County Seat
Pop.
Adams, Gettysburg
537
34,319
Allegheny, Pittsburgh
758
1,018,463
Armstrong, Kittanning
640
67,880
Beaver, Beaver 426
78,353
Bedford, Bedford 1,070
38,879
Berks, Reading
874
183,222
Blair, Hollidaysburg
530
108,858
Bradford, Towanda
I,140
54,526
1,240
80,813
McKean, Smethport
976
47,868
Mifflin, Lewistown
Northumberland, Sunbury
169
III,420
Pike, Milford 620
8,033
Potter, Coudersport
1,049
29,729
Snyder, Middleburg
320
16,800
Westmoreland
42,699
Wyoming
8.100
York
47,010
1,705,60I
In 1910 the total population of 7,665, 111 was distributed as follows :
Area Sq. Miles
PRESENT PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS
Pennsylvania now has sixty-seven counties. The following table sets forth the order of formation, with other interesting information :
43,424
Chester
57,515
Chester, Westchester
9,500
Clearfield, Clearfield
Lawrence, Newcastle
Lebanon, Lebanon
Lycoming, Williamsport
Mercer, Mercer
Montour, Danville
Northampton, Easton
Philadelphia, Philadelphia
36
JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
No. Name Date of Forma- tion
Acres County Seat Laid Out
I Philadelphia . March 10, 1682 One of Pen's original counties. . .. 80,840
Philadelphia .1682
2 Chester
10, 1682 ..
44
66 .472,320
Westchester
1786
3 Bucks .. 10, 1682
" .387,200
Doylestown 1788
4 Lancaster May
10, 1720 From a part of Chester .008,000
Lancaster
1730
5 York Ang.
19, 1749
6 Cumberland . . Jan.
27, 1750
Lancaster
348,160
Carlisle
1751
7 Berks March
11, 1752 ..
..
Philadelphia, Ches- ter and Lancas-
ter 588,800
Reading
1748
8 Northampton
11, 1752 ..
.
Cumberland .036,160
Bedford
1760
10 Northumber-
land
27,1772 ..
Cumberland, Berks, Bedfordand Northampton . . . 292,480
Sunbury ........ 1772
Westmoreland Feb.
26, 1773 ..
:
Bedford, and 1785 part of the Indian purchase
of 1784 was
added 672,000
Greensburg 1782
12 Washington March
28. 1781
..
.. Westmoreland 573,440
Washington
1782
13 Fayette 14 Franklin
Sept.
26, 1783
..
Westmoreland 527,360
Uniontown 1767
15 Montgomery 46
10, 1784
=
Philadelphia 303,080
Lancaster 357,760 Harrisburg 1785
Northumberland .. 890,000
Wilkes-Barre 1783
Huntingdon 1707
Westmoreland and
Washington . . . . 482.560 Cumberland and
Northumberland 286,800 Chester 113,280
Media
18.49
22 Somerset
April
17, 1795
..
Bedford .082,240
Somerset
1795
23 Greene
Feb.
9. 1796
20, 1790
..
..
Northumberland .. 001,200
Williamsport 1796
26 Adams
Jan.
22, 1800
..
York 337,920
Gettysburg
1787
27 Centre
Feb.
13. 1800
46
Mifflin, Northum-
berland, Lyco- ming and Hunt- ingdon
Allegheny, West-
moreland and
Lycoming .. 408,960
Kittanning 1804
20 Beaver
12. 1800
=
=
4€
Allegheny .629.700
Meadville 1795
32 Erie
..
12, 1800
..
..
Allegheny 180,000
33 Mercer
12, 1800
..
Allegheny 416,000
Allegheny
and
coming
330.240
35 Warren
4 .
12, 1800
Allegheny coming
and Ly- 551,040
Warren 1795
36 Indiana
..
30. 1803
Westmoreland and
Lycoming .. 492,800
Indiana 1805
37 Mckean
38 Clearfield March
26, 1804
From a part of Lycoming and
Northumberland 701,600
Clearfield 1805
30 Jefferson
26, 1804
..
Lycoming 412,800
40 Potter
26, 1804
..
4 .
Huntingdon, Som- erset and Bedford428,800 Lycoming .714.240
Ebensburg 1805
42 Tioga
26, 1804
21, 1810
coming
.751,300
Towanda 1812
44 Susquehanna
21, 1810
66
Luzerne .510,080
Montrose ISII
45 Schuylkill
March
1. 1811
Berks and North- ampton 485.400
Pottsville 1816
46 1.chigh
6. 1812
Northampton 232.000
Allentown
1751
..
4. 1
25. 1786
18 Huntingdon
20, 1787
..
Bedford .537,600
10 Allegheny
24. 1788 ..
20 Mifflin
19. 1789 ..
21 Delaware
26, 1789
:
..
28 Armstrong .. . March
12, 1800
..
..
.. Allegheny Washington .208.240
and
Beaver 1791
30 Butler
12, 1800
Allegheny .502,400
Butler .1803
31 Crawford
..
12, 1800
Erie 1795
Mlercer 1803
34 Venango
13, 1800
20, 1804
..
Lycoming 716,800
Smethport 1 807
Brookville 1830
Lycoming .384,000
Coudersport 1807
41 Cambria
26. 1804
4 +
Wellsboro 1806
Luzerne and Ly-
43 Bradford * Feb.
..
..
Lancaster .576,000
Bucks .240,000
Easton 1738
9 Bedford
9. 1771
9, 1784
..
Cumberland 480,000
Chambersburg 1764
Norristown 1784
16 Dauphin March
17 Luzerne Sept.
Washington .380,120
Waynesburg
1790
24 Wayne March
25 Lycoming April
13, 1796
Northampton 460,800 Honesdale 1826
.. 688,000
Pittsburgh
1765
Lewistown 1790
Bellefonte 1795
Franklin 1795
=
..
York 1741
JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
37
No. Name Date of Forma- tion
47 Lebanon Feb. 16, 1813
Dauphin and Lan- caster 195,840
Lebanon 1750
48 Columbia March 22, 1813
Northumberland .. 275.840
Bloomsburg 1802
49 Union
22, 1813
Northumberland .. 165, 120
50 Pike
26, 1814
..
51 Perry
22, 1820
44
Mifflin 224.640
Northampton and
Stroudsburg 1805
54 Clarion
Marclı
II, 1839
=
Venango and Arm- strong .384,000
Clarion 1840
55 Clinton
June 21, 1839
=
Lycoming and Cen- tre 591,360
Lock Haven 1833
56 Wyoming
April
4. 1842 4 4
44 Northumberland and Luzerne ... .. 261,760
Tunkhannock 1790
57 Carbon March
13. 1843
Northampton and
Monroe . . . .. 256,000
58 Elk
April
18. 1843
Jefferson, Clearfield and Mckean .446,720
Ridgway 1843
60 Sullivan
1847
293,120
Laporte
1850
61 Forest
1848
270,720
Tionesta
1852
62 Fulton
1850
257,280
McConnellsburg 1796
63 Lawrence
1850
230,400
Newcastle 1802
64 Montour
1850
83,200
Danville
1790
65 Snyder
1855
199,040
Middleburg
1800
66 Cameron
1860
250,880
Emporium 1861
67 Lackawanna
1878
288,640
Scranton
1840
* Previous to March 24. 1812, this county was called Ontario.
74
ERIE 1800
cargo
WARREN
MCKEAN
POTTER
TIOGA
BRADFORD 1810 bena
SUSQUEHANNA Antrone. 1810
1798 WAYNE
CRAWFORD ameadville
1800
1804
1804
180%
1800
FOREST
WYOMING
1848
SULLIVAN
18
VENANGO
1849
1860
LYCOMINO
Bragte
CLINTON
1795
18.
LUZERNE
1836 MONROE
1813
1786
Stroudsburg 0
BUTLER
UNIONG
Belleout
Sunbury
NORTH
1800
1800
SNYDER
1855
1772
SCHUYLKILL Pottsville
1811
LEHIGH Mentom 1812
BERKS
1752
1788
Apracing
1784
BUCKS Doylesbury 1682
1781 WASHINGTON
CUMPERLAND 1750
LANCASTER
CHESTER
LADELPBIA
1082
SOMERSET"
1729
1682
DELAWARE
FAXETTE
FRANKLIN 1784
ADAMS 1800
Yorg YORK 1749
GREENE 1796
1783
ELK
CAMERON
Runt tamnoch 1842
WANNA
PIKE 1814
1800
Clarion
EFFERSON
1899
COLUMBIA
JR
18435 CARBON
1804
CENTRE
1800
UMBERLAND
BEAVER
INDIANA Qindena 1803
1804.
CAMBRIA
Kingijburg
ALLEGRITY
BLAIR 18-16
PERRY
LEBANON
1785
1873
MONTGOMERY
5 Gramsburg WESTMORELAND 1773
1789
NOGONTINAR
JUNIATA
Bloot
DAUPHIN
1752 NORTHAMPTON
7789 SON
MIFFLIN
art/flintoda
Laporte 1847
MERCER
1800
CLARION 1899
1840
LAWRENCE
1804
CLEARFIELD
LACKAY
Nonet
59 Blair
1846
341,700
Hollidaysburg
1820
52 Juniata
2, 1831
Cumberland .344,960
New Bloomfield. 1822
Mifflintown 1791
53 Monroe April 1, 1836
Pike 384,000
Lewisburg 1785
Wayne .384,000 Milford 1800
FULTON
in
1820
1800 ARMSTRONG
Acres County Seat Laid Out
Mauch Chunk
1815
COUNTY MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA
JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS
Apropos of population, we present the ratio in which it has been represented in the United States House of Representatives :
From 1789 to 1793 as provided by the United States Constitution, 30,000; from 1793 to 1803, based on the United States census of 1790, 33.000 ; from 1803 to 1813. based on the United States census of 1800, 33,000; from 1813 to 1823, based on the United States cen- sus of 1810, 35,000; from 1823 to 1833, based on the United States census of 1820, 40,000 ; from 1833 to 1843, based on the United States census of 1830, 47,700; from 1843 to 1853. based on the United States census of 1840. 70.680: from 1853 to 1863, based on the United States census of 1850, 93.420: from 1863 to 1873, based on the United States cen- sus of 1860, 127,381 ; from 1873 to 1883. based on the United States census of 1870, 131,425: from 1883 10 1893. based on the United States census of 1880. 152,960; from 1803 to 1903. based on the United States census of 1800, 175,267.
In 1860 the Southern States had twenty-six Congressmen more than their white ratio entitled them to. This was property repre- sentation for slavery, Five slaves counted as three white men, although these slaves, white or black, were not allowed to vote.
The United States Constitution provides that "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State. elected by the people thereof, for six years : and each senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifica- tion requisite for electors of the most numer- ous branch of the State Legislature. . 1 No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not. when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen."
Let the people rtile. Nine Western States having less population than Pennsylvania have eighteen United States Senators.
The returns of the popular vote for U'nited States senator in Pennsylvania in 1914 showed the following :
1014 Boies Penrose, Republican
490.336
Personal Liberty 20,465-519,801 A. Mitchell Palmer, Demo-
cratic 266,415 Gifford Pinchot,
Washington
.202,545
Bull Moose 48,875
Roosevelt Progressive 17,845-260.265
Frederick W. Whiteside, So-
cialist . 37,950
Madison F. Larkin, Prohibition 17,685
A. S. Landis, Industrialist. .. 680
Scattering 1,36
Pennsylvania is now represented in the United States Senate by Boies Penrose and George Tener Oliver.
BOIES PENROSE, of Philadelphia, was born in Philadelphia November 1. 1860 ; was prepared for college by private tutors and in the schools of Philadelphia ; was graduated from Harvard
-
BOIES PENROSE UNITED STATES SENATOR
College in 1881; read law with Wayne Mac- Veagh and George Tucker Bispham, and was admitted to the bar in 1883 : practiced his pro- fession in Philadelphia for several years ; was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Repre- sentatives from the Eighth Philadelphia dis- triet in 1884: was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate from the Sixth Philadelphia dis- trict in 1886: reelected in 1890,and again in 1804: was elected president pro tempore of the Senate in 1880, and reelected in 1891 ; was a delegate to the Republican National conven- tions of 1000, 1904 and 1908; was chairman of the Republican State committee in 1903- 1005 : was elected a member of the Republican National committee from Pennsylvania in
39
JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
1904 and 1908: was elected by the Legislature to the United States Senate to succeed J. Donald Cameron, and took his seat March 4, 1897 ; was reelected by the Legislature in 1903 and 1900 : was reelected at the general election on November 3. 1914, having been the first United States Senator elected by direct vote in Pennsylvania. His term of service will expire March 3. 1921.
GEORGE TENER OLIVER, of Pittsburgh, was born in County Tyrone. Ireland, during a visit of his parents. January 26. 1848, and is the
GEORGE T. O 1
ER
UNITED STATES SENATOR
son of Henry W. and Margaret Brown Oliver, who were of English and Scotch ancestry ; was graduated from Bethany College, West Vir- ginia, in 1868: admitted to the Allegheny county ( Pa. ) bar in 1871, and was engaged in active practice ten years. In 1881 engaged in manufacturing. becoming vice president and subsequently president of the Oliver Wire Company, with which he remained until 1899. when that company sold its plant ; also. from 1889. president of the Hainsworth Steel Com- pany until its merger in 1897 with Oliver & Snyder Steel Company, of which he was presi- dent until he disposed of his manufacturing interests in 1901. Since 1900 engaged in
newspaper business as principal owner of Pittsburgh Gasette Times and Pittsburgh Chronicle Telegraph. President Pittsburgh Central Board of Education from 1881 to 1884, and a Presidential elector in 1884. In 1904 was tendered appointment to the United States Senate to succeed Matthew Stanley Quay, deceased, but declined for personal rea- sons. He was elected Senator, March 17, 1909, to fill out the unexpired term of Hon. P. C. Knox, who resigned to accept the office of Secretary of State in President Taft's cabinet ; and was reelected for a full term in January, 1911. 1Ie received the degree of LL.D. from Lafayette College in 1912. His term of service will expire March 3, 1917.
CHRONOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
1627 .- Petroleum was first noticed this year in New York; in Pennsylvania, in 1721.
1645 .- A small iron pot, holding about a quart, which is still preserved at Lynn, was cast at the Lynn foundry in 1645. It was the first iron article made in America.
1683 .- The first sea-going vessel built in Pennsylvania was the "Amity." built by Wil- liam Penn at Philadelphia in this year for the Free Society of Traders. In the same year Penn wrote: "Some vessels have been built here and many boats."
1683 .- In this year the first glass factory in Pennsylvania was established at Phila- delphia. In August. 1683, Penn wrote that "the sawmill for timber and the place of the glass- lionse are conveniently posted for water-car- riage." In March, 1684, Pastorius wrote that "a mill and glass factory are built" at "Franckfurt." now a part of Philadelphia. Both writers probably referred to the same glass factory.
1690 .- The first paper mill in the colonies was established before this year on a tribu- tary of the Wissahickon.
1692 .- We find the first mention of iron having been made in Pennsylvania.
1716 .- Pool forge, on Manatawny creek, in Berks county, Pa., was built in 1716 by Thomas Rutter, and was the first iron enter- prise in Pennsylvania of which any record has been preserved.
1719 .- In this year the first newspaper in Pennsylvania was established at Philadelphia by Andrew Bradford. It was entitled The American Weekly Mercury.
1766 .- Anthracite coal was discovered in the Wyoming valley as early as 1766.
1800 .- The first permanent bridge over the
40
JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Schuylkill at Philadelphia, at Market street, was commenced in 1800 and opened to traffic in January, 1805.
1801 .-- The first chain bridge in the United States was built this year over Jacob's creek in western Pennsylvania by Judge James Fin- ley, of Fayette county.
1806 .- Lancaster pike finished to Pitts- burgh.
1807 .- The first railroads in the United States, beginning with this year, were built to haul gravel, stone, coal, and other heavy ma- terials, and were all short roads.
1808 .- Anthracite coal was first used in a grate by Judge Jesse Fell, at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., in this year.
1811 .- The first steamboat "on the western waters" was built at Pittsburgh and called "New Orleans."
1812 .- The first rolling mill at Pittsburgh was built in 1811 and 1812 by Christopher Cowan, a Scotch-Irishman, and called the Pittsburgh rolling mill. This mill had no puddling furnaces. Its products were sheet iron, nail and spike rods, shovels, chains, hatchets, hammers, etc.
1812 .- Salt was first discovered on the Conemaugh in western Pennsylvania in this year or 1813.
1816 .- Wire fences were in limited use in the neighborhood of Philadelphia as far back as 1816. The wire used was manufactured by White & Hazard at their wire works at the falls of the Schuylkill.
1819-21 .- Old State capitol built, burned February 2, 1897.
1820 .- The anthracite coal business was established about 1820.
1825 .- The first iron steamboat built in this country was the "Codorus," built at York, Pa., in 1825. This year also marked the great era of turnpike building.
1829 .- Steampower was not used on any American railroad until 1820. Horsepower had previously been employed and was used for many years afterwards.
1830 .- In 1830 only twenty-three miles of railroad were in operation in the United States ; in 1840 there were 2,818 miles; 1850, 9,021 miles; 1860, 30,626 miles; 1870, 52,922 miles ; 1880, 03,262 miles: 1800, 166,703 miles : 1900, 194,262 miles: 1907, 228,128 miles. These figures do not include double tracks, sidings, etc., only the length of the main track. (See 1900.)
1832 .- In Brown's "History of the First Locomotives in America" it is stated that "the first charter for what are termed city passen-
ger or horse railroads was obtained in the city of New York and known as the New York and Harlem, and this was the first road of the kind ever constructed, and was opened in 1832. No other road of the kind was com- pleted till 1852, when the Sixth Avenue was opened to the public."
1833 .- The first railroad tunnel in the United States, four miles east of Johnstown. Pa., forming part of the Portage railroad, was completed in 1833 and was first used on November 26th, of that year.
In this year the Philadelphia & Reading Railway Company was chartered. It was opened to Mount Carbon, one mile below Pottsville, on Jan. 13. 1842.
1834 .- In this year the main line of the Pennsylvania canal, connecting Philadelphia with Pittsburgh, was opened for traffic throughout its entire length. The building of the canal was commenced in 1826.
1838 .- Baldwin Locomotive Works ex- ported one locomotive to Cuba, their first ship- ment to a foreign country.
1841 .- In the winter of this year and 1842 Connellsville coke was first made in com- mercial quantities, a few miles below Connells- ville on the Youghiogheny river.
1842 .- Wire cable suspension bridge over the Schuylkill at Philadelphia was built by Charles Ellet, Jr.
1846 .- The Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany was chartered to build a railroad from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh.
1850 .- The first shipment of iron ore from the Lake Superior region was made in 1850 and consisted of about ten tons, "which was taken away by Mr. A. L. Crawford, of New Castle, Pennsylvania."
Petroleum was first refined in this year by Samuel M. Kier, of Pittsburgh.
1852 .- On December 10th the Pennsylvania railroad was completed from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, connections being made with State railroads.
1853 .- The first use of Lake Superior ore in a blast furnace occurred in Pennsylvania in 1853, when about seventy tons, brought from Erie by canal, were used in the Sharps- ville and Clay furnaces, in Mercer county.
1855 .- On March 6th the American Iron Association, now the American Iron and Steel Association, was organized at Philadelphia. In 1864 the present name was adopted.
1855 .- The first thirty-foot iron rails rolled in this country were rolled at the Cambria iron works, at Johnstown, in 1855. There was no demand for them. The first thirty-
41.
JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
foot iron rails rolled in this country on order were rolled at the Montour rolling mill, at Danville, Pa., in January, 1859, for the Sun- bury and Erie Railroad Company.
1857 .- The main line of the Pennsylvania canal, from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, was sold this year to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for $7,500,000.
1859 .- Drake struck oil near Titusville.
1870 .- On February 5. 1870, Henry Heyl. of Philadelphia, invented moving pictures.
1873 .- The first transatlantic iron steam- ships to attract attention which were built in this country were the four vessels of the American Steamship Company's line. the "Pennsylvania," "Ohio," "Indiana," and "Illi- nois," built of Pennsylvania iron at Phila- delphia in 1871, 1872 and 1873, by W. Cramp & Sons. They were each three hundred and fifty-five feet long and their carrying capacity was three thousand one hundred tons cach.
1875 .- The first sixty-foot rails rolled in this country were rolled by the Edgar Thom- son Steel Company, at its works near Pitts- burgh, in 1875, and were of steel.
1876 .- Malleable nickel was first made in the world in this year by Joseph Wharton from Pennsylvania nickel ore.
1880 .- The first elevated railroad con- structed in this country in connection with a regular freight and passenger road was undertaken by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1880 and finished in 1881. It constitutes an extension of the main line of the Pennsylvania railroad to the heart of the city of Philadelphia and is about a mile long. It was opened for freight purposes on April 25, 1881, and for passengers on December 5. 1881.
1890 .- The tinplate industry established in this country.
1890 .- First chartered natural gas company started at Leechburg.
1897 .- First pressed steel car was built by the Schoen Pressed Steel Company, at Alle- gheny, Pa .. in this year.
1900 .- Poor's Manual reports that in 1900 there were 257.853 miles of steam railroad track in the United States, including second. third and fourth tracks, sidings, etc .. and not including elevated railroads or electric roads. The same authority reports that in 1907 there were 324,033.38 miles, of which 224,382.19 miles were single track and 99,651.19 miles were second, third and fourth tracks, sidings. etc. Of the total 314.713.50 miles were laid with steel rails and 9.319.88 miles were laid with iron.rails. (See 1830.)
In 1910 the petroleum output for the State was 8,794,662 barrels, valued at $11,908.914, or an average of $1.354 a barrel. The output of the United States is valued at $140,000,000 annually. (See below.)
The natural gas production of Pennsyl- vania in 1910 amounted to 126,866,729,000 cubic feet, valued at $21,057,211, or an aver- age price of 16.60 cents a thousand cubic feet. The production in the United States amounts to $78,000,000 annually. (See below.)
FINANCIAL, PANICS
There were great financial panies in 1836, 1857, 1873, 1893-95, and 1907, which affected Pennsylvania with the rest of the United States.
FORTY YEARS' PROGRESS -- A COMPARISON
In 1875 Pennsylvania had a population of only three million five hundred thousand. There were in the State about thirty-five hun- dred miles of railroad; now there are eleven thousand five hundred miles. The Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company, with a capital stock of $68.719,400, operated eight hundred twenty- eight miles of road; in 1915 its capital stock is $500,000,000, and it operates thirty-five hundred miles and earns more than one mil- lion dollars a day. A large freight train in 1875 had a total carrying capacity of six hun- dred tons ; in 1915 a train may have one hun- dred huge cars, and transport four thousand tons.
In 1875 the iron and steel industry was in its infancy. The yearly production of pig iron was less than the monthly output now. The Bessemer process was discovered in 1867. The Edgar Thomson works, nuclens of the vast Carnegie enterprise, were opened in 1874. In 1915 the steel trust has a capitalization of $1,500.000,000, employs two hundred twenty- nine thousand men, and its annual output is twelve million five hundred thousand tons.
In 1875 there was no telephone ; the modern instrument was not invented until 1876. There were no trolley cars ; the first permanent pas- senger line was opened in 1884, in Kansas City. There was no electric light. There was no commercial or manufacturing use of electric power ; that development did not begin until 1880. The wireless was unknown.
In 1875 the largest ocean steamship had a tonnage of eighty-five hundred. In 1915 the "Olympic" displaces sixty-six thousand tons and the "Vaterland" eighty thousand tons, and
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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
a vessel of less than twenty thousand tons is considered small. Industrial corporations were then almost unknown. Business, even big business, was carried on by partnerships. and competition, not combination, was the ruling policy. In 1915 there are hundreds of corporations in the State, their total capi- talization running into billions of dollars.
In 1875 Pennsylvania was another State. Its population, its laws, its material develop- ment, its public opinion, its conception of social rights and wrongs, were as different from those of to-day as if it had been on another planet.
In 1875 the workers in industry were almost exclusively men; the economic conditions which forced women into industrial life in large numbers had not yet exerted their full pressure. Child labor was used, but not to so great an extent as now. Moreover, no sense of public responsibility was felt for the well- being of women and children in industry ; nor was it considered any part of the State's duty to see that injured workers or the dependents of those killed in industrial accidents should be compensated.
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