The history of Columbia county, Wisconsin, containing an account of its settlement, Part 112

Author: Butterfield, Consul Willshire, 1824-1899, [from old catalog] ed; Western historical company, chicago, pub. [from old catalog]
Publication date: 1880
Publisher: Chicago, Western historical company
Number of Pages: 1104


USA > Wisconsin > Columbia County > The history of Columbia county, Wisconsin, containing an account of its settlement > Part 112


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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At the time of his death, Haraszthy left to mourn his loss four sons and two daughters.


Haraszthy was a man whose whole aim was to introduce new elements of wealth, to search out new fields of industry, and thus to lead the way to a wider field of material progress, in whatever country he lived. He was a man of good and generous impulses. He was hospi- table and liberal almost to a fault. His hand was ever ready to help those who stood in need. He was full of ambition, but only in the line of being useful to his fellows. Those who knew him intimately loved and admired him, and all acknowledged a charm in his presence which they felt, but could not explain.


During 1842 and the year following, Haraszthy brought with him, from Hungary, his mother, who died at Grand Gulf, Miss. ; his father, Charles Haraszthy, who died at sea, on his return from Corinto to San Francisco, July 22, 1870 ; his wife, Eleonora Dodinsky, who died at Leon, Nicaragua, July 15, 1869; his son, Gaza Haraszthy, who died near Corinto, in Nica- ragua, December 17, 1878; his son, Attila F. Haraszthy ; and another son, Arpad. His daughter Ida was born in Peoria, Ill .; his son, Bela, in Sauk City, Wis .; and his daughter, Otelia, at Madison, in the same State.


The following is a list of town officers from the organization of Fort Winnebago to the present time :


1850-Jonathan Whitney, Chairman; Robert B. Willis, Augustus Rood, Supervisors ; August Putsch, Town Clerk ; Henry Merrell, Treasurer ; James M. Hatch, Augustus Rood, James Hinman ; Lyman A. Bliss, Superintendent of Schools.


1851-Jonathan Whitney, Chairman ; James Devine, J. L. Heath, Supervisors ; August Putsch, Clerk ; Alexander Gamble, John Devlin, Aaron Chesebro, Assessors ; William H. Whitney, Superintendent of Schools.


1852-James M. Forrest, Chairman ; William Geary, John Scott, Supervisors ; George Michael, Clerk ; Edward C. Degrusti, Treasurer ; T. M. Hatch, J. L. Heath, Dennis Cushing, Assessors ; Andrew Sweemey, Superintendent of Schools.


1853-Abram Dates, Chairman ; John Scott, Shubacl Spicer, Supervisors ; George Mitch- ell, Clerk; Daniel G. Brown, Treasurer; Patrick Lennan, Martin Carey, Thomas Joyce, Assessors : A. J. Rounds. Superintendent of Schools.


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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.


1854-John Hagan, Chairman; Thomas Joyce, Samuel Williams, Supervisors ; George Mitchell, Clerk ; Isaac Smith, Treasurer; Martin M. Carey, Assessor; James M. Forrest, Superintendent of Schools.


1855-John Hagan, Chairman ; Maximilian Averbeck, Samuel F. Williams, Supervisors ; Andrew Sweeney, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer ; Abram Dates, Michael Coughlin, Joseph Brentnall, Assessors ; James M. Forrest, Superintendent of Schools.


1856-John Devlin, Chairman ; Abram Dates, S. F. Williams, Supervisors ; D. C. Berry. Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer; George Mitchell, Abraham Dates, Assessors ; August Putsch, Superintendent of Schools.


1857-Andrew Sweeney, J. M. French, William Geary, Supervisors; Charles Baker, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer ; George Mitchell, William Malcomb, John Scott, Assessors ; Charles Sweeney, Superintendent of Schools.


1858-Andrew Sweeney, William Geary, Michael Coughlin, Supervisors ; Charles Baker, Clerk ; Thomas Joyce, Treasurer ; John Hagan, M. M. Cary, Jacob Davis, Assessors ; Charles Sweeney, Superintendent of Schools.


1859-Laurence Sweeney, Chairman, M. McLaughlin, Dixi C. Hall, Supervisors ; George Mitchell, Clerk ; Thomas Joyce, Treasurer ; James Wilson, Bradley S. Sanborn, Assessors ; James M. Forrest, Superintendent of Schools.


1860-0. S. Smith, Chairman ; James Hume, Dixi C. Hall, Supervisors; J. B. Wood, Clerk ; D. B. Peck, Treasurer ; G. M. Chase, Assessor ; James M. Forrest, Superintendent of Schools.


1861-0. S. Smith, Chairman ; H. M. Chapman, James Wilson, Supervisors ; William H. Whitney, Clerk ; Warren Cooley, Treasurer ; A. T. Spicer, John Cushing, Assessors ; J. B. Wood, Superintendent of Schools.


1862-D. C. Hall, Chairman ; H. M. Chapman, William Geary, Supervisors ; J. B. Wood, Clerk ; Warren Cooley, Treasurer ; Abram Dates, Assessor.


1863-D. C. Hall, Chairman ; William Geary, M. Coughlin. Supervisors ; Joseph Spain. Clerk ; Warren Cooley, Treasurer ; A. Dates, Assessor.


1864-Abraham Dates, Chairman ; Daniel Brown, Kneeland B. Cook, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Thomas Coughlin, Treasurer ; Charles Baker, Henry Bartels, James Heath, Assessors.


1865-John M. French, Chairman : Daniel Breen, Henry Bartels, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Charles Baker, Treasurer ; W. H. Whitney, Assessor.


1866-Philemon Van Brant, Chairman ; Henry Bartels, James Clithero, Supervisors ; R. O. Nelson, Clerk ; Charles Baker, Treasurer : H. B. Cook, Assessor.


1867-Charles Baker, Chairman ; Abram Dates, James Clithero, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; P. Van Brant. James Sweeney, D. C. Hall, Assessors ; Thomas O'Hare, Treas- urer.


1868-Charles Baker, Chairman ; Henry Bartels, Daniel Breen, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Maurice Coughlin, Treasurer ; James Wiem, Assessor.


1869-Charles Baker, Chairman ; A. J. Spain, Daniel Breen, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; James Wiem, Treasurer ; D. C. Hall, Assessor.


1870-Abram Dates. Chairman ; George G. Shaw, William Annacker, Supervisors ; Kneeland B. Cook, Clerk ; Bartholomey Hanley, Treasurer ; Joseph Spain, Assessor.


1871-Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; S. D. Merrill, Moses W. Prescott, Supervisors ; P. F. Casey. Clerk ; Charles Baker, Assessor.


1872-Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Benjamin J. Emerton, William Annacker, Supervi- sors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; B. Hanley, Treasurer ; John R. Dee, Assessor.


1873-Abram Dates, Chairman ; John Cushing, George Bain, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; B. Hanley, Treasurer ; Thomas Graham, Assessor.


1874-Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Daniel Breen, James Hume, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Thomas Coughlin, Treasurer; John Cushing, Assessor.


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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.


1875-Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Patrick Lennan, James Hume, Supervisors ; John R. Dee, Clerk ; John Cushing, Treasurer ; James M. Winn, Assessor.


1876-Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Patrick Lennan, John Wilcox, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; John Cushing, Treasurer ; B. Hanley, Assessor.


1877-Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Mat. Sinnott, John McKanna. Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer ; James Winn, Assessor.


1878-Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; William Myers, Matthew Sinnott, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer : John T. Jones, Assessor.


1879-Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; William Myers, B. Hanley, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer; James Winn, Assessor.


The Wisconsin Central Railroad enters the town from the city of Portage, on Section 33. passes through Sections 28, 21, 16, 9 and 5 into Marquette County. A small station is located on Section 9, called Corning Station.


NO


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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.


CHAPTER XIII.


TOWN OF FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE-VILLAGE OF FALL RIVER-TOWN OF HAMPDEN-TOWN OF LEEDS -TOWN OF LEWISTON-TOWN OF LODI-VILLAGE OF LODI-VILLAGE OF OKEE.


TOWN OF FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE.


At a meeting of the County Commissioners, held in 1846, all of Township 11, Range 12, together with other territory adjacent on the south, was made a voting precinct, and elections ordered held at the house of A. P. Birdsey ; and Asa Proctor, J. T. Lewis and Jeremiah Drake were appointed Judges of Election. At a further meeting of the board, held in January, 1849, the township was set off to itself and given the name of Fountain Prairie. The house of A. A. Brayton was designated as the place for holding the first election.


Chester Bushnell was the first actual settler of the town. He arrived here in the spring of 1843, and erected a board shanty on Section 33. Wayne B. Dyer came in September of the same year, and erected the first log house. John Brown and Benjamin Sage came also the same fall and selected land, Mr. Brown remaining here and Mr. Sage returning to Vermont after his family. Mr. Brown built a log house upon the land he had selected (the east half of the northeast quarter of Section 34). In July, 1844, Mr. Sage came back, bringing with him his family. He erected a house upon the west half of the northeast quarter of Section 34, being the fourth built in the town. During that summer and for two or three years, a number of settlers came in, among whom were Asa Proctor, John Boutwell, L. Pearson, Julius Higbe, John Q. Adams, Enos Grout, Alison Horton, E. J. Smith, A. A. Brayton, S. M. Smith, John O'Brien, J. D. Bullis, Isaac Bennett, Phinneas Underwood, Edward Tripp, James Ketchum, John Swarthout, Nelson Swarthout, Jacob Swarthout and James C. Carr.


In addition to those already mentioned as settling in the town in 1843, H. W. McCafferty made a claim, as it was called, which consisted in selecting a section for a farm and designating such selection by plowing a few furrows upon it, or making some slight preparations for building a cabin, or oftener by blazing a few trees in the timber, or setting a stake or two on the prairie, and placing one's initials upon them. These slight indications of intention to settlement were generally regarded as sacred by the early settlers, so that a claim was seldom jumped. McCaf- ferty's claim was on Section 21 and the adjoining sections. Mac had an eye to a ranch of mag- nificent proportions. He plowed a few acres and sowed it to winter wheat in the fall of 1843; a very fair crop was harvested, although somewhat injured by the deer feeding upon it. The California gold fever breaking out soon after this, McCafferty was swept along with it; when he returned, part of his claim had been taken up by others and the remainder had been despoiled of its timber, so he abandoned it, yet his name adheres to the place, as the high ridge of land running through Sections 21 and 15 is. known as McCafferty's Ridge.


July 15, 1843, is the date of the first entry of land in the town. This was made by James C. Carr. The railway station at Fall River is upon it. Carr came from the State of New York and settled upon this land June, 1844. He filled the office of Justice of the Peace for many years, and was several times elected Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors. He removed to Missouri. Wayne B. Dyer came from Ohio in August, 1843, located on Sec- tion 34, the farm now occupied by Mr. Kelly. October 5, 1843, Dyer entered the north- east quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 26, the timber land northeast of the cemetery, on the road to Lost Lake; this was the second entry of land in town. The following May, Dyer sold his claim and improvements to E. J. Smith, and, anticipating Greeley's advice to young men, " went west" and located in the present town of Otsego, where he was the first settler and built the first house in town. Two of his daughters, Mrs. Capt. M.


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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.


C. Hobart and Mrs. J. E. Grout, reside in Fountain Prairie. The next entries of land were made October 18, 1843, by Benjamin Sage and John Brown, heretofore mentioned, on the farm now owned by Enos Grout. When one considers that there were not a dozen farms then located in the eastern half of the county, he is just a little surprised at Mr. Brown's choice. Their lands selected, they set out on foot from Fountain Prairie to Green Bay, the land office being located there. This was no small undertaking at that time, a few blazed trees marked the way to Beaver Dam, at Waupun a solitary log house, a few cabins at Fond du Lac, and from there on the east side of Lake Winnebago to Green Bay, most of the country was owned by the Indians. Northeast of Stockbridge was one stretch of twenty miles with only one settled cabin to cheer the tired and lonely traveler as he plodded on through the dense forest, but the goal was reached, the land purchased. Sage returned immediately to Vermont. Brown came back, built a log house, spent the winter alone, and was enabled, he says, to enter into the feelings of Alexander Selkirk, when he sang :


" I am monarch of all I survey, My right there is none to dispute, From center all round to the sea, I am lord of the fowl and the brute."


Dyer and Bushnell were the only other settlers in town at this time, and not so much as a cabin on the west until Fort Winnebago was reached.


There were " marrying and giving in marriage" in the early day in Fountain Prairie, as well as other portions of the civilized world. The first in the town to take upon themselves the vows to be one " until deathi should part them," were Clark Heffron and Jane Boutwell, in 1846.


In August, 1845, the wife of James C. Carr died, being the first death.


Martha, daughter of Benjamin and Margaret Sage, was born September 2, 1844; the first birth in the town.


Quite a settlement was effected in the southeast corner of the town as early as 1845, and in the fall of that year a schoolhouse was erected on Section 23 and Mr. Babcock was engaged to teach school therein, during the following winter. The house was also used for religions services, being free to any denomination that desired its use. Here Rev. Stephen Jones, N. S. Green, E. J. Smith and other pioneer preachers labored in word and doctrine, and exhorted sinners to repent. School was held in this house summer and winter until the organization of the town into school districts in 1849. In that year, a better building was commenced and completed the following year ; the district being known as No. 1. In 1879, there were five whole and five joint districts in the town.


Benjamin Sage and John Brown made the next entries, October 15, 1843. To make these entries, Sage and Brown walked the entire distance to and from Green Bay, where the land office was located.


J. C. Carr, heretofore spoken of, was a skeptic in religion, while Mr. Sage was a zealous member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The former cared nothing for the Sabbath, while the latter believed in the sacredness of the day. While building his house, forgetting himself one Sabbath day, Mr. Sage took his spade and began work in his cellar. As it hap- pened, Mr. Carr came along, and taking in the situation, he hid behind a tree and in a deep tone of voice cried ont, " Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy!" Mr. Sage stopped his work, got upon a rock lying in the cellar, looked all around, but could see no one. He then returned to his work. Again the voice cried out as before. A second time Mr. Sage looked around to see whence came the voice. But no one was in sight, and he resumed his work. A third time the voice called on him to remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. Firmly impressed with the idea that an angel from Ileaven had spoken to him, Mr. Sage cleaned off his spade and started away, when Mr. Carr stepped from behind the tree, laughing heartily at the result of his work.


There were frequently strifes among the early settlers for possession of choice pieces of land. On one occasion, E. J. Smith and Jacob Swarthout desired a certain tract, so, one morn- ing, unbeknown, as he thought, to any one, Mr. Smith started off to Green Bay to secure the


749


HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.


prize. Mr. Swarthout was informed of the fact during the day, and just before night he mounted an Indian pony and started for the same place. When about half-way, he made a temporary exchange with an Indian for his pony and continued his journey without stopping to rest. He arrived at his destination about six hours ahead of Mr. Smith, and so secured the land.


Coon-hunting was an amusement occasionally indulged in. Wayne B. Dyer, Lewis Smith and Jacob Swarthout went ont once, and, treeing a coon, Mr. Smith climbed the tree for the purpose of bringing him down. The coon had taken refuge in the hollow of the tree and Mr. Smith put in his hand to draw him out. The coon seized it and the hand was drawn out sud- denly and with it the coon, who was thrown, by a violent jerk of Mr. Smith, some two or three rods away. Now the sight of blood always caused the gentleman to faint ; knowing this fact and pretending great anger, Mr. Swarthout began to curse him at a fearful rate, telling him he threw the coon away purposely ; that it was a mean, shabby trick, and drawing his gun on him threatened to shoot him if he did not at once come down out of that tree. The ruse was successful ; the mind of Mr. Smith being thus diverted from his maimed hand, he safely descended the tree. Explanations were made and a hearty laugh enjoyed.


During the first ten years of the town. it was settled by many first-class farmers, among whom might be mentioned John Brown, Henry C. Brace, William H. Proctor, Stephen Field, T. J. Smith, Jacob Swarthout, Oliver W. Field, Henry C. Field, Victor Brossard, John Q. Adams and others.


Fountain Prairie is bounded on the north by Courtland, on the south by Columbus, on the west by Otsego, and on the east by Dodge County. Its area is six miles square, the prin- cipal portion being prairie land. The name, Fountain Prairie, was given to it from the fact that there was a spring or stream of living water on every section of land save three. The north branch of the Crawfish River enters the town on Section 18, passes through into 17, 8, 9, 10, 16, where it unites with the main stream: the sonth branch enters on Section 30, runs through 31, 29, 20, 21, and on 16 joins the main branch, which courses through Sections 15, 14, 13. 23, 26, 27, 34, 35, and passes out from Section 36. The town is well adapted for grazing purposes.


In 1864, the La Crosse Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad was built through the town, entering on Section 34, crossing in a northwesterly direction through Sections 27, 28, 29, 20, 19, and into Otsego from 18. In consequence of the lay of the land not being favorable, the road was built about one mile southwest of the village of Fall River, but for the convenience of the citizens a depot was erected on the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 34, on land then owned by S. L. Batchelder. A small portion of his land was platted by Mr. Batchelder, and was called Batchelder's Addition to Fall River.


The first town meeting was held. April 3, 1849, at the store of A. A. Brayton. Enos Grout was chosen Moderator; Jonathan Chase, Assistant Inspector, and N. S. Green and J. C. Carr, Clerks. Sixty-two names are on the poll list, as follows : A. A. Brayton, George Wel- ker, Calvin Bell, Horace O'Brien, Jonathan Eggelston, William Grout, James S. Hart, Francis Meadway, Benjamin Sage, Yule Borden, Silas M. Smith, Jacob Swarthout, John O'Brien, H. D. Manville, John D. Bullis, George Brown, Isaac Bennett, Oliver W. Field, E. T. Kearney, Henry C. Field, Joel Williams, Christopher Brown, Phineas Underwood, Marvin Sturges, Hiram S. Hastings, William Hare, John Brown, William Rue, Henry C. Brace, Josiah Loomis, F. Justin, Nelson S. Green, Orson Snow, Charles Chase, Aaron Lashier, F. A. Martin, William R. Sperling, Edward Wipp, J. Lyman, Jr., William H. Proctor, J. W. Townsend, John D. Hunt, Brooks Fuller, S. R. Dix, John Hicks, Thomas J. Smith, Calvin Martin, Lorenzo Bennett, Stephen Fields, J. C. Carr, Smith Horton, Richard Blake, Jr., J. C. Heffron, Enos Grout, Abel Pierce, Jonathan Chase, Victor Brossard, Orin Bliss, Edward J. Smith, William O. Maine.


The town officers elected were : Alfred A. Brayton, Chairman : Supervisors-Stillman R. Dix, Calvin Martin ; Town Clerk, Silas M. Smith ; Assessor, Benjamin Sage; Superintendent of Schools, John Q. Adams; Treasurer, Nelson S. Green; Justices of the Peace, Nelson S.


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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.


Green, Henry C. Fields, Moses R. Cobb, Calvin R. Martin ; Constables, E. T. Kearney, John Hicks and Lorenzo Bennett. Smith Horton was elected Road Supervisor in the western road district, and Enos Grout in the eastern district. The meeting voted to raise $125 for current expenses, about enough to pay a town clerk in a small town in 1876; $175 for school purposes, and $30 for bridge plank.


In addition to the foregoing, those assembled at this town meeting took upon themselves the law-making power, and voted that four and one-half feet in height shall constitute a lawful fence ; that fence viewers shall determine whether a fence is lawful, provided it is four and one-half feet high ; that any male swine running at large sball be forfeited ; that hogs shall not be free com- moners except in the months of October, November and December ; to allow orderly horses. cattle and sheep to run at large, except stallion horses and buck sheep; that a fine of $5 be imposed on any person violating the foregoing by-laws.


A few years later, this by-law was put upon the record : " Moved and carried that hogs run- ning at large shall not be considered as property, but shall become the property of any man who will take them up and keep them confined."


The first highway located in the town was a Territorial road from Fort Winnebago to Jef- ferson, by way of Columbus and Waterloo. This was in 1844. The route selected was sub- stantially over the present traveled road from Columbus to Otsego.


It will be remembered that Benjamin Sage, after purchasing his land, went back to Ver- mont. He returned in the spring of 1844 with his family, and put up a shanty with a hay-roof with a stove pipe running up through it. He was soon burned out. This was the first fire in town; no insurance.


Sage died in August, 1871. Says the Columbus Democrat of August 25, 1871 :


" Benjamin Sage died at his residence in Fountain Prairie on Tuesday last of apoplexy. He was sixty-seven years old and was among the pioneer settlers of Columbia County. Twenty- eight years ago this autumn he came to this county and selected his farm and future home. There was only one family living in the present township of Fountain Prairie. It was neces- sary at that time to go to Green Bay to purchase, as the land office was then situated there. This journey he made on foot. The intervening country was then inhabited by Indians only. Roads and hotels at that period were of course not among the conveniences found by travelers. John Brown had selected an eighty adjoining the prospective farm of the Captain. With a single exception, these claims were the first two made in that township. These two pioneers made the journey to Green Bay together. The friendship formed during that trip was as last- ing as life. Either could have adopted as his own the words of David lamenting for Jonathan, ' Very pleasant hast thou been unto me; thy love to me was wonderful, passing that of woman.' In the spring of 1847, Capt. Sage brought his family to Fountain Prairie and built a cabin. He has resided at the same location ever since. He was a good citizen, order-loving, public spirited and a Democrat of the old school.


In 1845, A. A. Brayton entered the land for the mill-site and village of Fall River, where he built a saw-mill in 1846, which furnished all the sawed lumber that was used in the con- struction of hundreds of log houses in this region. White oak boards were considered good finishing lumber in 1846. Brayton opened the first store in town in the fall of 1846, using a slab shanty for his store., This year, 1846, was known to the early settlers as the sickly season. Fever and ague and chills and fever were very prevalent. In many neighborhoods there were not well ones enough to care for the sick, and some left the country because of its unhealthiness. This town lying in the forks of the Crawfish, which is skirted with timber, was a favorite hunt- ing and fishing ground for the Indian. Then it was right in his pathway from the Rock River to the portage between the Fox and the Wisconsin, and deep trails were worn across the prairie where for many a long year the savage had led his squaw and his pony. For several years after the first settlement, the Indian was wont to visit these old hunting and fishing grounds ; but he was not the Indian of song and story, but a miserable, thieving, begging, cowardly specimen of humanity. Deer and the prairie hen were the principal game that the early settler


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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.


found, and they were very abundant. Many a family subsisted almost entirely for weeks together upon food obtained by hunting and fishing.


The town of Fountain Prairie lies directly south of Courtland, but is considerably lower than the latter town, the dividing ridge having passed off to the westward. Prairie occurs in the southwestern sections only. Narrow marshy belts are seen in the northern portion and middle sections. The Crawfish River traverses the southeastern portions, and near the middle of the town divides into two main branches, the one heading in the southwest corner of the town, the other and more northern one heading in the town of Otsego, on the west. Both streams and marsh belts show the same southwest-northeast direction as observed in the town of Courtland. The largest part of the town lies at an altitude of 300 to 350 feet, the extremes being about 250 feet along the Crawfish in the southeast part of the town, and points in the northwest, reach 380 to 400 feet. The streams run in shallow but well-defined valleys.




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