USA > Wisconsin > Columbia County > The history of Columbia county, Wisconsin, containing an account of its settlement > Part 45
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ARTICLE V.
Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend- ments to this Constitution, or, on application of two-thirds of the Legislatures of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI.
All existing debts and engagements shall be valid against the United States under this Constitution.
This Constitution and the laws of the United States made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby ; anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.
Senators and Representatives, members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.
ARTICLE VII.
The ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.
DONE in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF we have hereunto subscribed our names.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia.
[Other signatures omitted.]
303
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Proposed by Congress and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the original Constitution.
ARTICLE I.
Congress shall make no law respecting religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
ARTICLE II.
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.
ARTICLE III.
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
ARTICLE IV.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
ARTICLE V.
No person shall be held to answer for any infamous crime unless on an indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.
ARTICLE VI.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
ARTICLE VII.
In suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law.
ARTICLE VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual pun- ishments inflicted.
304
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
ARTICLE IX.
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or dis- parage others retained by the people.
ARTICLE X.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people.
ARTICLE XI.
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.
ARTICLE XII.
The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; distinct ballots shall be made for President and Vice President, and distinct lists made of such ballots and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of government, addressed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; if no person have such majority, then from those having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- diately by ballot the President. But, in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. If, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, the House of Representatives shall not choose a President before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of death or disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States.
ARTICLE XIII.
SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
SEC. 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
ARTICLE XIV.
SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, or subject to the juris- diction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without
305
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law.
SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the States according to population, counting the whole number of persons in each State, including Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote is denied to any of the male inhabitants of a State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State.
SEC. 3. No person shall hold any office under the United States or under any State, who having previously, as an officer of the United States of any State, taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each House, remove such disability.
SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, including pensions and bounties, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
SEC. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
ARTICLE XV.
SECTION 1. The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
-
-
306
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COUNTIES AND CITIES
WITH GUBERNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES.
Note .- The Republican or Democratic majority in each county is given as between Smith and Mallory. Green- back majority is only given when the vote for Allis exceeds the others, and is taken from the highest vote.
GOVERNOR. 1877.
PRESIDENT. 1876
Smith.
Mallory
Allis.
Maj.
Ilayes.
Tilden.
Maj.
Adams.
580
233
116
R.
347
981
442
R. 539
Ashland.
86
163
D.
77
109
189
D 80
Barron
459
203
53|
R.
256
644
257
R.
387
Bayfield
40
34
2
R.
6
86
74
R.
12
Brown
1387
1740
10151
D.
353
2755
3647
D.
892
Buffalo
1075
810
76
R.
265
1186
1162
R.
24
Burnett
336
24
R.
312
285
28
R. 257
Calumet.
450
1130
389
D.
680
1012
2145
D. 1133
Chippewa ..
685
693
589
D.
18
1596
1774
D. 178
Clark.
449
153
816
367
1255
660
R. 595
Columbia.
2048
1597
118
R
451
3532
2493|
R. 1039
Crawford
806
1008
146
D.
202
1355
1604
D. 249
Dane
3613
3903
614
D.
290
5435
5726
D. 291
Dodge
2333
4267
381
D. 1934
3236
6361|
D. 3125
Door
477
126
283
R.
351
1095
596
R. 499
Douglas
21
28
D.
7
42
67
D.
25
Dunn
1174
407
412
R.
767
2033
894
R. 1139
Eau Claire ..
1208
805
597
R.
403
2266
1785
R. 481
Fond du Lac
3086
3414
1249
D.
328
4845
5660 D. 815
Grant.
2620
1938
1037
R.
682
4723
3198
R. 1525
Green.
1823
849
580
R.
974
2601
1735
R.
866
Green Lake
879
896
215
D.
17
1739
1514
R.
225
Iowa ..
1461
1175
1021
R.
286
2651
2348
R. 303
Jackson
802
391
521
R.
411
1507
718
R.
789
Jefferson
1917
2418
296
D.
201
2874
4134 D. 1260
Juneau
1045
883
463
R.
162
1714
1458 R. 256
Kewaunee
247
558
20
D.
311
561
165
D. 1093
La Crosse
1968
1115
524
R.
853
2644
2481
R.
163
La Fayette.
1409
1300
269
R.
109
2424
2299
R.
125
Lincoln
27
15
169
G.
142
71
174,
D.
103
Manitowoc.
1365
1951
98
D.
586
2700
3908
D. 1208
Marathon.
301
755
746
D.
454
668
1796
D. 1128
Marquette.
447
730
76
D. D.
545
9981
12026
D. 2045
Monroc
1102
1096
1019
R.
6
2558
2030
R. 528
Oconto.
1059
764
157
R.
295
1813
1174
R. 639
Outagamic.
777
2005
992
D. 1228
1859
3608
D. 1749
Ozaukee.
437
1579
17
D.
1142
583
5480
D. 1897
Pepin
521
171
123
R.
350
836
394
R. 447
Pierce.
1523
545
408
R.
978'
2135
985
R. 1152
Polk
916
363
60
R.
553
1019
362
R. 650
Portage
1080
917
728
R.
163
1855
1794|
R. 61
Racinc
2304
1906
112|
R.
398
3560
2880| R.
680
Kenosha
938
907
51
R.
31
1610
1432 R. 178
1112|
D. 415
Milwaukee.
5843
6388
1228
283
697
G.
COUNTIES.
307
GUBERNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES-1877-1876-Continued.
COUNTIES-Continued.
Smith.
Mallory.
Allis.
Maj.
Hayes.
Tilden.
Maj.
Richland
I201
729
705
R. 472
2038
1591
R. 447
Rock
3375
1620
781
R. 1755
5755
2814
R. 2893
St. Croix
1558
1489
93
R.
70
1775
1736
R. 39
Sauk.
1826
922
574
R.
904
3395
2201
R. 1194
Shawano
269
605
92
336
582
873
D. 291
Sheboygan
1598
1737
750
D.
139
3224
3633
D. 409
Taylor ..
195
254
53
D.
59
240
246
D.
6
Trempealeau.
2483
731
176
R. 1452
2360
790
R. 1570
Vernon.
1678
416
8461
R. 1262
2764
1117
R. 1647
Walworth
2904
1374
160
R. 1530
4212
1970
R. 2242
Washington.
994
2187
187
D. 1993
1321
3047
D. 1726
Waukesha
2484
2388
276
R.
96
3129
3335
D. 206
Waupaca.
1473
990
772
R,
483
2642
1592
R. 1050.
Waushara
1282
257
377
R. 1025
2080
548
R. 1532
Winnebago
2068
2238
1887
D.
170
5092
4426
R. 666
Wood.
247
196
601
G
354
658
745
D.
87
CITIES.
Appleton.
231
522
201
D.
291
549
911
D. 362
Beaver Dam
320
361
6
D.
41
357
465
D. 108
Beloit ..
377
109
240
R.
268
745
627
R. 118
Berlin
219
197
36
R.
22
456
312
R. 144
Buffalo
25
17
R.
8
14
31
D. 17
Ceutralia.
16
5
97
G.
81
64
93
D.
29
Chilton
31
128
33
D.
97
Chippewa Falls
229
294
143
D.
65
475
572
D. 97
Columbus
210
123
3
R.
87
254
212
R. 42
Eau Claire.
620
459
250
161
1205
1013!
R. 189
Fond du Lac
862
884
520
D.
22
1382
1542
D.
160
Fort Howard.
150
85
195
G.
45
669
288
R.
81
Green Bay
432
333
181
R.
99
696
647
R.
49
Hudson.
226
207
3
R.
19
250
224
R.
26
Janesville
771
605
31
R.
166
1036
848
R.
188
Kenosha ..
281
314
42
D.
33
514
544
D.
30
La Crosse
712
671
351
R.
41
1085
1549
D. 464
Madison ...
740
1057
13
D.
317
834
1252
D. 418
Manitowoc
349
284
17
R.
61
660
512
R. 148
Menasha.
146
311
67
D.
165
291
344
D.
53
Milwaukee
4816
5027
1050
D.
211
8218
9625
D. 1407
Mineral Point.
260
249
21
11
348
324
R.
24
Neenah
115
146
376
G.
230
511
385
R. 126
New London
84
125
118
D.
41
206
208
D. 2
Oconomowoc
172
167
24
R
5
222
238
D. 16
Oconto.
270
311
6
D.
41
399
506
D. 107
Oshkosh.
724
954
375
D
230
1496
1910
D. 414
Plymouth
69
127
28
D.
58
D.
160
366
532
D. 166
Prairie du Chien.
155
267
3
D.
112
215
377
D. 162
Prescott.
87
61
10
R.
2G
143
108
R. 35
Racine
1052
921
82
R.
131
1672
1324
R. 348
Ripon
270
239
33
R.
31
397
333
R.
64
Shawano.
55
73
13
18
87
83
R.
4
Sheboygan.
248
440
68
D.
192
575
873
D. 298
Stevens Point
252
270
145
D. 18
423
563|
D. 140
Watertown
232
687
164
1), 445
372
1295
D 923
Waupaca.
210
49
20
R.
161
280
52
R. 228
Wausau
76
170
300!
G.
130
210
595 D.
385
1
Grand Rapids.
50
42
110
G.
60
121
191
D.
70.
Portage
245
405
7
R.
D.
GOVERNOR. 1877.
PRESIDENT. 1876.
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
Area in -
POPULATION.
Miles R. R. 1872.
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Area in square Miles.
1870.
1825.
R. R 1872.
States.
States.
Alabama
50.722
996,992
1,671
Pennsylvania ..
46,000
3.521,791
5,118
Arkansas ..
52,198
484,471
25
Rhode Island ...
1,306|
217,353
258,239
136
California ..
188,981
560,247
1,013
South Carolina ...
9,385
705,606
925,145
1.201
Connecticut.
4.674
537.454
820
Tennessee
45,600
1,258,520
1.520
Delaware ..
2.120
125,015
227
Texas ..
237.504
818.579
865
Florida.
59,268
187.748
466
Vermont
10.212
330,551
675
Georgia ..
58.000 1,184,109
2.108
Virginia.
40,904
1,225,163
1,490
West Virginia
23,000
442,014
485
Wisconsin
53,924
1,054.670
1,236,729
1.725
55,045
1,191.792 1,350,544
Total States
1,950,171 38.113,253
59,587
Louisiana
41,346
726,915
857.039
539
Malne ..
31.776
626,915
871
Arizona
113.916
9,658
Maryland
11,184
780.894
820
Colorado.
104,500
39,864
392
Massachusetts.
7,800 1.457,351 1,651,912 1,606
147,490
14,181
Michigan'
83.531
439.706
598.429 1,612
Idaho.
90.932
14,999
Mississippi.
47,156
827.922
Montana ..
143.776
20.595
Missouri ..
65.350
1.721,295
2,580
New Mexico
121,201
91.874
325
Nevalla
112,090
42,491
52,540
593
Washington.
69,944
93.955
498
New Jersey
8.320
906,096
1.026.502 1,265
New York
47,000 4.382.759 4.705.208
4,470
Total Territories.
965,032
442,730
1.265
North Carolina ..
50.704 1.071,361
1,190
Ohio
39.964 2,665,260
3,740
Oregon
95,2441
90,923
159
Aggregate of U. S .. 2,915,203 38,555,983;
60.85 '
· Last Census of Michigan taken in 1874.
· Included in the Railroad Mileage of Marylard.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; POPULATION AND AREA.
COUNTRIES.
Population.
Date of Census.
Area 1Q Square Miles.
Inhabitants to Square Mile.
CAPITALS.
Population.
China
446,500.000
1871
3,741,846
119.3
Pekin.
1.648,800
British Empire ..
226.817.108
1871
4,677.432
48.6
Loodon ...
3.251,800
Russia.
81,925,400
1871
8.003,778
10.2
St. Petersburg.
667.000
United States with Alaska.
38,925,600
1870
2,603,884
7.78
Washington
109,199
France
36.469 800
1866
204,091
178.7
Paris ...
1,825,300
Austria and Hungary.
35,904,400
1869
240.348
Vienna .
833,900
Japan ...
34,785,300
1871
149,399
232.8
l'eddo.
1,554,900
Great Britain and Ireland
31.817,100
1871
121,315
262.3
London.
3,251,800
German Empire
29.906.092
1871
160,207
187.
Berlin
825,400
Italy .
27.439.921
1871
118,847
230.9
Rome
244,484
Spain
16,642,000
1867
195 775
85.
Madrid
332,000
Brazil.
10.000,000
3.253,029
3.0°
Rio Janeiro.
420,000
Turkey
16,463,000
672.621
24.4
Constantinople
1,075,000
Mexico.
9.173,000
1869
761.526
Mexico
210.300
Sweden and Norway
5.921.500
1870
292.871
20.
Stockholm.
136,900
Persla.
5,000,000
1870
635,964
7.8
Teheran
120,000
Belgium
5.021.300
1869
11,373
441.5
Brussels ..
314,100
Bavarla.
4,861,400
1871
29,292
165.9
Munich
169.500
Portugal.
3.995,200
1868
34,494
115.8
Lisbon ..
224,063
Ilolland
3,688,300
1870
12.680
Hague ...
90,100
New Grenada
3,000.000
1870
357.157
8.4
Bogota.
45,000
Chili .
2,000,000 2,669,100
1870
15.992
Berne.
36,000
l'eru
2,500,000 2,000,000
1871
471.838
5.3
Lima.
160,100
Bolivia ..
1,812,000
1869
871.848
Buenos Ayres.
177.800
Wurtemburg
1,818,500
1871
7.533
241.4
Stuttgart
91,600
Denmark.
1,784,700
1870
14.753
l'openhagen.
162.042
Venezuela
1,500,000
368,238
4.2
Carnecas
47,000
Baden ..
1,461.400
1871
5,912
247.
Carlsruhe
36,600
Greece ..
1,457.900
1870
19,353
75.3
Athens.
43,400
Guatemala
1,180,000
1871
40,879
08.9
Guatemala
40,000
Ecuador. Paraguay.
1,000,000
1871
63,787
15.6
Asuncion
48,000
Liberia .
718,000
1871
9,576
74.9
Monrovia
3,000
San Salvador
600.000
1871
7.335
81.8
Sal Salvador
15,000
Hayti ...
572,000
10,205
56.
Port au Prince.
20,000
Nicaragua
350,000
1871
58,171
6.
Managua.
10,000
Uruguay ..
300.000
1871
66,722
6.5
Monte Video
44,500
Honduras
350,000
1871
47.092
7.4
Comayagua
12.000
San Domingo.
136,000
17.827
7.6
San Domingo.
20,000
Costa Rica.
165.000
187
21.505
7.7
San Jose ..
2,000
Hawall ..
62.950
7.633
80.
Honolulu
7,683
Illinois
55.410 2,539.891
5,904
Indiana ...
33.809 1,680,637
3.529
łowa ..
81,318
364,399
528,349
1,760
Kentucky
37,600
1,321,011
1,123
Territories.
1)Ist. of Columbia.
60
131,700
Nebraska
75.995
123,993
246.280
828
Utah
80,056
86.786
New Hampshire.
9,280
318,300
790
Wyoming
93.10%
9,118
Miles
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
square Miles.
1870.
1875.
823,138
2.969
277.
Darinstadt
30.000
llesse ..
1,300,000
218,928
5.9
Quito ..
70.000
497,321
4.
Chuquisaca ..
25,000
Argentine Republic
1869
132,616
15.1
Santiago.
115,400
Switzerland
166.9
120.9
149.4
Minnesota.
990
Dakota
56,451 1,184,059 1,334,031 2,235
3.160
Kansas ..
POPULATION.
290.9
(DECEASED) PORTAGE CITY.
1
١٠
HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.
CHAPTER I.
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF COLUMBIA COUNTY-GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE SEVERAL TOWNS-RIVERS IN COLUMBIA COUNTY-WATERSHEDS-ALTITUDES.
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF COLUMBIA COUNTY
The geological formations of Columbia County are the Huronian quartzite and quartz- porphyry ; the Potsdam sandstone; the Mendota limestone and Madison sandstone (beds of passage between the Potsdam and Lower Magnesian); the Lower Magnesian limestone ; the St. Peters sandstone; the Trenton limestone; the Glacial drift, and the recent alluvial deposits. The Huronian appears in the quartzite ridges of the town of Caledonia, which, uniting at their eastern extremities form a bold point around which the Wisconsin is forced to find its way in a wide bow. The Huronian also rises to the surface on Section 7, of the town of Marcellon, where are low knobs of quartz-porphyry. The quartzite and quartz-porphyry have a thickness measured by thousands of feet, are folded and tilted, and have all the more recent formations placed upon them unconformably. The Potsdam sandstone, eight hundred to one thousand feet thick, underlies the whole of the county, except where the Huronian appears, coming to the surface over all the lower levels along the Wisconsin and its tributaries, besides forming considerable portions of the slopes of the outliers and higher lands. All about the Caledonia quartzite ranges, it rises to very considerable altitudes, apparently rising here into the horizon of some of the newer formations. Farther north again, it occupies all levels, having attained now a much increased altitude by virtue of its general northern rise. The Mendota and Madi- son beds, sixty to eighty feet thick, occupy parts of the slope, or else cap the summits, of many of the outliers, flanking the great limestone escarpment which runs diagonally across the county from Scott, in the northeast, to West Point, in the southeast. These layers also form the surface rock along the western slope of the limestone edge just westward, occasionally, as in Lowville and Springvale, coming to the surface over a belt of country several miles in width. Even east of the limestone escarpment, a considerable area in the adjoining portions of Otsego and Fountain Prairie is eroded down to the level of the Madison sandstone. The Lower Magnesian, with a thickness of from fifty to one hundred and forty feet, caps many of the outlying bluffs east of the Wisconsin, and is the surface rock over most of the county east of the limestone escarpment. It is overlaid, however, by the St. Peters' sandstone (thickness fifteen to one hundred and twenty-five feet), and the Trenton limestone (thickness in Columbia County proba- bly never more than thirty feet), in southeastern Hampden, southern Columbus, eastern Fountain Prairie, northeastern Courtland and eastern Randolph. The St. Peters sandstone alone, occurs also in several patches in southeastern Arlington, lying upon the irregular upper surface of the Lower Magnesian. It also, with the great thickness of one hundred and twenty-five feet, forms the face of Gibraltar Bluff, in the town of West Point. The Glacial drift spreads all over Columbia County, reaching a morainic development in the towns of West Point and Newport.
A
310
HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE SEVERAL TOWNS.
Randolph ( Township 13 north, Range 12 east) .- The Potsdam sandstone comes to the surface along the bottom of a deep ravine in the southeast corner of this town. Through this ravine, the bottom of which has an altitude above Lake Michigan of only 240 feet, flow the headwaters of Duck Creek. On its walls, the Mendota and Madison beds are seen in several quarries. The Lower Magnesian limestone underlies the western and northern parts of the town, and comes to the surface, also, in the low area along the east line in Sections 13, 24, 25 and 36. The principal exposure noticed is at P. Schleissmann's quarry, on the west line of the southwest quarter of Section 6. Here a ten-foot quarry-face shows below, in thin and very regular layers, a close-textured, buff-colored, nearly pure dolomite, which weathers with a smooth, yellowish surface, is marked finely with dendritic manganese oxide, and is coated, in places, with white stalactitic lime carbonate; and at the top. a heavy layer of concretionary, dark-colored dolomite. On the hill above, are exposures of the ordinary rough-textured Lower Magnesian, near the base of which formation the quarry layers appear to lie. The Lower Magnesian is to be seen, also, near the middle of the south line of Section 6; on a small open- ing on B. Evans' land, southeast quarter of Section 17; on the hill above the Madison and Mendota quarry, in Section 31; on T. Sanderson's land, near the east line of Section 32; at the head of Duck Creek, near the center of Section 28; on A. Wolsleyel's land, southeast quarter of Section 9; on the east side of the marsh, southeast quarter of Section 1; in the road on south side of Section 13; at the creek-crossing, on the south line of Section 24, and at the grist-mill, in the southeast quarter of Section 36.
The Trenton limestone, with the underlying St. Peters sandstone, covers most of the mid- dle and western sections of the town, in one continuous area, and occurs, also, in small, isolated areas in Sections 15, 11, 2 and 1. Eight feet of the lower layers of the Trenton are exposed in a small quarry at the top of the hill on the north side of the marsh in Section 2; the lower layers thick and regular, the upper ones shaly. Two feet below the base of the quarry is the junction with the St. Peters, seventy-five feet above the marsh, beneath which the Lower Mag- nesian lies, at shallow depths. Another quarry in the lower layers of the Trenton, on the south side of the same marsh, northeast quarter of Section 11, shows ten feet of thin and regularly bedded buff limestone, underlaid by ferruginous sand, the junction sharply defined. Other exposures of Trenton were noticed at several points on the road running north through Section 12, at D. R. Jones' quarry, in the northeast quarter of Section 13, where the junc- tion with the St. Peters is again seen ; on the northwest quarter of Section 25,in a quarry on H. Hutchinson's land, northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 26, where the junction of the blue and buff beds is seen; and in a quarry on R. Arms' land, near the center of Section 15. At the latter place, the St. Peters and Lower Magnesian are also exposed, the former nearly loose sand, and having a thickness of not over fifteen feet. The same small thickness was observed again on Sections 36 and 25, where the Lower Magnesian at the grist-mill is only twenty feet below the Trenton, one-half mile south.
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