USA > Pennsylvania > Jefferson County > Jefferson County, Pennsylvania : her pioneers and people, 1800-1915, Volume I > Part 3
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223
Party System First Used. . 336 Polities in County, 1840 .... 360 Polk, Rev. David.
295, 296, 295, 301
Township
501
Poll Evil, Old Time Cure 368
Coal Mining in County 107
Conditions
County Law
210
356
Township
473
Porcupine
.
73
HISTORICAL INDEX
xxiii
Progressive Party 336
Prohibition 331
in Pennsylvania .. 24, 26
Property, Jefferson County- .61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 351, 352
Church, Value of. 323
School, Value of 380
Taxable, 1829.
215
1915 220
Prospect Hill (Reynoldsville )
236, 237, 239, 465, 458
Protestant Episcopal Denomi- nation 315, Prothonotaries, Registers and Recorders 213, 225
State Tax on Fees. . 212
Publie Debt, United States .. 349 Institutions, Brookville ... 394
Schools and Buildings. 396 Schools 281-294
Puekerty 477
Pueblo 237, 483
Pugilists, Brookville's Early 385
Puma
114
Punxsutawney ... 13, 14, 16, 422 Representatives in Congress from Jefferson County. . 223
Agricultural Association ... 334 Business and Development. 427 Churches, See Chapter
XVII 294
Country Club. 429
Elections
426
First Common
School.
256
Formation of Borough.
425
Fraternal and Social Or-
ganizations
32-4
Hospital 429
Newspapers
278
Original Site. 423
Population
426
Post Offiee. . . 232, 237, 239, 427
Retailers, IS60
219, 220
Sanitarium
420
Schools
282, 286, 290
Taxables
and
Property,
1915 220
Pythianism
in
Jefferson
County 327
Raft, First Board in Jeffer- son County .. 59
Rafting and Lumbering.
64, 370, 371, 417, 458
Raftsmen
.64, 371, 417
Railroads
1, 40,
41, 44, 45, 100, 428, 433, 488 Electrie 428
Elevated
Sleeping
and Chair
Cars
101, 104
Uniforms
101
Wrecks .45, 103
Ramsaytown 237, 239, 507
Rates of Postage
.230, 376, 403
Rathmel
.237, 239, 487
Rattlesnake
125, 136,
137, 138, 411, 420, 449, 453
Den 483
Run
61
Raven 139, 142
Rebellion, 1861-65. 154
Pennsylvania's Part in. 45, 154
Red Bank Creek ...
Navigation Co. 64. 65
Redemptioners 149
Red Lion Hotel. 3SS
Red Meu.
459
Redstart
142
Reed, Judge John W 242
Reed, J. S ..
274
Reformed, Associate Speeders 477 Churches and Pastors. . 315, 323 Register, Brockwayville .. 250
Registers and Recorders,
County 213, 225 State Tax on Fees 212
Religious Denominations
in
County
294, 323
Reminiseenees, Mrs. Thomas
B. Adams.
475
Representation in Congress,
Ratio of.
35
Republican, Brookville. . 276, 275 Punxsutawney 279
Party
24, 334, 408
Organization 35, 337, 40%
Reptiles 136
Retailers, Lists of
1831, Rose Township. 2.44
1837
218
1860
219
Revenue Stamps.
348
Revolutionary War
152
Colored Soldiers in.
149
Reynolds, David and Albert. 458
Reynoldsville Borough . 237, 239, 465, 487
Churches - See Chapter
XVII 294
Newspapers 279
Seleet School. 290
Taxables and Property 220 & Falls Creek Railroad. ... 105
Richardsville . . 237, 239, 452, 453
Churches
301, 310, 319
First Common School ..... 286
Ridgway & Clearfield Rail- road 105
Early IFistory, 1852-1-56 .. 434
Summer School 441
Jacob
430
Township
.211. 430
Elections
.214, 224
Pioneer School Directors 265 State Aid for Schools.
285, 288
Riggs, Rev. Cyrus
295, 298, 299, 464, 495
Ringgold
.237, 239, 493
M. E. Charge
312
Schools
M. E. Church
313
214. 379, 466
Attendance in County ..... 293
Township
491
Dennison-Reunion
First School.
287
. . 466-467
Directors. Brookville. . 357, 358
Directors, Pioneer. .
.. 294
Roads and Bridges,
Early
Court Records.
86
Roads, Aets of Assembly Re- lating to. 91
County
414
Early
414, 417, 432
Expenses
97
Taxes
.95, 210, 213
Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co .. 109
& Pittsburgh Railroad
104
& State Line Road.
103
Rockaway Coaches
361
Rockdale Mills
237, 465
Rocky Bend.
235, 237
Rodgers, Dr. Mark
269, 273
Major William.
.353, 372
Roman Catholic Churches.319, 323
Rose Township.
211, 443
Boundaries
214
Elections
214, 224
First Common Schools.
287
Pioneer School.
283
Pioneer School Directors.
Polling Place.
356
Retailers, IS60
920
School Assessment.
357
State Aid for Schools. . 285, 288
Roseville
496
First Schoolhouse.
495
Grays
496
Race Ground.
445
Roster of Jefferson
County
Civil War Soldiers. . . 156-201
Round Top School. .
467
Rural Delivery Service
999
Carriers' Salary
229
Cost
229
In Jefferson County 239
Salem M. E. Church
311
Sales of Land.
73, 210
Salt
40, 42
Licks
.62, 117, 119, 411
Wells
477
Sand Spring, Brookville. 14, 16, 350, 372
Sandy Liek Creek.
. . 61, 64, 65, 67, 87, 351, 352 First Bridge Across. . 458
Sandy Valley. . . .. . 237. 239, 487 Sanitarium, Punxsutawney. . 429 Savings Banks. 346
Sawmills, Early
64
Schoffner, Henry.
501
Schoffner's Corners.236, 237, 502
School and Church
Notes,
Union Township
495
Schoolbooks, Early
281. 282, 286, 381, 444
Schoolhouses, Early.
242, 380
Schoolmasters, Pioneer.
251. 357, 381
Contract, 1836.
420
Old-Time Punishments Used
Bv
.251, 495
See also Township Chap- ters.
Mine 105 Retailers, 1860 220
323
Record, Brockwayville. 280 Party 336
Xxiv
HISTORICAL INDEX
Directors' Association Pro-
Domestic Science. 129
Early, Brookville 357
See also Township Chap- ters.
Evening 2-9
Free
350, 342
Graded, in County. 289
High
293
John A. Weber Manual
Training
-129
Medical Inspectors, 1915 .. 274
Pioneer
281
Trade in.
-107
Present, in County
350
Property, Value of. 3.80
Ridgway Summer
411
Select
290
Singing
373
State Aid for.
2-5, 2%5, 350, 31
State Normal in Pennsyl-
vania
293
Subscription
2×1, 252
Superintendents
255, 255, 290, 441
Taxes
.213, 380
Waite
246, 299, 466
Scofield, Judge Gleni W. 242
Scott, .John 491
Samnel
57, 55, 414
Sebeck 237
Seceder Church. 175
Second Regiment U. S. Sharje shooters
(See also Vol. 1I, page 125.) Select Schools. 290
Senatorial District, Jefferson County .210, 213, 223
Settlers in Jefferson County, Pioneer 56
Seven Wonders of the World, Modern 5 1
Seventy-Sixth Pennsylvania
Sewing Machine, First in
County 247
Shadagce (Knox Dale) . 507
Shaffer's Burying Ground 150. 456
Shamoka 61
( See also Vol. 11, page 125.) Sheriffs 213, 224
Sherwood 187
Shingle Weavers. 374
Shooting Stars, 1533 -11 Hunt 505 Sibley, Ami. 131 St. John's Lutheran Churches Sigel 62, 237, 239, 458 320, 321 M. E. Church 312
Silver Coinage United
States 314, 316
Singing Masters
Morrow's 361, 362 Schools 373
Six Nations (Iroquois In-
dians) . .. ... 5, 6, 22
Sixty- Second Pennsylvania
Volunteers
...
.. 158, 200
Sixty - seventh Pennsylvania
Volunteers .150, 200
Slavery in Pennsylvania. 22, 116, 383, 407
Negro 146
Origin of. 146
White 146, 149
Slaves, Auction of. 407
Fugitive 117
Value of. .. . 116, 147, 153, 407
Smith, George
134, 135
Prof. Sylvanus W. 201
Schoolhouse
467
Snake Bites.
136, 138, 139
Dens 136
Snakes and Other Reptiles. . 136
Habits of Snakes. 137, 139
Snake Charming 137, 135
Snyder Township.
450
Elections 215, 224
Retailers, 1560. 219
State Aid for Schools. 255
Social and Fraternal Or-
ganizations . . . . 321, 456, 489
Social Democratie Party.
336
Democratie Workingmen's Party 336
Habits of the Pioneers 3
Labor Party 336
Pleasures, Pioneer 81
Socialist Party 336
Labor Party 336
Soil in Jefferson County .. 60, 69
Soldier
238, 239, 487
Soldiers, Duties.
203
Home, Brookville. 394
Jefferson County in Civil War 156-201
Marching Equipment 155
Monument
400
Pay of.
205
Reunions
502
Sons of Liberty 331
Camps in County. 330
Speed of Animals 121
Spelling Bees. 35%
Spirit, Punxsutawney 279
Sprankle Mills 238, 239, 504
Spyker, Hon. Joel. 446
Squirrel
123, 121
Revenue 348 War, 1962. 348
Stanton (Belleview)
238, 446
Select School.
290
Stanton, Edwin M ..
338
State Aid for Schools ..
.285, 288
Anatomical Law-
True Story of Ineeption and Enactment.
252, 251, 26]
Banks
345, 346
Capitol
24
Constitutions
24, 240
Food Laws ..
27
Highway Department.
2.1
Insane Asylums.
27
Judiciary
243
Laws, Some.
26
Nicknames of States. 50
293 Normal Schools, List of .. Representatives from Jef- ferson County 223
Roads . . 57, 93, 98, 209, 350, 432 Senators 223
Taxes or Fees.
212
Taxes Paid by County 218
States, Samnel. 423
Statistical Record
of
the
United States.
349
Statistics, Church
323
Steam Navigation.
40, 41, 43, 44, 65, 66
Stone Coal.
106
Streams
61, 432
Acts of Assembly Relating to 67
Indian and Pioneer Names of 62
Stump Creek.
67, 68, 448
Subscription Schools.
.. 281, 282
Sugar Hill.
238, 451
Presbyterian Church .. 303
Summerville Borough (Troy) 238, 239, 478
Churches - See
Chapter
XVH. 294
Sunbury & Eric Railroad. . . . 433
Sunday, Observance of. . 416, 438
Schools
454, 474
First in World 305
Southerland, Charles.
129, 384
Forest Union ...
508
See also Chapter XVII, Churches 294
Superintendents of Schools .. 285, 288, 290, 441 Surgery, Old-Time and Mod- ern 251, 268
Surveyors, County. 226
Susquehanna Circuit, M. P ... 314 & Waterford Turnpike. . 91, 361 Swedish Settlers in Pennsyl- vania 22
Sykesville Borough.
.238, 239, 487, 490
M. E. Church.
313
Tabernacle Baptist Church .. 318 Tanneries . . 354. 442, 483, 487, 488, 515 Tar Burning .. .72, 73, 444
Henry
252
Spanish-American War 204
Sparrow
142
Sharpshooters, 1'. S. Second Regiment 187 Spinning 78
St. Peter's Reformed Church 315 Stages 98, 437
Drivers, 1532-1810. 362 and Mails, Brookville 390
Stamps, Postage. 229, 230 voedings 291
Struggle Between Indiana and Jefferson Counties .. 339 Seneca Hill Indians .6, 7. 12, 22, 418 Names of Streams. 62
Veterans 330, 456 Regiment 199
HISTORICAL INDEX
Taverns, Pioneer .. 99
See also Brookville and
Township Chapters.
Taxables, First County. . . 217, 413
1820
413
1837 21S
1915
220
See also Brookville and Township Chapters.
Taxes, County 213
Flour 213
Road 95
Teachers in County
380
Contract
420
Early
282, 286, 357
Institutes
290
Number in County
.291, 293
Pioneer
467, 46S
and Pupils, Ridgway Sum- mer Sehool. 441
Teaming, Early
92
Teamsters, Early. 432
Teitrick, Prof. Reed B .. 291
Telegraph Service in County 390, 488
Telephones in County.
... 55, 390, 428. 456, 478, 489
Temperance Societies .... 305, 330 In Jefferson County. 330
Templeton, Jesse .I.
175
Templeton, Mrs. Mary (Mc-
Knight)
363
Templeton, Thomas L .... 393, 394 Textbooks Used in Early
Schools .
. . 281, 282, 256, 381, 444
Thanksgiving Day
48
Days, Pioneer. 19
Thirty - third
Independent
Regiment 158
Thompson, John J. Y .. .. 258, 276, 389. 390, 498, 506
Thomson, John Edgar. .. 101, 102
Threshing, Early
70
Thundergust Mills 370
Tidings, Big Run
280
Timber Pirates
371
Prices 370, 371
Raft, Pioneer Square. 417
Timberlands in County 920
Timblin. 238, 239, 493
Tionesta Township.
460
Elections 215
Tipples 66
Toads 139
Toby's Creek. .
61. 67,
68
Token, Communion 296
Tollgate, The .. 98
Tolls on Streams
66
Topography,
Jefferson
County 60, 209
Tornado, An Early
405
43
Towns and Boroughs in Jef- ferson County 209
Location 209
Townships in County
221
Officials (See also Town- ship Chapters).
Population (See also Town-
ship Chapters) 221
Tragedy 506
Trail, Meade's Packhorse. 56 Rifle Association. .. 356
Traps and Pen, Animal. 115 Rifle Company, Brookville. 369 Travelers' Home llotel. 435 Vote, Popular, for Governor, 1790-1914 25
Treasurers, County. 224
Treasury Notes, Civil War 344 Jefferson
Treaty of 1653.
23
1854
337
1686 13 for President, 1832-1860 .. 337
1754
23
1864
339
1784
17, 24
1795
17, 18
Trees
62
Cork Pine. 487, 513
Tribune, Big Run
280
Punxsutawney
279
Trolley Serviee.
489, 490
Trousers
78, 206
Troy (Summerville) .238, 239. 478 Churches - See Chapter
XVII
294
Turkey Pens
Turkeys, Wild.
80
Warsaw (Jericho).
238, 483
Turnpike Charters.
92
Baptist Church.
319
M. E. Church. 310
Township
481
Taxables and Property . 220
Elections
215
Retailers, 1860
220
Washington Party.
336
Township
461
Elections
215
Pioneer School.
283
Retailers, 1860. 219
Washingtonians
331
Watches, Early.
377
Water Companies. . . 395, 428, 456 Waterworks, Brookville .... 378
Wealth of the United States,
1800-1914
.349, 350
Weasel
123
Weaving
78, 383
Weber.
John
A.,
Manual
Training & Domestic Sei- ence School. 429
Weddings, Pioneer.
82
Welsh Baptist Church.
318
Wesley M. E. Church
312
West Clarion.
451
Reynoldsville 465, 489
Westville.
238, 239,
465
Whig Party
334
Whisky
74
White Slavery
146, 149
White Slaves, Value of.
146
Whitesville
238, 290, 421
"Who Skinned the Nigger?" 252
Wild Animals ..
111
Bounties
114, 124,
.. .. . 134, 211, 213, 416, 436
Fear of Fire.
126
Habits
124, 136
Natural Life of. . 124, 136, 142
Pens and Traps.
115
Signals
126
Speed of
124
Value of Fur
136
Wild Bee
143
Boar
479
Cat (or Bobeat)
122
Bounties
211, 213
Vocational Iligh School
293
Wildeat Currency
345
for U. S. Senator, 1914. 38
Wages
403
Wagons,
Early
72, 362, 370
Waite Schoolhouse .. . 286, 299. 466 Walston. . .238, 239, 422
Warren and Jefferson County Turnpike 95
and Ridgway Turnpike. 96
Wars of the United States .. 152
('ost . ..
.152, 153, 154
War Stamps, 1862
348
Roads
91
First Stone.
92
Turtles
139
Two Hundred and Eleventh
Pennsylvania Volunteers
. . . 1$4, 200
Two
Hundred
and Sixth
Pennsylvania Volunteers 185
Ugly Run.
479
Underground
Railroad
in
Pennsylvania and Jeffer- son County. 147
Union Guards.
501
Union Township.
494
First Common School.
287
Pioneer School.
283
Uniforms, Railroad .. 101
United Brethren in Christ. .
.322, 323, 447. 477, 510
United Evangelical Church. . 323
United Presbyterians. ..
. 305
United States, Area of. .. 34, 349
Population
34, 349, 374
Presidents
Senators' and Representa-
tives' Salaries. .
52
Statistical Record.
349
Valier
238, 239, 421
M. E. Chureh.
312
Value of Church Property in
County
323
School Property
350
Taxable Property
in
County, 1829
218
1915 220
of Timber
65, 219
V'an Camp, Fudge.
.57, 59, 153, 414, 415 238
Vantassel
Vastbinder, Andrew
121
Jacob
114
Peter
114,
115
William
116
Vehicles, Early. . 72, 361, 362, 370
Venison Jerk
132
51
Tornadoes
Volunteer, Reynoldsville. .... 250
County, 1832-
Wild Cat Regiment . . .. .. 160 Wildwood Cemetery ... .... 450 Wilson, Judge Theophilus S. 242 Winebrennerian Denomina.
tion (Church of God). .. 323 Winslow ( Hudson ) 235, 238, 239, 180
Winslow Township.
Retailers 219 Taxables and Property 220 Wonders, Modern. 54
Wishaw
239. 487
Wolf
114, 116, 124
Bounties
114, 131, 213, 436
Habits
125, 136
Pen 116
HISTORICAL INDEX
Wolverines 115
Woman's Relief Corps. . . 329, 394
Present Corps in County. . 330 Women, Higher Education. . 378
Legal Rights and Status. ~ 1, 378 in Newspaper Work. 250
Suffrage .50, 379
Vocations, Past and Present 379
Woodland Cemetery 455
Worthville Borough.
239, 420, 491, 492, 493
Circuit
322
Presbyterian Church.
302
Wray, Rev. John. .300, 301, 436, 454
Yates, Arthur G 109
" Yellow Charley 107
Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation, Brookville .. 395
Young Township. .211, 421 Early Elections .214, 215, 224, 422
Pioneer School Directors .. 285 State Aid for Schools.285, 288 Taxables and Property. .. 220
Zion Cemetery
510
M. E. Church.
312
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
MeKnight, Dr. W. J. Frontispiece
Map of Jefferson County, Double Page .. . xxviii
Jefferson County in 1800 ....
Bear 113
Male
Panther
(Pennsylva-
nia ), Three
Years
Old,
Full Grown. . Bet. 114-115
S Wolf Bet. 114-115
17
Pennsylvania's Coat of Arms 21
Old State Capitol, Harrisburg, Pa.
Outline Map of Counties and State, 1800
34
Fox .
122
County Map of Pennsylvania U. S. Senator Boies Penrose. . 38 Opossum 123
U. S. Senator George T. Oliver
Liberty Bell
51 A Rattler and Blacksnake
Fight Bet. 136-137
5.8 Blacksnake Bet. 136-137
Skidding Logs
Rafting Timber, Clarion River
65
Turning Boat 65
Plot, Town of Brookville. 352
Western Entrance to Brook-
ville, 1840 560
Brookville Kitchen, 1840. 360
Paul Darling 397
Fathers
of the
Brookville
Cemetery Bet. 400-401 Paul Darling Memorial, Brookville Cemetery.
. Bet. 100-401
Soldiers' Monument, Brook-
ville Cemetery ..... Bet. 400-401
View of the Borough of Punxsutawney in 1876 .... 426 Jaeoh Ridgway, Merchant Prince 431
Map of Elk County, 1905. ... 432 Map of Forest County, 1905. 449 Andrew Hunter 462
The Original Homestead of Andrew Bowers in Gaskill
Township, Jefferson County. Built in 1825 4.80
Squirrel 113 Branding Slaves 148
Writ of Execution, 1833. 151
Jesse Jamison Templeton . 178
Army Pass 203
Map of Jefferson County, 1$50 205
Pioneer Courthouse and Jail, 1831 216
Courthouse and Jail, 1915. . 216
Map of Jefferson County, 1905 221 llon. E. Heath Clark. 242
Cabin Barn 250
Pioneer Cabin 250
View of Brookville in 1857 .. 252
Templeton, Mrs. Mary ( Me- Knight) 257
John J. Ypsilanti Thompson. 258 A. A. MeKnight, Esq. . 259
Residence of A. M. Clarke, M. D. 260
Pioneer Schoolhouse 252
Abraham Lincoln 338
Gen. George B. MeClellan, 33S
Edwin M. Stanton 33S
Old Paper Money. 345
Rafting on Allegheny River. 65 Rattlesnake 137
Building Boat on Clarion River
65
Raven 139
Bald Eagle 139
Taking Out a Timber Stick. . 72
Grouse or Pheasant 139
Making Maple Sugar. 72 Wild Turkey 139
Early Barn
75 American Goshawk 140
Fat Lamp and Snuffers 76 Ilawk 1440
Spinning- Wheel, . Reel and Bed-Warmer
Red-Shouldered Hawk 140
Sharp-Shinned Hawk 140
Large Spinning- Wheel 75 Wild Pigeon 141
Flax Brake
78
Hawks
141
Old Marriage Certificates 55
Conestoga Wagon
92
Passenger Pigeon, Mature and Young
141
Bennett's Stage and Mor- row's Team
92
Straw Bee-scap
143
Stage Coach, 1824-1850 99
Charles Brown Ilandeuffed
Port Barnett
99 and Shackled in Brook-
Pioneer Railroad Train in
ville, 1834 148
United States 100
Beaver 113
Buffalo 113
Bear Trap-Common Brown
Captain George Smoke and
Ilis Cousin John Smoke .. Indian Stoekade (Bark Houses )
5
Cornplanter
Female Panther (Pennsylva-
nia), Two Years Old, Not Full Grown .. Bet. 114-115
21 American Elk 116
Jim Jacobs 121
37 Pennsylvania Bear 122
Bill Long 126
39 George Smith 134
Raising the First Sawmill, 1797
64 Banded Rattlesnake. . Bet. 136-137 Copperhead Bet. 136-137 Dr. Ferd lloffman, of Brook- ville 137
Crow 139
Ox Yoke and Tin Lantern .. 70
Blue Jay 142
Blacksnake Whip
Sil
xxvii
CLEARFIELD
....
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N .....
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DESIRE
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R
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HEN
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INDEOLO
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WALSTO
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TROSTOURS
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INDIANA
COUNTY
COUNTY
SIMCJAILLE
...... ,17 .
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ARMSTRONG
COUNTY
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MAP OF
JEFF
ONO
COUNTY
FOREST
SHOWING - ROAD-STREAMS TOWNS- RAIL ROADS STREET CAR LINES - APPROXIMATE LOCATION Of WARRANTS. TORNSHIP LINES
MARRANT LINES
RAILROADS
STREET CAR LINES ROAD5
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OOKVILLE
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19087
PENNSYLVANIA
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ca
JOHN R GOURLEY CS REVISED 1916 8Y J. FRANK ARTHURS C.S.
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PUEBLO
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ط
History of Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
.
CONDITIONS IN 1800-SOCIAL HABITS OF THE PIONEERS-CHRISTIANITY OF THOSE TIMES, ETC.
At this time all the pioneers have passed away. Every true citizen now and in the future of Jefferson county must ever possess a feeling of deep veneration for the brave men and courageous women who penetrated this wilderness and inaugurated civilization where savages and wild beasts reigned supreme. These heroie men and women migrated to this forest and endured all the hardships incidental to that day and life, and through their labors and tribulations they have transmitted to us all the comforts and conveniences of a high civilization. The graves have closed over all of them, and I have been deprived of the great personal assistance they could have been to me in writing this history.
In 1800 railroads were unknown. The first line was fourteen miles long-the Baltimore & Ohio, in 1830. The next was the South Carolina railway line, one hundred and thirty- six miles long, and at the time the longest rail- road in the world. In 1833 there were but sixteen passenger locomotives in the United States. In 1915 there are in the United States two hundred and fifty-seven thousand miles of line and a total of over three hundred and eighty thousand miles of track of all kinds. This great system of steel highways represents a capitalization of sixteen billions of dollars and an actual property investment much in ex- cess of that sum. Two million men and women are employed in the service of our railroads, and, counting their families, upward of seven millions of people are supported by these employes, whose compensation amounted
to more than one and a quarter billions of dol- lars in 1915.
CONDITIONS IN 1800
In the year 1800 men were imprisoned for debt and kept in prison until the last farthing was paid. The jails of that day were but little better than dungeons. There was no Woman's Christian Temperance Union, no Woman's Relief Corps, no Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals or Children.
In 1800 domestic comforts were few. No stove had been invented. Large, deep fire- places with cranes, andirons and bake-ovens were the only means of heating and cooking. Friction-matches were unknown. If the fire of the house went out, you had to rekindle with a flint or borrow of your neighbor. I have borrowed fire. House furniture was then meagre and rough. There were no window blinds or carpets. Rich people white- washed their ceilings and rooms, and covered their parlor floors with white sand. Hence the old couplet :
Oh, dear mother, my toes are sore, A dancing over your sanded floor.
In 1800 training day was a great event. All men were required by law to participate in a day of general military drill. No uniforms were worn, save the homespun dress of each soldier. The companies were armed with sticks, pikes, muskets or guns, and were pre-
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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
ceded in their marches by a fife or drum. An odd and comie sight it was. I have seen it in Brookville.
Rural amusements in 1800 were shooting matches, rollings, huskings, scutchings, flax breakings, apple parings and quiltings. Danc- ing was not entirely overlooked. Books were few and but little schooling to be had. Wom- an's extravagance in dress was then and is now a juicy topic for grumblers.
When George Washington was president. our territory was small, only thirteen States, and our population but three millions. In 1800 the population was 5.305,925. Now our nation has grown to forty-eight States, and our peo- ple increased to over a hundred millions, and our country advanced from extreme poverty to the richest on earth. Our territory has be- come as large as Russia in Europe, Norway. Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Ger- many, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portgual, France, Great Britain and Ireland, fronting on two great oceans, and populated, too, with a people only eight per cent. of whom are unable to read and write.
In 1800 Philadelphia and New York were but overgrown villages, and Chicago was un- known. There were only five large cities in the United States. Philadelphia was the largest with 66,000 population, New York was next with 60,000. Baltimore was third with 26,000, Boston fourth with 25,000, Charleston, South Carolina, fifth with 19,000 people. Now we have a dozen cities any one of which would represent the urban population of the country a century ago.
In 1800 Jefferson county was unknown, with only two white men living within her borders. Nature reigned supreme. The shade of the forest was heavy the whole day through. Now our county contains a population of over 63,090. We have schools, churches, tele- graphs, telephones and court all the time.
The great coal deposits that underlie forty- two of our counties were known to exist at that early date, but the use of coal was not understood. Some hard coal was mined and shipped to Philadelphia for a market, but not knowing what to do with it, it was finally used to repair the roads. Our people are alive to- day to the use of .coke, coal. hard and soft, as yearly the mining exhibits show.
In 1800 there was no terra cotta, no eleva- tors, steam heating, electric lighting, concrete, asbestos, hoisting machines, sanitary plumb- ing, tile ; no coke, no commercial bread baking. no skyscrapers, no wireless telegraphy, no stump machines. no talking machines, no
dictographs, no adding machines, no cash registers, no addressographs, no free mail de- livery, no ready-made clothing, no Fairbanks' scales, no ice houses, no linotype (only nine inventions, including the "old gray goose quill and pokeberry ink," both of which I have used in my schooldays. ) no aeroplanes. I have lived to see an aeroplane fly in fifteen minutes from Brookville to Punxsutawney. There were no aniline dyes, no antesthetics and painless sur- gery, no hypodermic syringe, no guncotton, 110 nitroglycerine, no dynamite, no giant powder,
R.TRUMAN
JEFFERSON COUNTY IN 1800
no andiphones, pneumatic tubes or type- writers, no cotton gin, no planting machine, no mower or reaper, no hayrake, no hayfork, no corn sheller, no rotary printing press, no sewing machine, no knitting machine, no en- velopes for letters, no India rubber goods for syringes, coats, shoes or cloaks, no grain elevator except man, no artificial ice, no steel pens, no telegraph or telephone, no street cars, no steam mills, no daguerreotypes or photo- graphs, no steam ploughs, no steam thresher (only the old hand flail), no windmill, and no millionaire in the whole country. George Washington was the richest man, and he was
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