USA > Wisconsin > Columbia County > The history of Columbia county, Wisconsin, containing an account of its settlement > Part 47
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The width of the river, where it enters Marathon County, is from three hundred to five hundred feet. It pursues a general southerly course through Townships 29, 28, 27, 26. 25 and 24 north, of Range 7 east, and Townships 24 and 23 north. of Range 8 east, in the southern portion of Portage County. In this part of its course, the Wisconsin flows through a densely timbered country, and has, except where it makes rapids or passes through rock gorges, a narrow bottom land, which varies in width, is usually raised but a few feet above the water level, and is wider on one side than on the other. Above this bottom, terraces can often be made out, with surfaces in some cases one or two miles in width. Above, again, the country surface rises steadily to the dividing ridges on each side, never showing the bluff edges so characteristic of the lower reaches of the river. Heavy rapids and falls are made at Wausau (Big Bull Falls), at Mosinee (Little Bull Falls), at Stevens Point, and on Section 8, in Township 23 north, of Range 8 east (Conant's Rapids). All but the last named of these are increased in height by artificial dams. Two miles below the foot of Conant's Rapids, just after receiving the Plover River on the east, the Wisconsin turns a right angle to the west, and enters upon the sparsely timbered sand plains through which it flows for 100 miles. At the bend, the river is quiet, with high banks of sand, and a few low outerops of gneiss at the water's edge. From the bend the course is westward for about nine miles, then, after curving southward again. the long series of rapids soon begin, which, with intervening stretches of still water, extend about fifteen miles along the river to the last rapid at Point Basse, in southern Wood County.
East of the river line, between the city of Grand Rapids and Point Basse, the country rises gradually, reaching altitudes of one hundred feet above the river at points ten or fifteen miles distant. On the west, the surface is an almost level plain, descending gradually as the river is receded from. At Point Basse, the gneissic rocks disappear beneath the sandstones which for some miles have formed the upper portions of the river banks and now become, in turn, the bed-rock ; and the first division of the river's course ends. The main tributaries which it has received down to this point are, on the left bank, the Big Eau Claire, three miles below Wausau ; the Little Eau Claire, on the north side of Section 3, in Township 25 north, of Range 7 cast, just south of the north line of Portage County ; and the Big Plover, on Section 9, in Township 28 north, of Range 5 east, just at the foot of Conant's Rapids ; on the right bank, the Plaoota or Big Rib, about two miles below Wausau ; the She.she-ga-ma-isk, or Big Eau Pleine, on Sec- tion 19, in Township 26 north, of Range 7 east, in Marathon County ; and the Little Eau Pleine, on Section 9, in Township 25 north, of Range 7 east. in Portage County. All of these
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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.
streams are of considerable size and drain large areas. They all make much southing in their courses, so that their lengths are much greater than the actual distances from the sources to the Wisconsin at the nearest point ; and all of them have a very considerable descent, making many rapids aud falls over the tilted edges of schistose and gneissic rocks, even down to within short distances of their junctions with the main river. The streams on the west side head on the high country along the line of the Fourth Principal Meridian, about forty miles west of the Wisconsin, and at elevations of from two hundred to three hundred feet above their mouths ; those on the east head on the divide between the Wisconsin and Wolf, about twenty miles east, at elevations not very much less. Reaching back, as these streams do, into a country largely timbered with pine, and having so large a descent, they are of great value for logging and milling purposes.
The second section of the Wisconsin River begins at Point Basse, with a width of from seven hundred to nine hundred feet. The next sixty miles of its course, to the head of the Dalles, is a southerly stretch, with a wide bow to the westward, through sand plains, here and there timbered with dwarf oaks and interspersed with marshes. These plains stretch away to the east and west for twenty miles from the river bottom, gradually rising in both directions. Scattered over them, at intervals of one to ten miles, are erosion peaks of sandstone, from fifty to three hundred feet in height, rising precipitously from the level ground. Some of these are near and on the bank of the river, which is also, in places, bordered by low, mural expos- ures of the same sandstone. The river itself is constantly obstructed by shifting sand-bars, resulting from the ancient disintegration of the sandstone, which, in the vicinity, everywhere forms the basement rock; but its course is not interrupted by rock rapids. As it nears the northern line of Columbia County, the high ground that limits the sand plain on the west curving southeastward, finally reaches the edge of the stream, which, by its southeasterly course for the last twenty miles, has itself approached the high ground on the east. The two ridges thus closing in upon the river, have caused it to cut for itself the deep, narrow gorge known as the Dalles.
In the second section of its course, the Wisconsin receives several important tributaries. Of those on the east, the principal ones are Duck Creek and Ten-Mile Creek, in the southern part of Wood County ; and the Little and Big Roche-a-Cris Creeks, both in Adams County. The two former head in a large marsh twenty-five miles east of and over one hundred feet above the main stream. The two latter head on the high, dividing ridge, on the west line of Wau- shara County, at elevations between one hundred and fifty and two hundred feet above their mouths. These streams do not pass through a timbered country, but have very valuable water- powers. Of those on the west, two are large and important-the Yellow and Lemonweir Rivers. Yellow River heads in Township 25 north, in the adjoining corners of Wood, Jackson and Clark Counties, and runs a general southerly course, nearly parallel to the Wisconsin for over seventy miles-the two gradually approaching one another and joining in Township 17 north of Range 4 east. The Yellow River has its Archæan and sandstone sections-the former exceedingly rocky and much broken by rapids and falls, the latter comparatively sluggish and without rock rapids. The upper portions of the river extend into the pine regions, and much logging is done in times of high water. The water-powers are of great value. The Lemonweir is also a large stream. Heading in a timbered region in the southeast corner of Jackson County, it flows southward for some distance through Monroe and entering Juneau on the mid- dle of its west side, crosses it in a southeasterly direction, reaching the Wisconsin in Section 24, in Township 15 north, of Range 5 east, having descended in its length of some seventy miles about two hundred feet.
The Wisconsin enters the gorge already spoken of as the Dalles not far above the southern boundary line of Juneau and Adams Counties. This well-known passage, of about seven and one- half miles, is hereafter described. At its foot, between the counties of Sauk and Columbia, the Wisconsin enters upon the last section of its course, and also upon the most remarkable bend in its whole length. Through the Dalles, its general course is southward, but it now turns almost
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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.
due east, in which direction it continues, with one or two subordinate turns southward for about seventeen miles, through low sand banks, as far as Portage. Here it bends abruptly south again, and, reaching its most eastern point not far below, soon swerves around into the final southwest- ward stretch to the Mississippi. The cause of this long detour to the east is sufficiently evident. As the river leaves the Dalles, it finds lying directly athwart its course two bold quartzite ranges, which extend east and west through Sauk County for upwards of twenty miles, and, erossing into Columbia, finally unite about eight miles east of the county line in a sharp and bold, east- ward-projecting point, rising four hundred feet above the river-bottom. Above Portage, where the Wisconsin forms the southern boundary line of the town of Lewiston, the ground immediately north is lower than the water in the river-the heads of Neenah Creek, a tributary of the Fox, rising a short distance from its banks. In times of high water, the Wisconsin over- flows into these streams, and thus contributes to a totally different river system. . At Portage, the Fox, after flowing south of west for twenty miles, approaches the Wisconsin, coming from the oppo- site direction. Where the two streams are nearest, they are less than two miles apart, and are separated by a low, sandy plain, the water in the Fox being five feet below that of the Wiscon- sin at ordinary stages. The greater part of this low ground is overflowed by the latter stream in times of high water, and to this is chiefly due the spring rise in the Fox River.
After doubling the eastern end of the quartzite ranges, as already said, the Wisconsin turns again to the west, being forced to this by impinging on the north side of a high belt of limestone country, which, after trending southward across the eastern part of Columbia County, veers gradually to a westerly direction, lying to the south of the river, along the rest of its course. Soon after striking this limestone region, the river valley assumes an altogether new character, which it retains to its mouth, having now a nearly level, for the most part treeless, bottom, from three to six miles in width, ten to thirty feet in height, usually more on one side than on the other. and bounded on both sides by bold and often precipitous bluffs, one hundred to three hundred and fifty feet in height, of sandstone eapped with limestone. Immediately along the water's edge is usually a narrow timbered strip, rising two to four feet above the river, which is overflowed.at high water. The line of bluffs along the north side of the valley is the northern edge of the high limestone belt just mentioned, which reaches its greatest elevation ten to fifteen miles south of this edge. In front of the main bluff-face, especially in its eastern extension, are frequently to be seen bold and high isolated outliers of the limestone country. On the north bank, the bluffs are at first the edges of similar large outlying masses, but farther down they become more continuous, the river crossing over the northwestward-trending outcrop line of the Lower Magnesian limestone.
In this last section of its course, the Wisconsin is much obstrueted by bars of shifting sand, derived originally from the erosion of the great sandstone formation which underlies the whole region, and to whose existence the unusual amount of obstruction of this kind in the river is due. The altitude of the water surface of the Wisconsin at Lae Vieux Desert above Lake Michigan, is 951 feet ; at Wausau, above dam, 623 feet ; at Knowlton (high), 538 feet- (low), 523 feet ; at Stevens Point, 485 feet ; at Conant's Rapids, 468 feet; at Grand Rapids, -railroad bridge, 420 feet ; at Kilbourn City-railroad bridge, 233 feet ; at Portage. 211 feet ; at Merrimac, 182 feet ; at Sauk City, 165 feet; at Spring Green bridge, 134 feet ; at Museoda, 115 feet; at the mouth of the stream, 34 feet. The average velocity of the river below Portage is remarkably uniform, and is just about two miles per hour. The daily discharges of the river at Portage, in times of extreme low water, is about two hundred and fifty-nine million cubic feet. The average fall of the water surface of the river below Portage is one and one-half foot per mile. This rapid fall, were it not for the great amount of sand in the river- bed, would make the stream a series of pools and rock rapids.
Rock River .- The Rock River, by its head streams, drains nearly all of eastern Columbia County territory. Its branches are everywhere divided from the tributaries of the Wisconsin by the high belt of limestone country, already described as running southwestward through the eastern part of the county, and then westward through the northern part of Dane County.
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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.
Fox River .- This stream heads in the northeastern part of Columbia County, and the adjoining portions of Green Lake County, on the west edge of the high limestone belt previously alluded to. Flowing at first southwest and then due west nearly parallel to the Duck Creek branch of the Wisconsin, it approaches the latter stream at Portage. When within less than two miles of the Wisconsin, separated from it and from Duck Creek by only a low, sandy plain, it turns abruptly northward, and with a sluggish current continues on this course for twelve miles to the head of Lake Buffalo, in the southern part of Marquette County. It has already been said that in the spring this portion of the Fox receives a large amount of water from the Wisconsin, much of which reaches it through a branch known as the Big Slough, or Neenah Creek, which, heading within a mile of the Wisconsin, in the town of Lewiston, reaches the Fox just south of the north line of Columbia County, in the town of Fort Winnebago.
At the head of Lake Buffalo, the Fox begins a wide curve, which brings its direction finally around to due east. From the foot of the lake, the river for seven miles has an irregular, easterly course, with a somewhat rapid current, to the head of Lake Packawa. At the foot of the last-mentioned lake, there are wide marshes through which the river leaves on the north side, and, after making a long, narrow bend to the west, begins its northeast stretch to Lake Winnebago, keeping along the western edge of the northern extension of the same limestone ridge, so many times referred to. From Lake Packawa to Berlin, the river is wider and deeper, interrupted by but few sand-bars, and runs for a considerable portion of the distance between high banks. The distance from Portage to Berlin is seventy-three miles-the river falling a fraction over twenty-five feet. It is thought unnecessary in this connection to continue the description of this stream after it leaves Berlin.
WATERSHEDS.
The high limestone prairie belt, which separates the systems of the Rock and Wisconsin Rivers, crosses Green Lake County in a south-southwest direction, enters Columbia County on the north line of the towns of Scott and Randolph, crosses the county in a line gradually veering to the west, and, entering Dane County in the towns of Dane and Vienna, turns due west. On the west, this divide has an abrupt serrated face, which increases in boldness and height as followed southward and westward - the watershed itself reaching altitudes of 400 feet above the adjacent Wisconsin. The eastern slope on the other hand, is, in Columbia County, very gradual, owing to the general descent eastward of the strata. As the watershed turns westward, the direction of the dip changes gradually to the south, its amount at the same time becoming lessened. As a result, the slopes toward the Catfish Valley are again somewhat more abrupt, but never become like those on the Wisconsin side of the divide. The western and northern face of this divide forms the eastern and southern side of the Wisconsin Valley continuously from the mouth of the river to the most eastern point of its great bend in Columbia County. Farther north, however, the ridge continues its northeasterly trend, leaving the Wisconsin entirely, and becoming the eastern boundary of the valley of the Upper Fox River as far as Lake Winnebago. .
The " Baraboo Bluffs " are two bold cast and west ridges-the southern much the bolder and more continuous of the two -extending through Sauk and western Columbia County for twenty miles and lying within the great bend of the Wisconsin River. Their cores and summits, in some places their entire slopes, are composed of tilted beds of quartzite, metamorphic con- glomerate, and porphyry, whilst their flanks are for the most part made up of beds of horizontal sandstone, which, in lower places, sometimes surmounts and conceals the more ancient rocks.
ARTESIAN WELLS.
The great usefulness of artesian wells as a source of water uncontaminated by surface impurities, and the great success with which these wells have met in other parts of the State, will render a brief statement of the probabilities of success in the attempt to obtain flowing wells in Columbia County of some interest. In this respect the county divides itself at once
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HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY.
into two portions. For that portion east of the meridian of Portage, the prospect of success is good, growing more and more nearly to a certainty as the attempt shall be made nearer and nearer to the east line of the county. At Portage, to judge from the boring at Kilbourn, in which the water reaches a level of about forty-nine feet above the Portage depot, there would probably be a flow above the top of the well, though this is not quite a certainty. At all events the expense attending the experiment would be but slight, since the boring would pass through soft rock, and if not successful at 500 feet, would not be so at all. East of the Wisconsin River within the limits of Columbia County, the probabilities are very strongly against success.
ALTITUDES.
The altitudes of several points in each of the towns in Columbia County have been deter- mined, and when hereafter mentioned are given in feet above Lake Michigan. By adding 589 feet to the height of any particular point, the result will be the altitude above the ocean.
Township 10 north, Range ~ east ( West Point) .- Gibraltar Bluff, middle, cast line, Section 13, 635 feet ; marsh at foot of same, east half, Section 13, 230 feet ; cemetery, south- east quarter of southeast quarter, Section 14, 370 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter, Section 15, 270 feet ; southwest corner, Section 14, 290 feet ; middle, south line, Section 15, 280 feet ; south line, southeast quarter, Section 16, 290 feet ; middle, south line, Section 16. 280 feet ; bend in road, north line, northeast quarter, Section 20, 250 feet; top of limestone bluff, northeast quarter, Section 20, 485 feet ; southeast corner, Section 21, 320 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter, Section 22, 280 feet ; middle, east line, Section 22, 325 feet ; middle, south line, Section 24, 420 feet ; center, southeast quarter, Section 25, 400 feet ; mid- dle, east half, Section 27, 270 feet ; center, southeast quarter, Section 27, 310 feet ; southeast corner, Section 27, 275 feet ; center, southwest quarter, Section 27, 310 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, southwest, Section 27, 340 feet; middle, east line, Section 28, 330 feet ; southwest corner, Section 28, 290 feet; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 29, 280 feet ; road, southeast quarter, Section 31, 290 feet ; middle, west half, northeast quar- ter, Section 33, 370 feet ; cross-roads, north half, Section 36, 245 feet.
Township 10 north, Range S east (Lodi and West Point, in part) .- Bluff, top, southwest quarter, Section 7, 520 feet; road, corners, northwest quarter, Section 14, 330 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 14, 420 feet ; middle, north half, Section 14, 475 feet ; center, northwest quarter, Section 15, 340 feet ; center, northwest quarter, Section 16, 315 feet ; mid- dle, east line, Section 19, 310 feet ; middle, west half, Section 20, 250 feet; one-eighth mile south of center, Section 20, 240 feet ; southwest corner. Section 20, 440 feet; center, north- west quarter, Section 23, 360 feet ; middle, east line, northeast quarter, Section 23, 460 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 23, 340 feet ; bluff-top, southeast quarter, Sec- tion 23, 560 feet ; bluff-top, northwest quarter, Section 24, 560 feet; center, Section 26, 250 feet ; center, southeast quarter, Section 27, 330 feet ; center, southwest quarter, Section 28, 470 feet ; middle, west line, southwest quarter, Section 28, 420 feet ; middle, west line, Sec- tion 29, 360 feet ; bluff-top, middle, north half, Section 31, 475 feet ; middle, east line, Section 31, 350 feet ; middle, east line, Section 32, 380 feet.
Township 10 north, Range 8 east (Arlington) .- Creek crossing, northeast quarter, Sec- tion 1, 300 feet ; bluff-top, southeast corner, Section 2, 445 feet ; southwest corner, Section 2, 380 feet ; center, Section 3, 305 feet ; creek crossing, southeast quarter, Section 3, 270 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 4, 375 feet ; southwest corner, Section 4, 355 feet ; southwest quarter, Section 5, 370 feet ; middle, west line, Section 5, 340 feet; south line, southwest quarter, Section 7, 525 feet ; southeast corner, Section 7. 425 feet ; southeast corner, Section 8, 465 feet ; middle, east line, Section 8, 440 feet ; middle, east line, Section 10, 520 feet ; southeast corner, Section 10, 480 feet ; middle, north line, northwest quarter, Section 13, 440 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter, Section 13, 460 feet ; Arlington Station, Section 13, 460 feet ; southwest corner, Section 14, 470 feet; southwest corner, Sec- tion 15, 500 feet ; middle, south line, Section 16, 460 feet ; southwest corner, Section 16, 440
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HISTORY OF COLUMBIAA COUNTY.
feet ; southwest corner, Section 17, 490 feet : middle, west line, Section 17, 460 feet ; center, Section 19, 540 feet ; southeast corner, Section 19, 460 feet ; knob, south line, southeast quar- ter, Section 21, 525 feet ; middle, east line, southeast quarter, Section 21, 500 feet ; bluff-top, southwest quarter, Section 27, 520 feet; bluff-top, northwest quarter, Section 28, 525 feet ; bluff-top, west line, southwest quarter, Section 28, 520 feet ; middle, west line, Section 28, 420 feet ; southwest corner, Section 29, 480 feet; bluff-top, northeast quarter, Section 34, 520 feet.
Township 10 north, Range 12 east (Columbus) .- Middle, south line Section 7, 300 feet ; stream, south line, southeast quarter, Section 8, 275 feet ; middle, north line, Section 9, 310 feet ; northeast corner, Section 9, 385 feet ; northeast corner, Section 16, 285 feet ; northwest corner, Section 17, 295 feet ; middle, north line, Section 17, 285 feet ; west line, northeast quarter, Section 19, 365 feet ; middle, east line, Section 20, 325 feet; northeast corner, Sec- tion 20, 305 feet ; middle, east half. Section 21, 285 feet ; stream crossing, northwest quarter, Section 28, 300 feet ; middle, north half, Section 32, 395 feet ; middle, east half, Section 33, 395 feet.
Township 11 north, Range 8 east (Dekorra) .- Middle, east half, Section 23, 240 feet ; middle, east line, Section 23, 240 feet.
Township 11 north, Range 9 east (Dekorra) .- Middle, west line, southwest quarter, Sec- tion 11, 280 feet ; cross-roads, west half, Section 11, 335 feet ; middle, west line, Section 17, 340 feet; southwest corner, Section 17, 370 feet; southwest corner, Section 20, 220 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter, Section 16, 380 feet ; cemetery, west half, Section 23, 310 feet; middle, west half, Section 28, 320 feet ; stream crossing, northeast quarter, Section 30, 220 feet ; middle, east line, northeast quarter, Section 30, 240 feet ; middle, south half, Section 33, 270 feet ; Poynett Depot, 264 feet.
Township 11 north, Range 10 east (Lowville) .- Southeast corner, Section 1, 360 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter, Section 2, 330 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quar- ter, Section 3, 320 feet ; bluff onc-fourth mile north, 725 feet; ravine, southwest corner, Sec- tion 4, 260 feet ; southwest corner, Section 5, 320 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 6, 300 feet ; middle, east half, Section 8, 280 feet ; bluff-top, southeast quarter, Section 9, 400 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 9, 330 feet ; middle, south line, Sec- tion 10, 350 feet ; southwest corner, Section 11, 350 feet ; southeast corner, Section 11, 370 feet ; southeast corner, Section 12, 370 feet ; middle, west line, Section 13, 350 feet ; middle, southwest quarter, Section 17, 310 feet ; middle, west half, Section 18, 290 feet ; middle, east line. Section 19, 340 feet ; middle, east half, Section 20, 360 feet ; middle, south line, south- east quarter, Section 20, 420 feet ; knob,'south line, southeast quarter, Section 23, 460 feet ; southeast corner, Section 23, 400 feet ; middle, south line, Section 24, 400 feet; middle, west line, northwest quarter, Section 28, 400 feet ; center, northeast quarter, Section 29, 420 feet ; bluff-top, southeast quarter, Section 31, 410 feet ; middle, east line, Section 31, 350 feet ; mid- dle, east half, Section 32, 400 fcet.
Township 11 north, Range 11 east ( Otsego) .- Middle, west half, Section 1, 345 feet ; middle, west line, Section 1, 375 feet ; center, Section 2, 345 fect; middle, east half, Section 3, 330 feet ; middle, west line, Section 3, 350 feet ; center, Section 4, 375 feet; center, Sec- tion 5, 340 feet ; middle, west line, Section 5, 360 feet ; middle, west line, Section 7, 420 feet ; middle, east line, Section 11, 365 feet ; Doylestown, Section 12, 360 feet ; southwest corner, Section 15, 380 feet; southwest corner, Section 16, 390 feet ; middle, south line, Section 17, 365 feet ; southwest corner, Section 17, 380 feet ; middle, south linc, Section 19, 340 feet : southeast corner, Section 19, 350 feet ; middle, south line, Section 20, 355 feet ; center, south- west quarter, Section 22, 360 feet; middle, north half, Section 22, 365 feet ; Otsego, Section 22, 355 feet ; stream, east linc, northeast quarter, Section 23, 345 feet ; middle, east line, Sec- tion 23, 365 feet ; middle, east line, southeast quarter. Section 23, 345 feet ; middle, east half. Section 32, 365 feet ; middle, east line, Section 32, 365 feet ; center, Section 33, 365 feet ;
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