USA > Pennsylvania > Jefferson County > Jefferson County, Pennsylvania : her pioneers and people, 1800-1915, Volume I > Part 14
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PIONEER S JOSEPH BARNETT JOHN SCOTT SAMUEL SCOTT MILLWRIGHT MOSES KNAPP APPRENTICE JOSEPH HUTCHISON
CABIN
LICK
i ting
SANDY
-----
MILL CREEK
V ONG-NOW ME WORK
THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY
ASTOU. LENOX TILDLA I
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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
and Knapp returned, a married man by the name of Joseph Hutchison coming out with them, and renewed their work. Hutchison brought his wife, household goods, two cows and a calf, and commenced housekeeping, and lived here two years before Joseph Bar- nett brought his family, who were then living in Dauphin county. Hutchison is clearly the pioneer settler in what is now Jefferson county. He was a sawyer. In that year the mill was finished by Knapp and Scott, and in 1799 there was some lumber sawed. In the fall of 1800 Joseph Barnett brought his wife and family to the home prepared for theni in the wilderness. Barnett brought with him two cows and seven horses, five loaded with goods as packhorses and two as riding or family horses. His route of travel into this wilderness was over Meade's trail.
The packsaddle was made of four pieces of wood, two being notched, the notches fitting along the horse's back, with the front part resting upon the horse's withers. The other two were flat pieces, about eighteen by five inches. They extended along the sides and were fastened to the end of the notched pieces. 1 have ridden on them.
The first boards were run in 1801 to what is now Pittsburgh. About four thousand feet were put in a raft, or what would be a two- platform piece. Moses Knapp was the pioneer pilot. (See biography of Moses Knapp.)
The first white child born in the county was J. P. Barnett. The next person that came here was Peter Jones. He settled on the farm owned by the late John Mccullough, and the next was a Mr. Roll, who settled on the farm lately owned by John S. Barr. Then came Fudge Van Camp (negro), who built his cabin on the farm now owned by Ray Mc- Connell; and then Adam Vasbinder, who settled on the farm at the present time owned by Samuel Bullers. William Vasbinder pitched his tent on the Kirkman homestead. Ludwick Long put up his wigwam on the place now the site of the County Home. Here Long erected a distillery, and the great dragon first opened his mouth and cast out his flood of water in the wilderness. John Dixon came next. Hle was our first schoolmaster. The school cabin was built on the County Home farm; built of round logs, and oiled paper was used for glass. Everything had to be carried from the settlements on horseback ; glass was too easily broken to try to bring it so far. The second school cabin was built on the south side of the pike, at the forks of the Ridgway road. Here the first graveyard was laid out,
and the first person buried in it was a child of Samuel Scott.
I may not be able to give the names of all the early settlers and the date of their arrival, but John, William and Jacob Vasbinder reached here about the year 1802 or 1803. John Matson, Sr., about 1806, and the Lucases soon after. John and Archibald Bell settled in the southern part of the county about 1809 or 1810, and that locality was then an un- broken wilderness for miles around. Archie Hadden came and settled a mile southeast of them about 1812, and in 1815 Hugh McKee settled half a mile east of Perrysville. Jacob Hoover came in 1814 and settled at the pres- ent site of Clayville. John Postlethwait, Sr., came in 1818 from Westmoreland county, and located with his family a mile and a half north- west of Perrysville. A family by the name of Young settled about two miles west of this place about the same time. People began to settle in the vicinity of Punxsutawney about the year 1816, the first being Abram Weaver, and Rev. David Barclay, Dr. John W. Jenks and Nathaniel Tindle, with their families, and Elijah Heath arrived there about 1817 or 1818. Charles C. Gaskill, Isaac P. Carmalt, John B. Henderson and John Hess came some time later. About 1818 David, John and Henry Milliron settled 'on Little Sandy, and IIenry Nolf located on the same stream, where Langville now stands, and erected a sawmill. In 1820 Lawrence Nolf came to Pine run, two miles south of Ringgold, but made no improve- ment, and afterwards sold to John Miller, who opened up a farm. Hon. James Winslow and others were also among the first settlers in the neighborhood of Punxsutawney. James McClelland and Michael Lantz came into the southwestern part of the county, within the limits of what is now Porter township, pre- vious to the year 1820. William Stewart and Benjamin MeBride made a settlement in the Round Bottom, west of Whitesville, in 1821, and in the same year James Stewart came and located three miles northwest of Perrysville. The year 1822 brought a number of families to the county, among whom were the following : David Postlethwait, who purchased Stewart and McBride's right of settlement in the Round Bottom, and settled with his brother, John, on Pine run, who had preceded him there: John MelIenry, James Bell, and some others who moved into the Round Bottom, near Whitesville, and a Mr. Baker, who settled across the creek east of Whitesville; Jesse Armstrong and Adam Long, the former locat- ing near where Clayville now is, and the latter
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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
at a place near Punxsutawney; John Fuller, who settled near Reynoldsville; and Samuel Newcome, who settled on Pine run, about a mile above the Postlethwaits. In 1823 John Melntosh and Henry Keys settled in Beech- woods, now Washington township, and the vear 1824 brought Alexander Osborn. John McGee, Matthew and William MeDonakl,
Andrew Smith, John Wilson, William Cooper and William McCullough were also among the first settlers in the northeastern part of the county. More about these, and other names of early settlers, will be found in that part of this history devoted to the different towns and townships. See also Biography of Joseph Barnett.
CHAPTER V
FORESTS, STREAMS AND LAND PIONEER INDUSTRIES, HOMES AND CUSTOMS
GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY - ELEVATIONS IN COUNTY - DRAINAGE- INDIAN AND PIONEER NAMES OF STREAMS -- TREES-LUMBERING AND RAFTING-NAVIGATION COMPANIES-PIONEER FLATBOATS, TIPPLES, ETC .- ACTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO STREAMS-PIONEER AGRICUL- TURE-MAPLE SUGAR MAKING-TAR BURNING-PIONEER WAGONS-HOW THE PIONEER BOUGHT HIS LAND-PIONEER HOMES OF JEFFERSON COUNTY-PIONEER FOOD AND CLOTHING -PIONEER PRICES FOR LABOR AND FOOD-PIONEER HABITS AND CUSTOMS-PIONEER EVEN- ING FROLICS-PIONEER MUSIC SCHOOLS AND SINGING MASTERS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY- LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN PIONEER TIMES
Those Pennsylvania forests-slender maple, stately pine,
Mighty oak and beech and chestnut, 'round whose trunks the wild vines twine!
And the scarlet-fruited cherry, and the locust, white with bloom,
And the willow, drooping sadly, o'er (perchance) a forest tomb.
Oh, those leafy, silent forests with stray sunbeams shifting through,
Where soaring wild birds send their songs far- echoing to you !
GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY
The original boundary lines of Jefferson county inclosed an area of more than one thousand square miles. embracing much of what is now Forest and Elk counties, beyond the Clarion river. At what time the present boundaries were erected is not certain. There are no mountains in the county, but the sur- face is hilly, like the rest of northwestern Pennsylvania, uniformly broken; and while one valley cannot be said to be the exact counterpart of another. nor the streams be considered of equal size and importance, yet the type of the topography is the same wher- ever we look at it, and any one part of the county, therefore, is in this respect a picture of the whole. The rocks pertain to the series of coal measures lying on the outskirts of the Pittsburgh coal basin. Iron and coal are in abundance, the latter in every part of the
county. The soil in the valleys is in many places highly fertile, but the great body of the county cannot be rated above second quality.
The height above tide of the upland sum- mits ranges from twelve hundred to eighteen hundred and eighty feet. They are lowest at the southern end of the county, and highest at the northern end. There is one notable exception in Jefferson county, however, to the prevailing rule in this section : The southeast corner borders on the high tahleland of the Chestnut Ridge antichinal, whose stimmits frequently attain an elevation of two thousand feet; and some few points in Gaskill town- ship rise nearly to that height ; but these points are related more closely to the topography of Indiana and Clearfield counties than to that of Jefferson, which is in fact a mere continuation of that prevailing throughout Clarion, Arm- strong and western Indiana counties.
ELEVATIONS
The following table shows the height above sea level or tide of the various points men- tioned :
Feet
Port Barnett
.above sea level, 1,225
Hillman
above sea level, 1,880
Perrysville
.. above sea level, 1,170
Winslow .above sea level, 1,636
Horatio above sea level, 1,211
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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Feet
Falls Creek
.above tide, 1,405
Evergreen
. above tide, 1,398
Magee's (Sandy Valley P. O.)
... above tide, 1,387
Panther Run
.above tide, 1,386
Reynoldsville
. above tide, 1,377
Prior Run
above tide, 1,366
Prindible
.above tide, 1,360
MeAnnulty's Run
. above tide, 1,359
Camp Run
above tide, 1,341
Fuller's
. above tide, 1,327
Wolf Run
.above tide, 1,319
lowa Mills
. above tide, 1,299
Bell's Mills . above tide, 1,268
Brookville Tunnel, east end. . above tide, 1,242
Brookville Station .above tide, 1,235
Coder's Run
above tide, 1,223
Puckerty Point
above tide, 1,214
Rattlesnake Run .above tide, 1,207
Baxter . above tide, 1,206
Troy (Summerville) .above tide, 1,186
Heathville .above tide, 1,161
Patton's .above tide, 1,131
Knox Dale
.above tide, 1,655
Panic .above tide, 1,800
Beechtree .above tide, 1,618
Sugar Hill . above tide, 1,598
Allen's Mills
.above tide, 1,575
Ramsaytown . above tide, 1,524
Belleview .above tide, 1,485
Conifer .above tide, 1,309
From Falls Creek to Ridgway
Near Falls Creek Station. above tide, 1,406 Surface of ground, McMinn's Sum-
mit (MeMinn's Summit is the Boon Mountain divide)
above tide, 1,625
Brockwayville . above tide, 1,466
Ordinary low water in Little Toby. above tide, 1,441 On the main Ridgway Road .. above tide, 1,451
Mouth of Little Toby Creek. . above tide, 1,321
(Ordinary water level)
Big Run . above tide, 1,287
Sykesville above tide, 1,350
Punxsutawney .above tide, 1,225
Along Clarion River *
Hallton . above tide, 1,290
Millstone (Bell's Mills) . above tide, 1,240
Clarington . above tide, 1,220
Cooksburg above tide, 1,186
Mill Creek above tide, 1,120
* These are the elevations of the bridges crossing the river at the places given.
DRAINAGE
The drainage of Jefferson county is all west- ward towards the Ohio river, throughi ( 1) the Clarion river at the north end of the county, (2) Red Bank creek in the center, and (3) Mahoning creek on the south. Each of these streams has its own complex system of tribul- taries, each with its own system of small branches and branchlets ; and thus the surface of the whole county is broken into hills. It is abundantly watered, having on the south Mahoning creek, on the west Little Sandy Liek ercek and Big Sandy Lick creek, whose
branches stretch across the county. Clarion river, or Toby's creek, with its many and large ramifications, intersects the northern half of the county in every direction.
The Clarion and Mahoning flow on the borders of the county, and are less important to it than the Red Bank, which is the principal stream. Its water basin is unsymmetrical on the two sides, a much larger part of its drain- age coming in from the north than from the south. Excepting indeed from the Little Sandy branch, its basin on the south side would be confined pretty much to the hills which over- look the creek; whereas towards the north its far-reaching arms extend to what is now the Elk county line.
Red Bank creek in the original maps and drafts of Jefferson county bore the name of Sandy Lick, which name is still retained for its main branch, coming from Clearfield county, along which the Bennett's Branch railroad is laid. The creek assumes the name of Red Bank at Brookville, where Sandy Lick unites with the North Fork, and both branches carry enough during floods to float rafts and logs.
Little Sandy, before alluded to as occupying the southwestern part of the county. is a rafting stream.
The volume of water, however, in all the streams, large and small, is extremely irregu- lar, varying as it does from stages of high flood when the larger streams are destructive torrents, to stages of almost complete exhaus- tion during periods of severe drought. This extreme of variability is largely the conse- quence of the porous and loose condition of the surface rocks, which thus copiously yield water so long as they hold it. In exceptional years, after a succession of prolonged droughts, there is a dearth of water in all parts of the cottnty.
The Red Bank-Mahoning divide in the southeast corner of the county crosses from Clearfield at a point nearly due east of Rey- noldsville. Thence it follows an irregular southwest line, around the heads of Elk run, and around the heads of Little Sandy. Para- dise settlement stands at the top of it; so do Shamoka, Oliveburg and Frostburg. Porter post office at the southwest end of the county marks the top of the divide in that region.
The Red Bank-Clarion divide on the north enters Jefferson south of Lane's Grove, where one branch of Rattlesnake run takes its rise. After passing Brockwayville the watershed is forced almost to the edge of Little Tobywalley, as will be seen on examination of a county
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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
map. Along the last-named stream it passes into Elk county, where curving about the heads of the North Fork (Red Bank system), it returns again to Jefferson, whence, closely skirting the Clarion river, it runs southwest of Sigel. There it turns sharply about and next sweeps around the head of Big Mill creck, extending thence south to within a few miles of the Red Bank valley. It therefore describes a semicircle in northern Jefferson, stretching from one side of the county to the other.
INDIAN AND PIONEER NAMES OF STREAMS
Where skimmed the Indian bark, And the song of the boatman re-echoed through the forest.
·Seneca
Da yon on dah teh go wah (Big Toby or Alder) gah yon hah da (creek), Big Toby creek.
Da yon on dah teh we oh (Little Toby, or Alder) gah yon hah da (creek), Little Toby creek.
Oh non da (Pine) gah yon hah da (creek), Pine creek.
Oh twenge ah (red) yoh non da (bank) gah yon hah da (creek), Red Bank creek.
Oh ne sah geh jah geh gah yon hah da, Sandy Lick creek.
Ga de ja hah da galı nos gah yon bah da, Mahoning creek.
Oh to weh geh ne gah yon hah da, North Fork creek.
Oh nah da gon, Among the Pines.
Delaware
Topi-hanne-Toby creek. 1749, Riviere au Fiel-Gall river.
Ma-onink-Mahoning.
Tangawunsch-hanne-North Fork.
Legamwi-hanne-Sandy creek. Riviere au Vermillon, 1749-Red Bank.
"Legamwi-mahonne means a sandy lick creek ; that is, Sandy Lick, which was the name of this stream as late as 1792, from its source to its mouth, according to Reading Howell's map of that year. It bore that name even later. By the act of Assembly, March 21, 1798, 'Sandy Lick or Red Bank Creek' was declared to be a public stream or high- way 'from the mouth up to the second or great fork.' The writer has not been able to ascer- tain just when, why, or at whose suggestion
its original name was changed to Red Bank. by which it has been known by the oldest inhabitant now living in the region through which it flows. Perhaps the change may have been suggested by the red color of the soil of its banks many miles up from its mouth."
Tangawunsch-hanne, North Fork, meant in the Indian tongue Little Brier stream, or stream whose banks are overgrown with green brier.
The reason why Toby creek was subse- quently called Clarion river was because there were no less than three or four Toby creeks in Pennsylvania. There was one in Monroe county, one in Luzerne, and one in Venango, which is now Clarion. Now, Tobyhanna, or Toby creek, is corrupted from Topi-hanna, signifying alder stream, that is, a stream whose banks are fringed with alders. I find also that the Clarion river was called by the Delawares Gawunsch-hanne; that is, brier stream, a stream whose banks are overgrown with briers. There seems to be an incongruity. but the probabilities are that farther down in what is now Clarion county the stream was overgrown with alder bushes. Mahoning is a corruption of Ma-onink, and signifies where there is a lick, or at the lick; sometimes a stream flowing there or near a lick. This name is a very common one for rivers and places in the Delaware country, along which or where the surface of the ground was covered with saline deposits, provisionally called "licks," from the fact that deer, elk, buffalo and other animals frequented these places and licked the salt earth. Mahonitty signifies a small lick, and Ma-oning a stream flowing from or near a lick.
TREES
There are many curious trees in the world. The "cow tree" is a native of Venezuela. It reaches a great height, has leaves resembling those of the mountain laurel, and can live entirely without moisture for six or seven months. When incisions are made in the trunk a stream of milk gushes ont. This is of a thick, creamy consistency and has a balmy fragrance. If let stand a short time it turns thick and yellow and soon becomes cheese.
The "tallow tree," or "candle tree," is found on the island of Malabar and the South Sea islands. The fruit is heart shaped, and about as large as a walnut. The seeds of the fruit when boiled produce a tallow. This is used by the natives both as food and for candles.
The "life tree" grows in Jamaica. It gets
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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
its name from the fact that if the leaves are broken from the plant they nevertheless con- tinue to grow. Nothing will destroy their life except fire.
A tree in the province of Goa, Malabar coast, western India, is called the "sorrowful tree." It is so called because it weeps every morning. It flourishes only in the dark. At sunset no flowers are visible, but as soon as darkness falls the whole tree becomes a bower of bloom. With the rising sun the flowers dry up or drop off, and a copious shower falls from the branches.
Our forests were originally covered by a heavy growth of magnificent timber trees of various kinds. Pine and hemlock predom- inated. Chestnut and oak grew in some locali- ties. Birch, sugar maple, ash and hickory ocenpied a wide range. Birch and cherry trees were numerous, and "linwood," cucum- ber and poplar trees grew on many of the hill- sides, with butternut, sycamore, black ash and elm on the low grounds. We had a cucumber tree and a leather tree.
In all, about one hundred varieties of trees grew here. Our forests have become the prey of the woodman's ax. There has been no voice raised effectively to restrain the destruc- tion, wanton as it has been, of the best speci- mens of the pine which the cye of man ever saw, the growth of hundreds of years felled to the ground, scarified, hauled to the streams, tumbled in, and floated away to the south and east and west for the paltry pittance of ten cents a foot. Oh that there could have been some power to restrain the grasping, wasteful, avaricious cupidity of man, or some voice of thunder crying. "Woodman, woodman, spare that tree! That old familiar forest tree, whose glory and renown has spread over land and sea, and wouldst thou hack it down ?"
But they are gone, all gone from the moun- tain's brow. The hands, also that caused the destruction are now moldering into dust, thus exemplifying the law of nature, that growth is rapidly followed by decay, indicating a common destiny and bringing a uniform result. And such are we. It is our lot thus to die and be forgotten.
The southern portion of Jefferson county was mostly covered with white oak, black oak. rock oak, chestnut, sugar, beech and hickory. The rock areas of northern Jefferson were covered with pine and hemlock, with scarcely a trace of white oak. There is still a consid- erable quantity of marketable hemlock left. White oak, chestnut, sugar, beech and hickory were the principal kinds of wood on the cleared
lands, white oak being found mostly on the high uplands. There were four kinds of maple, four of ash, five of hickory, eight of oak, three of birch, four of willow, four of poplar, four of pine, and from one to three of each of the other varieties. The following are the names of all of them: Sweet bay, cucumber, elkwood, long-leaved cucumber, white basswood, toothache tree, wafer ash, spindle tree, Indian cherry, feted buckeye, sweet buckeye, striped maple, sugar maple, white maple, red maple, ash-leaved maple, staghorn sumach, dwarf sumach, poison elder. locust, coffee nut, honey locust, judas tree, wildplum, hog plum, red cherry, black cherry, crabapple, cockspur, thorn, scarlet haw, black- thorn, Washington thorn, service tree, witch- hazel, sweet gum, dogwood, boxwood, sour gum, sheepberry, stagbush, sorrel tree, spoon- wood, rose bay, southern buckthorn, white ash, red ash, green ash, black ash, fringe tree, catalpa, sassafras, red elm, white elm, rock elm, hackberry, red mulberry, sycamore, but- ternut, walnut, bitternut, pignut, kingnut, shagbark, white hickory, swamp white oak, chestnut oak, yellow oak, red oak, shingle oak, chinquapin, chestnut, ironwood, lever- wood, beech, gray birch, red birch, black birch, black alder, speckled alder, black willow, sandbar willow, almond willow, glaucous wil- low, aspen, two varieties of soft poplar, two varieties of cottonwood, two varieties of neck- lace poplar, liriodendron (incorrectly called poplar), white cedar, red cedar, white pine, hemlock, balsam, fir, hickory, pine, pitch pine or yellow pinc, red pine, Virginia date, and forest olive. In addition to the above were numerous wild berries, vines, etc.
Many of these trees were lofty, magnificent, and valuable, and were not surpassed in any State in the Union. The State schoolbook of 1840 taught that two of our varicties were dis- tinctive and peculiar to Pennsylvania, viz., the cucumber and umbrella tree, or elkwood. I will stop to say here, that the woods then were full of sweet singing birds and beautiful flowers ; hence some old pioneer called the settlement "Paradise."
For the last fifty years a great army of woodmen have been and are yet, to-day, hacking down these "monarchs of the forest," and floating or conveying them or their prod- uct to market. I need not mention our tan- neries or sawmills of to-day. But now
Look abroad : another race has filled these mountain forests, wide the wood recedes,
And towns shoot up, and fertile lands are tilled by hardy mountaineers.
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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
LUMBERING AND RAFTING
The lumber trade of Jefferson county was once a great business, and it has now entirely disappeared. The first act that Joseph Bar- nett did after erecting a cabin home was to erect a sawmill on Mill creek. This was in 1797. His sawmill was primitive, raised by nine Indians and five white men.
The earliest form of a sawmill was a "saw pit." In it lumber was sawed in this way: Two men at the saw, one man standing above the pit, the other man in the pit, the two men sawing the log on trestles above. Saws are prehistoric. The ancients used "bronzed saws." Sawmills were first run by "individual power," and waterpower was first used in Germany about 1322. The primitive water sawmill consisted of a wooden pitman attached to the shaft of the wheel. The log to be sawed was placed on rollers, sustained by a frame- work over the wheel, and was fed forward on the rollers by means of levers worked by hand. The pioneer sawmill erected in the United States was near or on the dividing line of Maine and New Hampshire, in 1634.
Our early up-and-down sawmills were built of frame timbers mortised, tenoned, and pinned together with oak pins. In size these mills were from twenty to thirty feet wide and from fifty to sixty feet in length, and were roofed with elapboards, slabs or boards. The running gear was an undershot flutter wheel, a gig wheel to run the log carriage back, and a bull wheel with a rope or chain attached to haul the logs into the mill on and over the slide. The capacity of such a mill was about four thousand feet of boards in twenty-four hours. The total cost of one of these up-and- down sawmills when completed was about three hundred dollars for iron used and two hundred dollars for the work and material. Luther Geer, an old pioneer, built about twenty-eight of such mills in Jefferson county.
Moses Knapp was the pioneer pilot on Red Bank creek. The pioneer board raft contained about eight thousand feet of boards. Pilots received but two dollars per trip and found ; common hands but one dollar per trip and found. In 1833 a common hand for rafting on Red Bank ereck was paid one dollar and fifty cents and expenses. In 1866 a pilot for one trip on Red Bank creek received twenty dollars and expenses, a common hand ten dol- lars for a trip and expenses. They wore red and blue flannel shirts with agate shirt but- tons decorated in fantastic shapes over them. The pioneer pilots steered the raft then with
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