History of northern Wisconsin, containing an account of its settlement, growth, development, and resources; an extensive sketch of its counties, cities, towns and villages, their improvements, industries, manufactories; biographical sketches, portraits of prominent men and early settlers; views of county seats, etc., Part 162

Author: Western historical co., Chicago, pub
Publication date: 1881
Publisher: Chicago, Western historical company
Number of Pages: 1052

USA > Wisconsin > History of northern Wisconsin, containing an account of its settlement, growth, development, and resources; an extensive sketch of its counties, cities, towns and villages, their improvements, industries, manufactories; biographical sketches, portraits of prominent men and early settlers; views of county seats, etc. > Part 162

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

J. W. FLACK, proprietor of livery stable, Wausau. Was born in Geneva, Walworth Co., Wis., Oct. 27, 1845, and lived there fourteen years, removing to the town of La Fayette in the same county, where he resided for seven years, when he came to Burlington, Wis., and has since been engaged in stock raising. He was then in Missouri one year; in Ripon, Wis., in the livery business one year, when he went to Mackford, Green Lake Co., and on a stock farm of his own, where he developed some of the best trotters of the ages of one, two, three and four years. Mr. Flack was on his farm until 1879, when he was appointed Deputy United States Marshal, with headquarters at Sparta, Wis., where he lived until December, 1880, when he came to Wausau. He was married at Markesan, Green Lake Co., Wis., June 25, 1871, to Esther A. Bedell, who was born in New Hampshire. They have two sons, Eddie R. and Bertie.

JOHN A. FRENZEL, proprietor of foundry, Wausau, Was born in Germany Sept. 15, 1832, and lived in New York one year before coming to Wisconsin in 1850. He lived in Sauk City, Sauk Co., until 1873, when he came to Wausau and established foundry and machine shops. He built his present shops seven years ago ; he employs from seven to eight men, and does general work-manufactures plows, straw cutters and saw machinery. Mr. Frenzel has been in the foundry and machine shop business for the last sixteen years. He was married in Sauk City, Wis., in 1858, to Louise Steidmann, a native of Germany. They have eight children-Charles, Ida, Lena, Hermann, Mena, Emma, Othelia and Edwin.

HENRY FROEMMING, mason, contractor and builder, Wausau. Was born in Germany, Jan. 24, 1845. He settled in Wausau in Septem- ber, 1868, and has followed his trade there since. He is one of the lead- ing men of his occupation. He was married in Wausau, June 9, 1872, to Mary Buhse, who was born in Germany, April 24, 1853.

DR. HYATT A. FROST, druggist, Wausau, was born in the town of Dix, Chemung Co., N. Y., Jan. 22, 1838, and moved from there to Hainesville, Ill., living there until 1852, when he came to Almond, Port- age Co., Wis .; after residing there twelve years, he moved to Waupaca, and commenced the practice of medicine, continuing there ten years. In 1873, he came to Wausau and engaged in drug trade and practice of his profession. In 1874, he discontinued all practice except office busi- ness, which he was able to attend to in connection with his drug trade. Dr. Frost was married, in the town of Almond, Portage Co., Wis., Nov. 12, 1862, to Harriet A. Robinson, who was born in Conneaut, Ohio. They have one child living, Hiram Edgar.

JAMES T. FRY, engineer in George Werheim's planing-mill, Wau- sau, located near Stevens Point, and followed farming one year ; came to Wausau in July, 1880, and worked at the carpenter trade until Jan. 24, 1881, when he entered his present position. He was born in Iowa, June 26, 1847. He was married, in December, 1874, to Philleoman Tay- lor, a native of New York.

JOHN C. GEBHART, general merchandise, lumber, etc., was born seven miles north of Milwaukee, in what is now Milwaukee County, Jan. 17, 1849 ; came to Wausau and clerked five years in his present place of business. Hethen went to the opposite side of the street from his present location, and began business for himself; followed it for two years, and was then burned out. He then took possession of his present quarters. He was married, Nov. 23, 1875, at Wausau, to Maggie Krembs. She was born in Germany. They have two children, Olka M. and Alina.

JACOB GEUSMANN, dealer in lumber and saloon keeper, Wau- sau. He lived in Washington County for ten years with his parents, and in 1862 came to Wausau, where he followed shoemaking for six years. Then he opened a saloon, and after three years, went into the lumber business and saw-mill, etc. He was born in Prussia, Germany, Feb, 24, 1844. He was married in Wausau, Feb. 14, 1867, to Amelia Welde, who was also born in Prussia, March 16, 1845. They have eight children living-Jacob F., William, Emma, Henry, Edward, Matilda, Leo and Ferdinand.

MRS. ELIZABETH M. GIFFORD, Wausau, was born in Jack- son, Ohio, Sept. 1, 1829, formerly Mrs. Judge Kennedy. She settled in Mosinee, with her sister, Mrs. John L. Moore, in 1845, and lived there two years. She was married, to Mr. William H. Kennedy, Nov. 28, 1847, and moved to Big Rib River, where he was engaged in the lumber business. After three years, they moved to Wausau, where Mr. Ken- nedy followed the practice of law, together with his lumber interests. Mr. Kennedy was born in Philadelphia, in 1809. He was elected to the second Constitutional Convention from Portage County. Ile went to St. Louis, Mo., to dispose of his lumber, in the season of 1859, and died there, August 29, of the same year. By their union in marriage they had three children, Annette, William A. and James F. Mrs. Kennedy was again married, to Mr. Peter Gifford, at Wausau, June 15, 1866. Mr. Gif- ford made lumbering his business for some time, and is now engaged in

----

------

561

HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY.

a saw-mill. He was born in New York, in 1825. They have one son, Phillip S.

FRANK L. GOFF, photographer, Wausau, was born in Macomb Co., Mich., Feb. 28, 1852. He first settled at Neenah, where he re mained three years, following the carpenter and joiner trade ; from there he went to Fond du Lac, where he remained about five months, and learned the art of photographing ; from there he went to Manitowoc, and followed this occupation. His next move was to Wausau. He was mar- ried in Wausau, May 20, 1879, to Fanny Thayer, who was born in Wan- sau, Nov. 30, 1857. They have one daughter, Katie L.

HARRY H. GRACE, attorney at law, Wausau, was born at Little Lake Village, Adams Co., Wis., April 1, 1856, and reared at Grand Rapids from his second or third year. He is a son of Robert H. and Caroline L. (Hicks) Grace. His father died at Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1879. His mother still resides at that place. Mr. Grace attended the State University for five years, and studied law with Benton & Benton, of Minneapolis. He was admitted to the Bar at Minneapolis in March, 1877, and commenced practice at Beaver Falls, Minn., remaining there about six months, then coming to Wausau, having been associate in business with Charles F. Eldred ever since. He is also a member of the firm of Grace & McCrossen, proprietors of the only abstracts in titles in Marathon County. Mr. Grace was married in Wausau, Sept. 25, 1878, to Lizzie A. McCrossen, who was born at Rural, Waupaca Co., Wis. They have two children, Zoe Agnes and Robert J.

REV. THOMAS GREENE, B. D. and County Superintendent of Schools of Marathon Co., Wausau. Mr. Green attended the Theological School at Nashotah, and was ordained to the Holy Ministry, Trinity Sunday, June, 1853. He was then appointed missionary to Ripon, Ber- lin, Green Lake, Fox Lake and Rosendale. In 1854, he was elected rector of the Church of the Intercession at Stevens Point, and also had a parish school there, which was attached to the church. In 1858, he resigned this parish and came to Wausau, where he gathered in a large congregation and built the church of St. John in the Wilderness. In 1861, he resigned charge of the church and removed to Monroe, Mich., and became rector of the Trinity Church there, being rector from 1861 to 1864. In May, 1864, he became chaplain of 17th Reg. Mich. I. V., in which capacity he served until the close of the war. He was mustered out in Tenelly Town, Va., June, 1865. Then he removed to Fayette, Mo., and became rector of St. Mary's Church, where he re- mained two years. He then returned to Wausau, Wis., and was ap- pointed County Superintendent of Schools. He was born in Atherstone, Warwickshire, England, June 4, 1819. He held the first service that was held in Wausau in the ball room of the Forest House, March 12, 1854. He had a very large congregation, people coming from a long distance to hear him.

CHARLES GRITZMACHER, blacksmith, Wausau. Came to Wausau in 1859, and has followed his trade here since. He was born in Prussia, Germany, March 30, 1848. He was married, Nov. 29, 1875, to Katie Mies, who was born in Kenosha, June 19, 1860. They have two children, Anna M. and Libbie L.

CHARLES W. HARGER, cashier of Marathon County Bank, Wausau, was born at Stone Mills, Jefferson Co., N. Y., Sept. 11, 1842, and came to Wausau from Watertown, Jefferson Co., Wis. He was married in Wausau, Wis., November, 1877, to Kate Scholfield, who was born in the town of Weston, Marathon Co., Wis. They have one child, Anna Gertrude. Mr. Harger enlisted in Co. B, 29th Wis. V. I., and served about one year during the late war of the Rebellion.

CHARLES P. HASELTINE, lumberman and banker, Wausau, was born in the town of Sullivan, Madison Co., N. Y., April 10, 1836. In 1854, he came to Lockport, Ill., living there until August, 1865, when he came to Wausau and engaged in milling. He now cuts from 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 ; formerly from 5,000,000 to 7,000,000 ; it is a double rotary mill and employs on an average 100 men. He has a plan- ing mill and a shingle mill. Mr. Haseltine lived at Scholfield's Mills until the Fall of 1877, when he moved to Wausau. William Scholfield's widow is a partner in the business ; they have a large store at the mill. Mr. Haseltine was married in Lockport in September, 1871, to Ella Gooding, a native of Lockport, and daughter of William Gooding. They have four children-Annie, William E., Emma and Ada.

H. S. HASELTINE, overseer of Scholfield's mills, Scholfield. First located at Stevens Point in 1861, where he was employed three years as clerk in a drug store ; from there he went to Lockport, where he remained two years in the same capacity, and from there came to Scholfield. He soon after went to Keokuk, lowa, and had charge of a lumber yard for three years. Then he went to New Sharon, in Central Iowa, and retailed lumber on his own account, remaining one year. He finally returned to Scholfield. He was born in Canaseraga, N. Y., July 28, 1846. He was married, in New Sharon, Iowa, November, 1875, to Laura C. Smith, who was born in Union Springs, N. Y., July 13, 1850. They have three children-Maria, Richard S. and Sarah.

CHARLES F. HEPPNER, clerk for F. W. Kickbusch, Wausau. Was born in Germany, July 17, 1851. He settled in Wausau in 1860,

where he spent his school days. He first clerked for Mr. Otto Siegrist, and was in his employ about five years; then clerked for Mr. August Kickbusch about six years ; he was also with Mauson & Fernald for two years; then he engaged with Mr. F. W. Kickbusch. He was married, at Wausau, October 2, 1879, to Anna M. Steltz, who was born in Ocon- omowoc, July 14, 1861. They have one daughter, Etta M.

MOSS : ENUD

MICHAEL ANGELO HURLEV, lawyer, Wausau. Son of Will- iam and Mary Fitz Allen Hurley, was born in Ottawa, Canada, Oct. 22, 1840, and moved to Ogdensburg with bis parents when a child. He came to Wisconsin originally in 1856, remaining eleven months in the vicinity of Wausau, then was at Stevens Point and Berlin until the Fall of 1862, when he went to Chicago, living there until 1867; then re- turned to Berlin, and remained there until November, 1873, when he came to Wausau, having formed a partnership with Willis C. Silverthorn, his present partner. Mr. Hurley resigned the position of District Attor- ney in Green Lake County when he came here. He commenced the study of law in 1857, and was admitted to the Bar of Wisconsin in 1869, and has been engaged in practice ever since. On account of failure of his health, he engaged in active business for five years after commencing the study of law. Mr. Hurley is in every sense a self-made man, and ranks among the foremost lawyers of the West. He was married, in Berlin, June 16, 1874, to Clara H. Leonard, who was born in Berlin, Wis., her parents having been among the early settlers of Green Lake County. Mr. and Mrs. Hurley have two children, Fred Norris and Jud- son Byron.

BENJAMIN W. JAMES, of the law firm of James & Crosby, Wausau. Was born in Otsego, Columbia Co., April 2, 1847, where his parents still reside, having been among the first settlers of that county. He attended the common schools there, and afterward the State Univer- sity at Madison, graduating from the college proper in 1872, and from the law school in 1873 ; after which he came directly to Wausau, and began the practice of his profession. He was married, in Lincoln, Ill., Sept. 15, 1873, to May Haines, who was born in Upper Stillwater, Me., Dec. 14, 1849. They have two sons, Benjamin W., Jr. and Allan. They lost one son, Stephen.

ROBERT H. JOHNSON, proprietor of the Central Wisconsin, and Postmaster, Wausau. Was born in Milwaukee, in 1845. He lived at home until the death of his parents, which occurred when he was about twelve years old. He was sent to school in Indiana, where he remained four years. In February, 1862, he enlisted in Co. A, 58th Ill. V. I., at Chicago; re-enlisted in June, 1864. After the last battle of Nashville, he was detailed as special orderly on the staff of Brig. Gen. Gerard, of Pennsylvania, brigade commander ; was alterward detailed as orderly at the head quarters of Maj. Gen. Charles R. Woods, commanding Depart- ment of Alabama. He participated in the following battles: Ft. Don- elson, Shiloh, Siege of Corinth, last battle of Corinth, Ft. de Russey, Sa-

562

HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN.

bine Cross Roads, Marksville, Prairie Hill, Yellow Bayou, Nashville, Ft. Blakely, and numerous skirmishes, through all of which he went without a scratch. He was discharged on the first day of April, 1866, "by reason services being no longer required." On the eighteenth day of April, 1866, he came to Wausau, where he has resided ever since, work- ing in saw-mills, in the logging woods, and running down the river on lumber rafts, until Oct. 14, 1868, when he bought the Central Wisconsin newspaper, then Democratic, and changed it into a Republican newspa- per, enlarging and improving it as the years and times progressed. On the thirteenth day of January, 1876, was appointed Postmaster of Wansau for four years. Was reappointed Jan. 14, 1880. Has just completed a new brick block, with post-office below and printing office above. Has a beautiful new house in the best part of city, and all the surroundings to make life enjoyable. Was married, in Wansau, Dec. 27, r876, to Miss Caroline Alban, daughter of Col. James S. Alban, commander of the 18th Wis. V. I., who was killed at Shiloh. His wife was born in Plover, June 23, 1856. They have three children, two daughters and one son.

GEN. JOHN A. KELLOGG, Wausau, was born in Bethany, Wayne Co., Pa., March 16, 1828, and lived there until 1840, when the family came to Prairie du Sac, Sauk Co., Wis., where his father, Nathaniel Kellogg, died in the Fall of 1856, and his mother, Sarah Quidor Kel- logg, died in 1854. John A. Kellogg lived in Prairie du Sac most of the time after his arrival until 1857 ; from 1853 to 1855, he was engaged in studying law at Madison ; he was admitted to the Bar at Baraboo, Sauk County, in 1857, and commenced practice in Prairie du Sac. In the Summer of 1857, he moved to Mauston, Juneau County, living there until April, 1861, when he helped raise Co. K, 6th Wis. V. I., and was commissioned first lieutenant at the organization of the company, May 3d, 1861 ; was promoted to captain Dec. 18, 1861, to lieutenant colonel Oct. 19, 1864 ; colonel Dec. 10, 1864, and assigned to command of the iron brigade in February, 1865 ; made brigadier general by brevet, for higbly meritorious service. April 9. 1866, with rank from April 9, 1865 ; discharged at Jeffersonville, Ind., July 14, 1865. He was in the battles of Rappahannock Station, Gainesville, second Bull Run, South Mount- ain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, first and second, Chancellorsville, Mine Run, Gettysburg, three days, July 1, 2, 3, Wilderness, May 5, Hatcher's Run, Warren's Raid, Boydton, Plank Road, High Bridge, Five Forks, Appomattox, and commanded the iron brigade that opened the battle of Appomattox. At the battle of the Wilderness, he was wounded and re- ported dead, but was taken prisoner May 5, 1864, and confined at Lynchburg Va., then at Danville, Va., at Macon, Ga., then taken to Charleston, S. C., being there from July to Oct. 5, 1864. On the way to Charleston, he jumped from the train in the endeavor to escape, but was pursued by bloodhounds and recaptured, but while being transferred from Charleston to Columbia, he, with four others, escaped (near Branchville, S. C., Oct. 15, 1864), from the train, and finally reached the Federal lines at Calhoun, Ga., Oct. 26, 1864, having traveled a distance of 350 miles from the place where they escaped, and been followed by bloodhounds for eight days. General Kellogg was appointed Pension Agent at La Crosse, Wis., in 1866, and remained there until July, 1875, when he came to Wausau, having resigned his position as United States Pension Agent in April, 1875. He was District Attorney when he entered the service, and was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate in 1879 and 188c. He was married in Prairie du Sac, Oct. 5, 1852, to Adelaide Worthington, who was born in Huntington, Luzerne Co., Pa., and is a daughter of Thomas B. Worthington, who came to Wisconsin about 1849. They have three children-Ida D., Elsie W., and Stella L.

NATHANIEL T. KELLY, of the firm of W. P. Kelly & Bro., owners of a saw mill on the Big Eau Claire River, six miles east of Wau- sau. Mr. Kelly first went to the Big Eau Claire River Sept. 17, 1850. When he arrived at Mr. Goodhue's mills, on the above stream, he had twenty-five cents as capital, to begin with. He worked by the month for eight years, and having a speculative mind, he soon engaged in the lumber business, on his own account, and he now owns half interest in the same mill, in company with his sister-in-law, Mrs. W. P. Kelly, who owns the other half interest. Their mill was erected in 1874 ; the ca- pacity of which is $75,000 in twenty-four hours. They employ about 100 men. They have a large, fine tract of pine and hardwood timber in that vicinity. Mr. Kelly was born in Ithaca, N. Y., Oct. 5, 1834. He was married, Aug. 5, 1861, at Stevens Point, to Nellie M. Karner, who was born in Egremont, Mass. They have three children, Lou, Frank, and Mabel.

AUGUST KICKBUSCH, Wausau, was born in Pomerania, Prus- sia, Oct. 15, 1828, and lived there until he came to America in 1857, landing at Quebec, and coming from there to Milwaukee by railroad, and from Milwaukee to Stevens Point and Wausau on foot. He re- mained in the woods, selected and bought 364 acres of farming lands in the present town of Hamburg; then returned to Milwaukee and was engaged in teaming until 1860, when he came to Wausau to reside. He came here first with a load of merchandise and, disposing of the goods to advantage, decided to come here and engage in mercantile business. He commenced business on Clark's Island, building a shanty, 16x28, in which he lived and carried on trade ; it was situated where Jack Clark's red building now stands. Mr. Kickbusch lived for eight days in a wagon,

being unable to find other shelter. He remained two years and a half on the island, and then bought his present store building on the corner of Main and Washington streets, and bas carried on business in that building ever since. In the Spring of 1865, he built a hardware, stove and crockery store next to his grocery. In 1872, he built his brick store on Washington street, and in 1878 his feed store on southwest corner of Main and Washington streets. In March, 1867, Mr. Kickbusch went to Europe, and when he returned, June 20, 1867, he brought with him on the " American " of the North German Lloyd line of steamers, a large number of German emigrants, every one of whom he located in Wis- consin. He has been emigrant agent ever since he came here, and has kept emigrants for weeks without charge ; is now agent for the Inman, Anchor, White Star, and North German Lloyd lines, and is doing more to settle this section of the country than any one else. He has had railroad contracts and been one of the most active business men of the country ; he started the first brick yard in Marathon County about 1865, just a mile east of his grocery store. In 1867, in company with B. G. Plumer, he bought the fair grounds, donating them to the Society, and expending considerable money in making them what they are; he is now president of the Marathon County Agricultural Society, wbich position he has held ever since its organization, with the exception of three years. He has been the Village President three terms, Chairman of the County Board five years, he was the first Mayor after the incorporation, has been Mayor two terms, and is director of the Board of Trade. He started the German Guards, a military company, and in 1867 started the first brass band in Wausau, and still maintains it, the "Wausau Cornet Band." He has dealt in lumber for the last fourteen years. Mr. Kickbusch was married, March 3, 1854, in Pomerania, Germany, to Matilda Schochou, a native of that place. They have four children- Otto, born in Germany, Martha, now Mrs. Wm. Osborn, of Wausau ; Robert and Emma. They lost one son, Gustave, who died in Milwaukee in 1859, aged about three years.

7055-EN

J.W. Michbusch

FREDERICK W. KICKBUSCH, was born in Pomerania, Prus- sia, Jan. 25, 1841, and came to America in 1857, living in Milwaukee until 1860, when he came to Wausau, where he has since resided. He engaged in farming one year, was in business with his brother August ten years, and since then has been in the luml er business most of the time. He was County Treasurer six years, serving five. He has been Chairman of the Board for five or six years ; is now serving in that capacity, he was elected member of the Assembly in 1878. He estab- lished a planing mill, manufacturing sash, doors and blinds, 1872 ; it was the first mill of the kind within forty miles of Wausau; it employs twenty men and manufactures from $12,000 to $15,000 worth per year. In 1879, he commenced his present mercantile business. He has been president of the State Firemen's Association for three years. Mr. Kickbusch was married in Wausau, Oct. 28, 1864, to Matilda Braatz, who was born

563

HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY.

in Pomerania, Prussia. They have four children-Emma B., Matilda M., Frederick W., and Paulina. Mr. Kickbusch is a member of the A. O. U. W., and the American Legion of Honor.

OTTO KICKBUSCH, merchant, Wausau, came to America in 1857, and learned the mercantile business in his father's store. In 1872 he engaged in business with his father, August Kickbusch, dealing in dry goods, gents' furnishing goods, clothing, boots and shoes. He was married, March 15, 1874, to Emma Schroeder, who was born in Prus- sia, and is a daughter of Charles Schroeder, deceased. They have one daughter, Stella M., born in March, 1879. Outside of his mercantile business, Mr. Kickbusch has given much of his attention to trotting stock of the Blue Bull family. He has brought many good horses to Wisconsin (more than any other man in the State) eight that have beaten 2:40 time, two of whom have beaten 2.25. He owns one of the best trotters in the State; confines himself to the Blue Bull stock. He is secretary and treasurer of the Wausau Driving Club; he laid out and built the track, constructed the stables, etc. Mr. K. ranks among the most reliable horsemen of the West ; being a business man of sagacity and honor, his judgment can be relied on.

AUGUST KLOSTERMAN, mason, contractor and jobber. He came to Wausau in 1871 ; was born in Germany, Jan. 8, 1853.

WILLIAM H. KNOX, Wausau, was born in Pembroke, Merri- mack Co., N. H., Nov. 28, 1834, and lived there until 1856, when he came to Oxford, Wis., where he was engaged in mercantile business for four or five years, and then engaged in farming until 1866. He com- menced lumbering in 1865, and the manufacture of lumber in 1867 and 1868 with his brother, Sam G. Knox, on the Wisconsin River at a point known as Crooked Riff, Portage County. They built a mill there and ran it until the Spring of 1874, when they built a mill at Stevens Point, beginning operations there the same year; selling out in 1877, they came to Wausau and bought a three-eighths' interest in the Wausau Lumber Co., of which he has been president and is now secretary. In 1877 and 1878, they had their logs sawed at Stevens Point, but in 1879 their work was done at Wausau. They have a lumber yard at Flan- dreau, Dakota. Mr. Knox's brother lives at Ripon. Mr. William H. Knox was married in Oxford, July 14, 1865, to Mary S. Axford, who was born in Grant Co., Wis. They have two children, Hiram and Gracie.

ALBERT T. KOCH, physician and surgeon, Wausau, was born in Prussia, Nov. 9, 1839, and came to America in 1856, living in Water- town, Wis., for four or five years ; then in Minnesota and Iowa, until the Spring of 1877, when he came to Wausau. He is a graduate of the Bennett Eclectic College, and also attended Rush Medical College, at Chicago. He has been engaged in the practice of medicine about nine years. He enlisted in the 2d Minn. C., and served about two years. Dr. Koch was married in Owatonna, Minn.

Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.

Author: Western historical co., Chicago, pub Publication date: 1881 Publisher: Chicago, Western historical company Number of Pages: 1052

Author: Western historical co., Chicago, pub
Publication date: 1881
Publisher: Chicago, Western historical company
Number of Pages: 1052