Jefferson County, Pennsylvania : her pioneers and people, 1800-1915, Volume I, Part 3

Author: McKnight, W. J. (William James), 1836-1918
Publication date: 1917
Publisher: Chicago : J.H. Beers
Number of Pages: 650


USA > Pennsylvania > Jefferson County > Jefferson County, Pennsylvania : her pioneers and people, 1800-1915, Volume I > Part 3


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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223


Party System First Used. . 336 Polities in County, 1840 .... 360 Polk, Rev. David.


295, 296, 295, 301


Township


501


Poll Evil, Old Time Cure 368


Coal Mining in County 107


Conditions


County Law


210


356


Township


473


Porcupine


.


73


HISTORICAL INDEX


xxiii


Progressive Party 336


Prohibition 331


in Pennsylvania .. 24, 26


Property, Jefferson County- .61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 351, 352


Church, Value of. 323


School, Value of 380


Taxable, 1829.


215


1915 220


Prospect Hill (Reynoldsville )


236, 237, 239, 465, 458


Protestant Episcopal Denomi- nation 315, Prothonotaries, Registers and Recorders 213, 225


State Tax on Fees. . 212


Publie Debt, United States .. 349 Institutions, Brookville ... 394


Schools and Buildings. 396 Schools 281-294


Puekerty 477


Pueblo 237, 483


Pugilists, Brookville's Early 385


Puma


114


Punxsutawney ... 13, 14, 16, 422 Representatives in Congress from Jefferson County. . 223


Agricultural Association ... 334 Business and Development. 427 Churches, See Chapter


XVII 294


Country Club. 429


Elections


426


First Common


School.


256


Formation of Borough.


425


Fraternal and Social Or-


ganizations


32-4


Hospital 429


Newspapers


278


Original Site. 423


Population


426


Post Offiee. . . 232, 237, 239, 427


Retailers, IS60


219, 220


Sanitarium


420


Schools


282, 286, 290


Taxables


and


Property,


1915 220


Pythianism


in


Jefferson


County 327


Raft, First Board in Jeffer- son County .. 59


Rafting and Lumbering.


64, 370, 371, 417, 458


Raftsmen


.64, 371, 417


Railroads


1, 40,


41, 44, 45, 100, 428, 433, 488 Electrie 428


Elevated


Sleeping


and Chair


Cars


101, 104


Uniforms


101


Wrecks .45, 103


Ramsaytown 237, 239, 507


Rates of Postage


.230, 376, 403


Rathmel


.237, 239, 487


Rattlesnake


125, 136,


137, 138, 411, 420, 449, 453


Den 483


Run


61


Raven 139, 142


Rebellion, 1861-65. 154


Pennsylvania's Part in. 45, 154


Red Bank Creek ...


Navigation Co. 64. 65


Redemptioners 149


Red Lion Hotel. 3SS


Red Meu.


459


Redstart


142


Reed, Judge John W 242


Reed, J. S ..


274


Reformed, Associate Speeders 477 Churches and Pastors. . 315, 323 Register, Brockwayville .. 250


Registers and Recorders,


County 213, 225 State Tax on Fees 212


Religious Denominations


in


County


294, 323


Reminiseenees, Mrs. Thomas


B. Adams.


475


Representation in Congress,


Ratio of.


35


Republican, Brookville. . 276, 275 Punxsutawney 279


Party


24, 334, 408


Organization 35, 337, 40%


Reptiles 136


Retailers, Lists of


1831, Rose Township. 2.44


1837


218


1860


219


Revenue Stamps.


348


Revolutionary War


152


Colored Soldiers in.


149


Reynolds, David and Albert. 458


Reynoldsville Borough . 237, 239, 465, 487


Churches - See Chapter


XVII 294


Newspapers 279


Seleet School. 290


Taxables and Property 220 & Falls Creek Railroad. ... 105


Richardsville . . 237, 239, 452, 453


Churches


301, 310, 319


First Common School ..... 286


Ridgway & Clearfield Rail- road 105


Early IFistory, 1852-1-56 .. 434


Summer School 441


Jacob


430


Township


.211. 430


Elections


.214, 224


Pioneer School Directors 265 State Aid for Schools.


285, 288


Riggs, Rev. Cyrus


295, 298, 299, 464, 495


Ringgold


.237, 239, 493


M. E. Charge


312


Schools


M. E. Church


313


214. 379, 466


Attendance in County ..... 293


Township


491


Dennison-Reunion


First School.


287


. . 466-467


Directors. Brookville. . 357, 358


Directors, Pioneer. .


.. 294


Roads and Bridges,


Early


Court Records.


86


Roads, Aets of Assembly Re- lating to. 91


County


414


Early


414, 417, 432


Expenses


97


Taxes


.95, 210, 213


Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co .. 109


& Pittsburgh Railroad


104


& State Line Road.


103


Rockaway Coaches


361


Rockdale Mills


237, 465


Rocky Bend.


235, 237


Rodgers, Dr. Mark


269, 273


Major William.


.353, 372


Roman Catholic Churches.319, 323


Rose Township.


211, 443


Boundaries


214


Elections


214, 224


First Common Schools.


287


Pioneer School.


283


Pioneer School Directors.


Polling Place.


356


Retailers, IS60


920


School Assessment.


357


State Aid for Schools. . 285, 288


Roseville


496


First Schoolhouse.


495


Grays


496


Race Ground.


445


Roster of Jefferson


County


Civil War Soldiers. . . 156-201


Round Top School. .


467


Rural Delivery Service


999


Carriers' Salary


229


Cost


229


In Jefferson County 239


Salem M. E. Church


311


Sales of Land.


73, 210


Salt


40, 42


Licks


.62, 117, 119, 411


Wells


477


Sand Spring, Brookville. 14, 16, 350, 372


Sandy Liek Creek.


. . 61, 64, 65, 67, 87, 351, 352 First Bridge Across. . 458


Sandy Valley. . . .. . 237. 239, 487 Sanitarium, Punxsutawney. . 429 Savings Banks. 346


Sawmills, Early


64


Schoffner, Henry.


501


Schoffner's Corners.236, 237, 502


School and Church


Notes,


Union Township


495


Schoolbooks, Early


281. 282, 286, 381, 444


Schoolhouses, Early.


242, 380


Schoolmasters, Pioneer.


251. 357, 381


Contract, 1836.


420


Old-Time Punishments Used


Bv


.251, 495


See also Township Chap- ters.


Mine 105 Retailers, 1860 220


323


Record, Brockwayville. 280 Party 336


Xxiv


HISTORICAL INDEX


Directors' Association Pro-


Domestic Science. 129


Early, Brookville 357


See also Township Chap- ters.


Evening 2-9


Free


350, 342


Graded, in County. 289


High


293


John A. Weber Manual


Training


-129


Medical Inspectors, 1915 .. 274


Pioneer


281


Trade in.


-107


Present, in County


350


Property, Value of. 3.80


Ridgway Summer


411


Select


290


Singing


373


State Aid for.


2-5, 2%5, 350, 31


State Normal in Pennsyl-


vania


293


Subscription


2×1, 252


Superintendents


255, 255, 290, 441


Taxes


.213, 380


Waite


246, 299, 466


Scofield, Judge Gleni W. 242


Scott, .John 491


Samnel


57, 55, 414


Sebeck 237


Seceder Church. 175


Second Regiment U. S. Sharje shooters


(See also Vol. 1I, page 125.) Select Schools. 290


Senatorial District, Jefferson County .210, 213, 223


Settlers in Jefferson County, Pioneer 56


Seven Wonders of the World, Modern 5 1


Seventy-Sixth Pennsylvania


Sewing Machine, First in


County 247


Shadagce (Knox Dale) . 507


Shaffer's Burying Ground 150. 456


Shamoka 61


( See also Vol. 11, page 125.) Sheriffs 213, 224


Sherwood 187


Shingle Weavers. 374


Shooting Stars, 1533 -11 Hunt 505 Sibley, Ami. 131 St. John's Lutheran Churches Sigel 62, 237, 239, 458 320, 321 M. E. Church 312


Silver Coinage United


States 314, 316


Singing Masters


Morrow's 361, 362 Schools 373


Six Nations (Iroquois In-


dians) . .. ... 5, 6, 22


Sixty- Second Pennsylvania


Volunteers


...


.. 158, 200


Sixty - seventh Pennsylvania


Volunteers .150, 200


Slavery in Pennsylvania. 22, 116, 383, 407


Negro 146


Origin of. 146


White 146, 149


Slaves, Auction of. 407


Fugitive 117


Value of. .. . 116, 147, 153, 407


Smith, George


134, 135


Prof. Sylvanus W. 201


Schoolhouse


467


Snake Bites.


136, 138, 139


Dens 136


Snakes and Other Reptiles. . 136


Habits of Snakes. 137, 139


Snake Charming 137, 135


Snyder Township.


450


Elections 215, 224


Retailers, 1560. 219


State Aid for Schools. 255


Social and Fraternal Or-


ganizations . . . . 321, 456, 489


Social Democratie Party.


336


Democratie Workingmen's Party 336


Habits of the Pioneers 3


Labor Party 336


Pleasures, Pioneer 81


Socialist Party 336


Labor Party 336


Soil in Jefferson County .. 60, 69


Soldier


238, 239, 487


Soldiers, Duties.


203


Home, Brookville. 394


Jefferson County in Civil War 156-201


Marching Equipment 155


Monument


400


Pay of.


205


Reunions


502


Sons of Liberty 331


Camps in County. 330


Speed of Animals 121


Spelling Bees. 35%


Spirit, Punxsutawney 279


Sprankle Mills 238, 239, 504


Spyker, Hon. Joel. 446


Squirrel


123, 121


Revenue 348 War, 1962. 348


Stanton (Belleview)


238, 446


Select School.


290


Stanton, Edwin M ..


338


State Aid for Schools ..


.285, 288


Anatomical Law-


True Story of Ineeption and Enactment.


252, 251, 26]


Banks


345, 346


Capitol


24


Constitutions


24, 240


Food Laws ..


27


Highway Department.


2.1


Insane Asylums.


27


Judiciary


243


Laws, Some.


26


Nicknames of States. 50


293 Normal Schools, List of .. Representatives from Jef- ferson County 223


Roads . . 57, 93, 98, 209, 350, 432 Senators 223


Taxes or Fees.


212


Taxes Paid by County 218


States, Samnel. 423


Statistical Record


of


the


United States.


349


Statistics, Church


323


Steam Navigation.


40, 41, 43, 44, 65, 66


Stone Coal.


106


Streams


61, 432


Acts of Assembly Relating to 67


Indian and Pioneer Names of 62


Stump Creek.


67, 68, 448


Subscription Schools.


.. 281, 282


Sugar Hill.


238, 451


Presbyterian Church .. 303


Summerville Borough (Troy) 238, 239, 478


Churches - See


Chapter


XVH. 294


Sunbury & Eric Railroad. . . . 433


Sunday, Observance of. . 416, 438


Schools


454, 474


First in World 305


Southerland, Charles.


129, 384


Forest Union ...


508


See also Chapter XVII, Churches 294


Superintendents of Schools .. 285, 288, 290, 441 Surgery, Old-Time and Mod- ern 251, 268


Surveyors, County. 226


Susquehanna Circuit, M. P ... 314 & Waterford Turnpike. . 91, 361 Swedish Settlers in Pennsyl- vania 22


Sykesville Borough.


.238, 239, 487, 490


M. E. Church.


313


Tabernacle Baptist Church .. 318 Tanneries . . 354. 442, 483, 487, 488, 515 Tar Burning .. .72, 73, 444


Henry


252


Spanish-American War 204


Sparrow


142


Sharpshooters, 1'. S. Second Regiment 187 Spinning 78


St. Peter's Reformed Church 315 Stages 98, 437


Drivers, 1532-1810. 362 and Mails, Brookville 390


Stamps, Postage. 229, 230 voedings 291


Struggle Between Indiana and Jefferson Counties .. 339 Seneca Hill Indians .6, 7. 12, 22, 418 Names of Streams. 62


Veterans 330, 456 Regiment 199


HISTORICAL INDEX


Taverns, Pioneer .. 99


See also Brookville and


Township Chapters.


Taxables, First County. . . 217, 413


1820


413


1837 21S


1915


220


See also Brookville and Township Chapters.


Taxes, County 213


Flour 213


Road 95


Teachers in County


380


Contract


420


Early


282, 286, 357


Institutes


290


Number in County


.291, 293


Pioneer


467, 46S


and Pupils, Ridgway Sum- mer Sehool. 441


Teaming, Early


92


Teamsters, Early. 432


Teitrick, Prof. Reed B .. 291


Telegraph Service in County 390, 488


Telephones in County.


... 55, 390, 428. 456, 478, 489


Temperance Societies .... 305, 330 In Jefferson County. 330


Templeton, Jesse .I.


175


Templeton, Mrs. Mary (Mc-


Knight)


363


Templeton, Thomas L .... 393, 394 Textbooks Used in Early


Schools .


. . 281, 282, 256, 381, 444


Thanksgiving Day


48


Days, Pioneer. 19


Thirty - third


Independent


Regiment 158


Thompson, John J. Y .. .. 258, 276, 389. 390, 498, 506


Thomson, John Edgar. .. 101, 102


Threshing, Early


70


Thundergust Mills 370


Tidings, Big Run


280


Timber Pirates


371


Prices 370, 371


Raft, Pioneer Square. 417


Timberlands in County 920


Timblin. 238, 239, 493


Tionesta Township.


460


Elections 215


Tipples 66


Toads 139


Toby's Creek. .


61. 67,


68


Token, Communion 296


Tollgate, The .. 98


Tolls on Streams


66


Topography,


Jefferson


County 60, 209


Tornado, An Early


405


43


Towns and Boroughs in Jef- ferson County 209


Location 209


Townships in County


221


Officials (See also Town- ship Chapters).


Population (See also Town-


ship Chapters) 221


Tragedy 506


Trail, Meade's Packhorse. 56 Rifle Association. .. 356


Traps and Pen, Animal. 115 Rifle Company, Brookville. 369 Travelers' Home llotel. 435 Vote, Popular, for Governor, 1790-1914 25


Treasurers, County. 224


Treasury Notes, Civil War 344 Jefferson


Treaty of 1653.


23


1854


337


1686 13 for President, 1832-1860 .. 337


1754


23


1864


339


1784


17, 24


1795


17, 18


Trees


62


Cork Pine. 487, 513


Tribune, Big Run


280


Punxsutawney


279


Trolley Serviee.


489, 490


Trousers


78, 206


Troy (Summerville) .238, 239. 478 Churches - See Chapter


XVII


294


Turkey Pens


Turkeys, Wild.


80


Warsaw (Jericho).


238, 483


Turnpike Charters.


92


Baptist Church.


319


M. E. Church. 310


Township


481


Taxables and Property . 220


Elections


215


Retailers, 1860


220


Washington Party.


336


Township


461


Elections


215


Pioneer School.


283


Retailers, 1860. 219


Washingtonians


331


Watches, Early.


377


Water Companies. . . 395, 428, 456 Waterworks, Brookville .... 378


Wealth of the United States,


1800-1914


.349, 350


Weasel


123


Weaving


78, 383


Weber.


John


A.,


Manual


Training & Domestic Sei- ence School. 429


Weddings, Pioneer.


82


Welsh Baptist Church.


318


Wesley M. E. Church


312


West Clarion.


451


Reynoldsville 465, 489


Westville.


238, 239,


465


Whig Party


334


Whisky


74


White Slavery


146, 149


White Slaves, Value of.


146


Whitesville


238, 290, 421


"Who Skinned the Nigger?" 252


Wild Animals ..


111


Bounties


114, 124,


.. .. . 134, 211, 213, 416, 436


Fear of Fire.


126


Habits


124, 136


Natural Life of. . 124, 136, 142


Pens and Traps.


115


Signals


126


Speed of


124


Value of Fur


136


Wild Bee


143


Boar


479


Cat (or Bobeat)


122


Bounties


211, 213


Vocational Iligh School


293


Wildeat Currency


345


for U. S. Senator, 1914. 38


Wages


403


Wagons,


Early


72, 362, 370


Waite Schoolhouse .. . 286, 299. 466 Walston. . .238, 239, 422


Warren and Jefferson County Turnpike 95


and Ridgway Turnpike. 96


Wars of the United States .. 152


('ost . ..


.152, 153, 154


War Stamps, 1862


348


Roads


91


First Stone.


92


Turtles


139


Two Hundred and Eleventh


Pennsylvania Volunteers


. . . 1$4, 200


Two


Hundred


and Sixth


Pennsylvania Volunteers 185


Ugly Run.


479


Underground


Railroad


in


Pennsylvania and Jeffer- son County. 147


Union Guards.


501


Union Township.


494


First Common School.


287


Pioneer School.


283


Uniforms, Railroad .. 101


United Brethren in Christ. .


.322, 323, 447. 477, 510


United Evangelical Church. . 323


United Presbyterians. ..


. 305


United States, Area of. .. 34, 349


Population


34, 349, 374


Presidents


Senators' and Representa-


tives' Salaries. .


52


Statistical Record.


349


Valier


238, 239, 421


M. E. Chureh.


312


Value of Church Property in


County


323


School Property


350


Taxable Property


in


County, 1829


218


1915 220


of Timber


65, 219


V'an Camp, Fudge.


.57, 59, 153, 414, 415 238


Vantassel


Vastbinder, Andrew


121


Jacob


114


Peter


114,


115


William


116


Vehicles, Early. . 72, 361, 362, 370


Venison Jerk


132


51


Tornadoes


Volunteer, Reynoldsville. .... 250


County, 1832-


Wild Cat Regiment . . .. .. 160 Wildwood Cemetery ... .... 450 Wilson, Judge Theophilus S. 242 Winebrennerian Denomina.


tion (Church of God). .. 323 Winslow ( Hudson ) 235, 238, 239, 180


Winslow Township.


Retailers 219 Taxables and Property 220 Wonders, Modern. 54


Wishaw


239. 487


Wolf


114, 116, 124


Bounties


114, 131, 213, 436


Habits


125, 136


Pen 116


HISTORICAL INDEX


Wolverines 115


Woman's Relief Corps. . . 329, 394


Present Corps in County. . 330 Women, Higher Education. . 378


Legal Rights and Status. ~ 1, 378 in Newspaper Work. 250


Suffrage .50, 379


Vocations, Past and Present 379


Woodland Cemetery 455


Worthville Borough.


239, 420, 491, 492, 493


Circuit


322


Presbyterian Church.


302


Wray, Rev. John. .300, 301, 436, 454


Yates, Arthur G 109


" Yellow Charley 107


Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation, Brookville .. 395


Young Township. .211, 421 Early Elections .214, 215, 224, 422


Pioneer School Directors .. 285 State Aid for Schools.285, 288 Taxables and Property. .. 220


Zion Cemetery


510


M. E. Church.


312


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


MeKnight, Dr. W. J. Frontispiece


Map of Jefferson County, Double Page .. . xxviii


Jefferson County in 1800 ....


Bear 113


Male


Panther


(Pennsylva-


nia ), Three


Years


Old,


Full Grown. . Bet. 114-115


S Wolf Bet. 114-115


17


Pennsylvania's Coat of Arms 21


Old State Capitol, Harrisburg, Pa.


Outline Map of Counties and State, 1800


34


Fox .


122


County Map of Pennsylvania U. S. Senator Boies Penrose. . 38 Opossum 123


U. S. Senator George T. Oliver


Liberty Bell


51 A Rattler and Blacksnake


Fight Bet. 136-137


5.8 Blacksnake Bet. 136-137


Skidding Logs


Rafting Timber, Clarion River


65


Turning Boat 65


Plot, Town of Brookville. 352


Western Entrance to Brook-


ville, 1840 560


Brookville Kitchen, 1840. 360


Paul Darling 397


Fathers


of the


Brookville


Cemetery Bet. 400-401 Paul Darling Memorial, Brookville Cemetery.


. Bet. 100-401


Soldiers' Monument, Brook-


ville Cemetery ..... Bet. 400-401


View of the Borough of Punxsutawney in 1876 .... 426 Jaeoh Ridgway, Merchant Prince 431


Map of Elk County, 1905. ... 432 Map of Forest County, 1905. 449 Andrew Hunter 462


The Original Homestead of Andrew Bowers in Gaskill


Township, Jefferson County. Built in 1825 4.80


Squirrel 113 Branding Slaves 148


Writ of Execution, 1833. 151


Jesse Jamison Templeton . 178


Army Pass 203


Map of Jefferson County, 1$50 205


Pioneer Courthouse and Jail, 1831 216


Courthouse and Jail, 1915. . 216


Map of Jefferson County, 1905 221 llon. E. Heath Clark. 242


Cabin Barn 250


Pioneer Cabin 250


View of Brookville in 1857 .. 252


Templeton, Mrs. Mary ( Me- Knight) 257


John J. Ypsilanti Thompson. 258 A. A. MeKnight, Esq. . 259


Residence of A. M. Clarke, M. D. 260


Pioneer Schoolhouse 252


Abraham Lincoln 338


Gen. George B. MeClellan, 33S


Edwin M. Stanton 33S


Old Paper Money. 345


Rafting on Allegheny River. 65 Rattlesnake 137


Building Boat on Clarion River


65


Raven 139


Bald Eagle 139


Taking Out a Timber Stick. . 72


Grouse or Pheasant 139


Making Maple Sugar. 72 Wild Turkey 139


Early Barn


75 American Goshawk 140


Fat Lamp and Snuffers 76 Ilawk 1440


Spinning- Wheel, . Reel and Bed-Warmer


Red-Shouldered Hawk 140


Sharp-Shinned Hawk 140


Large Spinning- Wheel 75 Wild Pigeon 141


Flax Brake


78


Hawks


141


Old Marriage Certificates 55


Conestoga Wagon


92


Passenger Pigeon, Mature and Young


141


Bennett's Stage and Mor- row's Team


92


Straw Bee-scap


143


Stage Coach, 1824-1850 99


Charles Brown Ilandeuffed


Port Barnett


99 and Shackled in Brook-


Pioneer Railroad Train in


ville, 1834 148


United States 100


Beaver 113


Buffalo 113


Bear Trap-Common Brown


Captain George Smoke and


Ilis Cousin John Smoke .. Indian Stoekade (Bark Houses )


5


Cornplanter


Female Panther (Pennsylva-


nia), Two Years Old, Not Full Grown .. Bet. 114-115


21 American Elk 116


Jim Jacobs 121


37 Pennsylvania Bear 122


Bill Long 126


39 George Smith 134


Raising the First Sawmill, 1797


64 Banded Rattlesnake. . Bet. 136-137 Copperhead Bet. 136-137 Dr. Ferd lloffman, of Brook- ville 137


Crow 139


Ox Yoke and Tin Lantern .. 70


Blue Jay 142


Blacksnake Whip


Sil


xxvii


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INDIANA


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COUNTY


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MAP OF


JEFF


ONO


COUNTY


FOREST


SHOWING - ROAD-STREAMS TOWNS- RAIL ROADS STREET CAR LINES - APPROXIMATE LOCATION Of WARRANTS. TORNSHIP LINES


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JOHN R GOURLEY CS REVISED 1916 8Y J. FRANK ARTHURS C.S.


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History of Jefferson County, Pennsylvania


CHAPTER I


INTRODUCTORY


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CONDITIONS IN 1800-SOCIAL HABITS OF THE PIONEERS-CHRISTIANITY OF THOSE TIMES, ETC.


At this time all the pioneers have passed away. Every true citizen now and in the future of Jefferson county must ever possess a feeling of deep veneration for the brave men and courageous women who penetrated this wilderness and inaugurated civilization where savages and wild beasts reigned supreme. These heroie men and women migrated to this forest and endured all the hardships incidental to that day and life, and through their labors and tribulations they have transmitted to us all the comforts and conveniences of a high civilization. The graves have closed over all of them, and I have been deprived of the great personal assistance they could have been to me in writing this history.


In 1800 railroads were unknown. The first line was fourteen miles long-the Baltimore & Ohio, in 1830. The next was the South Carolina railway line, one hundred and thirty- six miles long, and at the time the longest rail- road in the world. In 1833 there were but sixteen passenger locomotives in the United States. In 1915 there are in the United States two hundred and fifty-seven thousand miles of line and a total of over three hundred and eighty thousand miles of track of all kinds. This great system of steel highways represents a capitalization of sixteen billions of dollars and an actual property investment much in ex- cess of that sum. Two million men and women are employed in the service of our railroads, and, counting their families, upward of seven millions of people are supported by these employes, whose compensation amounted


to more than one and a quarter billions of dol- lars in 1915.


CONDITIONS IN 1800


In the year 1800 men were imprisoned for debt and kept in prison until the last farthing was paid. The jails of that day were but little better than dungeons. There was no Woman's Christian Temperance Union, no Woman's Relief Corps, no Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals or Children.


In 1800 domestic comforts were few. No stove had been invented. Large, deep fire- places with cranes, andirons and bake-ovens were the only means of heating and cooking. Friction-matches were unknown. If the fire of the house went out, you had to rekindle with a flint or borrow of your neighbor. I have borrowed fire. House furniture was then meagre and rough. There were no window blinds or carpets. Rich people white- washed their ceilings and rooms, and covered their parlor floors with white sand. Hence the old couplet :


Oh, dear mother, my toes are sore, A dancing over your sanded floor.


In 1800 training day was a great event. All men were required by law to participate in a day of general military drill. No uniforms were worn, save the homespun dress of each soldier. The companies were armed with sticks, pikes, muskets or guns, and were pre-


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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA


ceded in their marches by a fife or drum. An odd and comie sight it was. I have seen it in Brookville.


Rural amusements in 1800 were shooting matches, rollings, huskings, scutchings, flax breakings, apple parings and quiltings. Danc- ing was not entirely overlooked. Books were few and but little schooling to be had. Wom- an's extravagance in dress was then and is now a juicy topic for grumblers.


When George Washington was president. our territory was small, only thirteen States, and our population but three millions. In 1800 the population was 5.305,925. Now our nation has grown to forty-eight States, and our peo- ple increased to over a hundred millions, and our country advanced from extreme poverty to the richest on earth. Our territory has be- come as large as Russia in Europe, Norway. Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Ger- many, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portgual, France, Great Britain and Ireland, fronting on two great oceans, and populated, too, with a people only eight per cent. of whom are unable to read and write.


In 1800 Philadelphia and New York were but overgrown villages, and Chicago was un- known. There were only five large cities in the United States. Philadelphia was the largest with 66,000 population, New York was next with 60,000. Baltimore was third with 26,000, Boston fourth with 25,000, Charleston, South Carolina, fifth with 19,000 people. Now we have a dozen cities any one of which would represent the urban population of the country a century ago.


In 1800 Jefferson county was unknown, with only two white men living within her borders. Nature reigned supreme. The shade of the forest was heavy the whole day through. Now our county contains a population of over 63,090. We have schools, churches, tele- graphs, telephones and court all the time.


The great coal deposits that underlie forty- two of our counties were known to exist at that early date, but the use of coal was not understood. Some hard coal was mined and shipped to Philadelphia for a market, but not knowing what to do with it, it was finally used to repair the roads. Our people are alive to- day to the use of .coke, coal. hard and soft, as yearly the mining exhibits show.


In 1800 there was no terra cotta, no eleva- tors, steam heating, electric lighting, concrete, asbestos, hoisting machines, sanitary plumb- ing, tile ; no coke, no commercial bread baking. no skyscrapers, no wireless telegraphy, no stump machines. no talking machines, no


dictographs, no adding machines, no cash registers, no addressographs, no free mail de- livery, no ready-made clothing, no Fairbanks' scales, no ice houses, no linotype (only nine inventions, including the "old gray goose quill and pokeberry ink," both of which I have used in my schooldays. ) no aeroplanes. I have lived to see an aeroplane fly in fifteen minutes from Brookville to Punxsutawney. There were no aniline dyes, no antesthetics and painless sur- gery, no hypodermic syringe, no guncotton, 110 nitroglycerine, no dynamite, no giant powder,


R.TRUMAN


JEFFERSON COUNTY IN 1800


no andiphones, pneumatic tubes or type- writers, no cotton gin, no planting machine, no mower or reaper, no hayrake, no hayfork, no corn sheller, no rotary printing press, no sewing machine, no knitting machine, no en- velopes for letters, no India rubber goods for syringes, coats, shoes or cloaks, no grain elevator except man, no artificial ice, no steel pens, no telegraph or telephone, no street cars, no steam mills, no daguerreotypes or photo- graphs, no steam ploughs, no steam thresher (only the old hand flail), no windmill, and no millionaire in the whole country. George Washington was the richest man, and he was




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