USA > California > A history of California: the American period > Part 44
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Of the country between the Little Colorado and Walkers pass, no explora- tion has been made except by Walker, an old and experienced guide and mountaineer. He has crossed it several times, and assured me it was the shortest and most practicable route he ever traveled-always finding an abundant supply of wood, grass and water. He has gone by this route from the California settlements to Santa Fe in twenty five days, and returned in 1851 by the same route in thirty two days .- He says the most difficult part of the whole distance is in the mountains (already mentioned) between Zuñi and the Rio Grande-this to my own knowledge is of but little consideration.
The scarcity of wood and water on part of the route I have sketched, is its greatest objection-but this applies equally if not more, to the route by the Salt Lake, or the one south of the Gila. On the upper route from Pilot Peak to Humboldt River, the country is much broken by isolated ranges of low mountains, rising from sandy plains, affording but little wood, grass or water. Along Humboldt River the country is more rolling, and with better vegetation- Willow in abundance skirts this stream-large timber is scarce, and that only cottonwood. From the sink of Humboldt River to the head of Kern River, the country is broken by low basaltic ridges of mountains. This southern detour from the sink of Humboldt River, seems unavoidable as there are no passes, practicable for a Rail Road, north of that which leads into the head of the San Joaquin Valley by Kern River. In support of this, I extract the following from a letter by Mr. E. M. Kern, who was assistant to Col. Frémont in 1845.
"The entrance into the main mountain in 1845, was so gradual that it was hardly noticed .- We had nothing with us to note the height-Kern River makes a cañon through which it enters the valley-this might be made a good road. If so it would form an excellent pass into the San Joaquin Valley. Before entering this pass, the country to the east opens into a large plain, broken only by an occasional sandy or basaltic ridge-in our first ascent we could see the peaks of the mountains in the vicinity of the Mojave River, and there can be no difficulty in crossing from the Mojave to this point except the scarcity of wood & water-but the country is a level plain-Our descent into the valley was broken and rough, though not difficult .- The mean temperature at the head of Kern River, from Dec. 27th to Jany. 17-was at sunrise 26° noon 60°, sunset 52°. The snow was about two and a half feet deep on the highest peaks on the 20th of Jany. A better road might be found on further examination. This is the only pass through to the mountains south of the present immigrant road (which is certainly not made for a Rail Road)-This I know, having traveled down the eastern side of the Sierra from near the above point to Kern River. There may be a way through, by Owens River, but not for wagons, and I think it very doubtful for mules. Col. Frémont tried a pass from the valley up the San Joaquin, but failed.
"As regards Walkers Route which follows up Pass Creek, I know but little,
501
APPENDIX D
but from what Walker told me it could be made a good road, as the mountains give nearly out at this point. Frémont in his report, speaks of it as an excellent one for horses, and says 'with a little labor, or perhaps with a more perfect examination it might be made practicable for wagons.' 'Tis useless to imagine that a pass can be found north of Kern River for a Rail Road into either the San Joaquin or Sacramento vallies."
The principal objections to the northern route, are the obstructions caused by the heavy fall of snow on some portions of its passage for eighteen hundred miles, through a country destitute of civilized population, except at the Pueblo de San Carlos, Hardscrabble and the settlements about the Salt Lake .- The first two of but trifling consequence-the impossibility of its passage through the Sierra Nevada, where it is proposed to strike it, involving the necessity of a southern detour of some two or three hundred miles to reach the only practi- cable passes in this range-and its almost purely local character, requiring long branches to reach it from the southern portion of the states.
The route by El Paso and the Gila, has the same objection as the last one above mentioned. The first part of this route, which lies in western Texas is destitute of timber, and does not present other facilities of construction equal to that proposed by the Canadian River. From El Paso, perhaps the most practicable way is to strike out in a westerly direction to the Rio San Pedro, follow it to the Gila, and thence to the Big Colorado. Of this part of the route I know nothing. From the Big Colorado to Carrizo Creek an inhospitable desert of about one hundred and thirty miles in width, has to be crossed affording with the exception of the mesquite, no vegetation beside some shrubs and bright and rare flowers, peculiar to such an arid and barren spot. Water in uncertain and at long intervals .- Besides its inhospitable character, the heavy sand, ever changing in its nature, presents a formidable obstacle.
The pass through the coast range near Warner's Ranch, in practicability bears no comparison, to those through the different mountain ranges I have spoken of. Emerging from the coast range, the road is steep and difficult in places, shewing between the ranches of Santa Isabella and San Pasqual a difference in elevation of 2334 feet.
San Diego possesses no population or accessible fertile back-country, like San Francisco-and its harbor is far inferior.
In conclusion the following sumary [sic] of the advantages of the route I have indicated is offered.
Its central position, the connections from points on either side being nearly equidistant-its directness and most practicable passage through the dif- ferent mountain ridges to be encountered-its freedom from snow, part of its location in a region of country already largely settled, rich in mineral, and agricultural resources-and capable in itself of supplying the necessary labor and material for its construction in that section-the knowledge of the greater part of the whole distance, requiring but few explorations to determine at once, its proper locality-the shortness of the intervals between civilised population, and its entrance into, and passage through one of the most fertile vallies in California.
There are of course, numerous and serious obstacles to be overcome-such as scarcity of timber and water-but these are less formidable than on any other route. Let the road pass where it will, an inhospitable region of country must be crossed between the Rocky Mts. and Sierra Nevada, and this appears to be the most facile by the route I advance.
502
APPENDIX D
An exploration from the Little Colorado to Walkers Pass, returning by the Old Spanish Trail, would at once settle all speculation in regard to these regions, and I feel sure, confirm the truth of what I have advanced. Most of the foregoing has been collected under my own observation, and the rest from information derived from the most reliable sources. Hoping it will at least meet your views and give rise to a rigid inquiry,
I am very respectfully Your Obt. Sevnt. RICHARD H. KERN
Hon. Wm. M. Gwinn, U. S. Senate, Washington, D. C.
INDEX
Abbey, James, 238, 239 Abbott, H. L., 375, 379 Aberdeen, Lord, 183, 187 Abert, Col. J. J., 131, 132 Acapulco, 235
Acquisition plans (Great Britain), 208
Acquisition plans (U. S.), 194
Adams, John Quincy, 142, 143
Adams Express Company, 292, 360 Adams River, 48 Admission, 261 Agriculture, 447-453 Ague, 100 Aguilar, Ignacio, 215 Ainsa family, n., 338, 341 Alaska, 26
Alcalde, 248 Alexander, 15 Alexander, George, 435 Alvarado, Juan B., 149, 154-158, 191, 196 American, 177 American River, 110, 225 American settlers, 190-200, 204 Ammuchabas, 48 Anaheim, 322 Anita, 335, 336 Annexation plans (Great Britain), 176-189 Annexation plans (U. S.), 165-189 Anza-Garcés Route. See Routes,
Mexican Appropriation bill, 257 Arcane, 241 Arce, Francisco, 201 Argüello, Concepción, 25 Argüello, José, 25 Arista, President, 327, 328 Arizona Colonization Company, 339 Army of the West, 218 Arrastre, 268 Arrillaga, Governor, 25
Ashburton, Lord, 178 Ashley, William Henry, 46, 47 Aspinwall, William H., 233 Astor, John Jacob, 48 Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, 398 Atoo1, 29 Auburn, 264 Audubon, John W., 239 Avalon, 13 Ayuntamiento, 249
Bailey, James, 384, 387
Bakersfield, 137
Bancroft, George, 206, 207
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 205, 464
Bankhead, 183
Baránof, Alexander, 23, 34
Bard, Thomas R., 455
Baron, Forbes and Company, 328
Barrell, Joseph, 3
Barron, 182-184
Bartleson, John, 101, 102, 105
Barton, James R., 317 Beale, Lt., 219, 220
Bean, 316
Bear Flag, 202, 461
Bear Flag Revolt, 172, 190-205, 207, n., 210
Bear Valley, 311
Beaver, 78, 91
Beckwith, E. G., 375, 380
Begg & Company, 41
Bennett, 240-243 Benton, Thomas H., 198, 372 Betsey, 7 "Between the Gates," 441
Bidwell, John, 101-107, 237, n., 384 Bidwell-Bartleson Company, 111, 116 Bigler, Governor, 262 Black, Arthur, 58, 59 Black, John, 186 "Black Cattle," 38 Blake, Capt., 187
503
504
INDEX
Blanco, General, 328 "Blue Lead," 267 Bluxome, Isaac, Jr., 297 Bodega, 109 Bodega Bay, 27, 28, 31 "Bonadventure," 56 Bonneville, Capt., 77, 86, 88, 104, 114
Boom, The Great, 442-444
Boone, Daniel, 95 Boundaries, 253 Bradshaw, John, 71
Branding, 39-40
Brannan, Sam, 296
Brent, J. Lancaster, 348
Bridger, James, 59, 89
Brier, 242
Broderick, David C., 351-355
Brooklyn, 297
Brown, John, 212-213
Bryant and Sturgis, 41
Buchanan, James, 171, 183, 188, 197, 228
Buenaventura River, 134, 135
Burch, James, 363
Burlingame Treaty, 418, n., 419
Burke, Edmund, 35, 402
Burnett, Peter H., 256
Burns, William, 432
Burroughs, Charles, 217
Butler, Anthony, 73, 140-143, 148
Butterfield Overland Mail Company. See Overland Mail
Cahuenga Pass, 158 "Cahuenga Capitulation," 224
Cajon Pass, 49, 53, 137, 236 Calhoun, John C., 147, 174, 259 Calhoun, Patrick, 433 California, 233 "California bank-notes," 45
California Development Company, 451
California Fruit Growers' Exchange, 447
California, Gulf of, 13 California Pacific, 396 California Stage Company, 360 Californian, 229 Calle de Los Negros. See Nigger Alley Calvo, 332 Camarillo, 316
Camp and Camino . .. n., 336 Camp Lewis, 128 "Camp of Death," 126
Canfield, C. A., 455
Canton, 3, 4, 18
Capital, 344
Carisso Creek, 219
Caroline, 334 Carson, Kit, 89, 131, 133, 203, 218, 220 Carreta, 320
Carrillo, José Antonio, 211, 214, 221, 251, 348
Casey, 299-300
Castillo, 169
Castro, José, 154-158, 163, 172, 191, 193, 194, n., 197, 201-204, 209
Castro, Manuel, 195, 216, 217 Catalina Island, 13
Cattle industry, 37-42, 303-308
Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express, 367-368
Central Pacific Railroad, 383-402, 407-410
Chaffey, George, 451
Chagres, 233, 234
Challenge, 331
Chávez, Josć, 217
Chico, Mariano, 154
Chihuahua, 217
Chiles Company, 133
Chiles, Joseph B., 112
Chiles-Walker Party, 196
Chino Rancho, 211
Chinese, 390, 403, 415-419
Chinese prejudice; 281-282
Chinese trade, 5
Chivalry Wing, 351 "Chivs." See Chivalry Wing Chorpenning, George, 361
Chouteau's Landing, 131
Citizen's Committee, 319
Citrus industry, 309, 446-447 Civil War, 355-358 Claims, 192
Claims, U. S., 146
Clay, Henry, 93, 259, 260, 261 Cleveland, Richard, 9, 13-17
Clyman, James, 116 Coahuila, 217 Coins, 291
505
INDEX
Coleman, William T., 297, 300, 419 Colleges, 462-463
Colonization plans, British, 181
Colorado River, 48, 68, 69, 451 Colton Hall, 252
"Colton Letters," n., 427
Colton, Walter, 227, 228, 248 Columbia, 3
Comstock Lode, 386 Congress, 208
Conquest, American, 206-224
Constitution (1849), 253-257
Constitution (1879), 421-423, 424
Contraband Trade. See Trade, Con- traband
Convention, Constitutional, 250-257 Convention, Railroad, n., 384 Cook, Capt. James, 2 Cora, Charles, 299-300
Corniff, Jas., 279 Cotton, 448 Courier, 52
Covarrubias, José María, n., 209 Cowie, 203
Coy, Owen C., 220
Crabb, Henry H., 338-342
Crime, 275-278, 294-302, 314-319 Crocker, Charles, 384-385, 389, 390, 400 Crocker, Edwin B., 389 "Crocker's Pets," 390 Cuba, 92 Cubillas, 328 Cunningham, Capt., 52, 71 Customs duties, 42, 43 Cyane, 149, 207, 209
Dale, Harrison C., 54, 60 Dana, Richard Henry, 44, 96-98, 459 Daniel, Pancho, 317, 318 Davis, Jefferson, 374, 380 Davis, John, 257 Davis, William Heath, 321
Day, Sherman, 381 Dead Man's Island, 216 Death Valley, 239-243 Delano, 277 Delaware Indians, 194 Desert, 49 De Smet, Father, 102, 103 "Diggings," Earnings of, 229
Dillon, 327, 330, 331 Dimond, 168, 186 Diputación, 154
Division, State, 346-349
Doheny, E. L., 455
Domínguez, Battle of, 214-216 Domínguez-Escalante Route. Routes, Mexican Donner Party, 123-127
See
Drake, Sir Francis, 190
Dred Scott Decision, 261
Drought, 37, 306-308, 415
Duflot de Mofras, n., 188
Durán, 55
"Dutch Flat Fraud," 389 Duvall, Robert C., 213, 215
East India Company, 6 Eayrs, George Washington, 17-21
Echeandía, Gov., 52-56, 70
Education, 462
Election returns (1852), 264
El Monte, 322
Emmons, Lt., 128, 129
Emory, Lt .- Col., 220-222, 335, 373, 376, 450 Empire, 345 "Empress of China," 3 England, 186 Enseñada, 334
Espinoza, Governor, 334
Everett, Edward, 230
Exposition, Panama-Pacific, 464
Exposition, Panama-California, 464
Fanning, Captain, 7 Farnham, Mrs. Elizabeth, n., 231
Farnham, Thomas Jefferson, 98, n., 231 Farralone Islands, 7 Ferguson, Daniel, 51 Filibustering expeditions, 323-342
Fillmore, President, 260, 261 Fires (San Francisco), 290
First Independence Battalion, 334 Fish, Father, 242 Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 46, 102, 103, 132 Flaco, Juan. See Brown, John Flag, American (Raised by Sloat), 208
506
INDEX
Flag, American (Raised by Stockton), 210 Flag, Bear. See Bear Flag. Floods, 307
Flora, 19
Flores, General, 216, 221, 222, 223
Flores, Juan, 317-318
Floyd, 30
Foothill boulevard, 53
Forbes, Alexander, 176-177
Forbes, James Alexander, 185-187
Ford, Tirey L., 433
Foreign Miner's Tax Law, 281
Foreigners, 466-467
"Forlorn Hope," 125, 126 Forsyth, John, 341
Fort Hill, 211
Forts. See Military protection
Forty-niners. See Gold
Fowler, 203
France, 186-188
Franklin, 71 Frémont, Jesse Benton, 132
Frémont, John Charles, 89, 114, 186, 131-139, 194-205, 207-210, 223, 224, 247, 343, 372, 461 French colony, 330-332
Fruit, 445-447
Frontier life, 80
Frontiersmen, 94 Fur trade. See Trade, Fur
Gabilondo, 340 Gadsden Purchase, 380, 381
Gale, William H., 41
Gambling. See Social life
Gandara, Governor, 330, 338
Garcés-Anza route. See Routes,
Mexican
Gibbon, T. E., 434
Gibson, Charles, 279 Gila River, 62, 63, 67 Gila River Trail, 236 Gilbert, 256 Gillespie, Archibald H., 171, 197-200, 209, 210-213, 219, 220, 223 Gilman, Charles H., 335 Gilroy Rancho, 115 Goddard, George H., 381 Godey, Alexander, 133, 220, 376 Gold, 94, 225-246, 310-311
Goliad, 92
Guaymas, 66, 235, 327, 330-334 Graft, 431-436
Graham, Isaac, 155-157, 191-193 Grand Cañon, 65
Granger, Lewis, 348 Grants, Government, 413 Grass Valley, 264
Great Basin, 47, 134, 135
"Great Migration," 236, 237 Great Mob, 319 Greeley, Horace, 119
Green, Duff, 147, 148, 179
Green River, 48
Green, Thomas J., 343
Grey, Robert, 3 Grigsby, John, 202 Grigsby-Ide Expedition, 117
Grist Mill, 112
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 1, 91, 225, 247, 253, 411
Guerra, José Antonio de la, 154 Guerra, Pablo de la, 251
Guerrero, 193, 194
Guinn, J. M., 215, 304, 443, 444
Gunnison, 375, 380
Gunnybags, Fort, 301
Gutiérrez, Nicolás, 154-156
Gwin, William M., 252, 253, 343, 350, 355, 373
Hall, Fort, 104, 122 Halleck, 253, 256
Hancock Banning ranch, 312
Happy Valley, 285
Harbor question, 427-429
Hardison, W. L., 455
Harper, A. C., 434
Hartnell, William, 41
Hasting's Cut-Off, 112, 123
Hastings, Lansford W., 112, 117, 173, 174, 260 Hawaiian Island, 32, 36 Hawkins, 190 Hawk's Peak, 186, 197, 199-207 Hayes, Benjamin, 348
Helper, Hinton R., 271
Heney, Francis J., 432, 433
Henry, Andrew, 46 Hernández, 141
Herrera, President, 167-170, 193
507
INDEX
Hide Trade. See Trade, Hide Hides, Curing of, 41-44
Hispanic-American prejudice, 281- 282 Hoar, George F., 404 Hoge, Joseph P., 422 Holcomb Valley, 311 Holladay, Ben, 368
Hope, A. W., 317
Hopkins, Mark, 384, 385, 390, 400 Horn, Cape, 35, 36, 43, 233, 275, 391 Hounds, 296
Houston, Sam, 112, 174, 205, n., 323, 338
Howard, General Volney, 301
Hudson's Bay Company, 59, 122, 181, 182, 284 Humboldt, 29
Humboldt River, 105, 112-113, 123, 236 Humboldt Sink, 105
Huntington, Collis P., n., 234, 384, 385, 388, 390-394, 399, 400, 425, 429 Hydroelectric power, 456
Ide, William B., 202-205 Immigration, 93-107, 110-127 Imperial Valley, 84, n., 219, 451, 452 Independence, California, 187, 188 Indians, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 79, 68, 85, 104, 108, 110, 137, 138, 160, 199, 229, 238, 318, 327, 329, 361, 364 Industrial growth, 457, 458 Irving, Washington, 86 Isham, 242
Jackson, Andrew, 93, 140-152, 165, 184, 461 Jackson, David E., 46, 48, 55, 59
Jackson, Waldo and Young, Firm of, 83-86 Jayhawkers, 240-242 Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 173 Jenkins, 319 Jenkins, John, 297 Jernagin, John M., 335 "Joe Bowers," 272 Johnson, Capt., 219 Johnson, Hiram, 437, 438
Johnson, J. Neely, 301 Johnson, Joseph A., 422
Johnson's ranch, 125 Johnston, Albert Sidney, 356, 357
Jones, Com., 147-152, 178
Jones, John Paul, 2
Judah, Theodore D., 383-388
Judge of the Plain. See Juez de Campo Juez de Campo, 39 Juno, 24, 25, 187 Juntas, 172
Kamchatka, 24, 26, 31
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 261
Kearny, Dennis, 420-423
Kearney, Stephen W., 218-223, 247
Kelley, Hall J., 97-98
Kelsey, Mrs. Benjamin, 103
Kendrick, John, 3 Kern River, 310-311
King, James, 297-300
King, Thomas Butler, 256
King, Thomas Starr, 356
King's River, 195, 196, 456, 465
Klamath Lake, 134, 198
Klamath River, 57
Knight, William, 202
Kustof, 27, 28
Labor Parties, 420-423 Lady Washington, 3
Laguna rancho, 196 Land Act, 411
Land frauds, 288-290
Land grants, 304, 305, 410, 411
Langdon, W. H., 433 Langsdorff, George Heinrich von, 23, 26
La Restauradora, 328, 329
Larkin, Thomas O., 120-122, 170- 175, 183, 185, 188, 195, 197, 198, 201, 204, 207, 217, 228, 251, 459 Laws, 247-249, 313, 314 Leavenworth, Thaddeus M., 249 Leather, 45 Ledyard, John, 2, 3
Leese, Jacob P., 88, 172, 284 "Legislative assembly," 249 Legislature, 343, 405-407 Leidesdorff, W. A., 195, 198
508
INDEX
Lelia Byrd, 13 Levasseur, 327, 330 Lewis and Clark, 47 Libraries, 463 Life and Adventures in California, 98, 118
Life on the Plains, 277
Lima ships, 41
Limantour, José, 288, 289
Lincoln, Abraham, 355
Lincoln-Roosevelt League, 436-439
Literature, 464
Little Chile, 296
Logan, Benjamin, 61
Long Tom. See Tom
López, Francisco, 225
Los Angeles, 158, 163, 210-223, 225, 312-321
Los Angeles County, 303-322
Los Angeles River, Battle of, 158, 222
Louisiana Purchase, 92
Lower California, 69, 334, 336
Lumber industry, 309, 454
McCulloch, Hugh, 41
McDougal, Governor, 346
McKinley, James, 158
McLane, Louis H., 186, 189
McLeod, 59, 81
Mclaughlin, Dr. John, 58, 134 McNamara, 184, 185
McNamarrah. See McNamara
Mail Bill, Overland California, 363
Manifest Destiny, 92, 93, 164, 323 Manly, William Lewis, 240-243 Mann, William P., 335
Marcy, William G., 252 Marsh, John, 100, 107
Marshall, James W., 116, 225-227
Mary's Lake, 134, 135 Marysville, 264
Marysville Buttes, 199
Masafuero, 7 Mason, Governor, 228, 247
Maxwell, 131, 132
Meiggs, Henry, 291 Memoir of a Tour, 324 Menendez, 336, 337
Merced River, 53, 54
Mercury, 17-21 Merritt, Ezekiel, 201, 202
Mervine, Captain, 207, 212, 213, 214, 215
Mescaleros, 67
Mexican War, 94, 122, 172, 188, 189, 194, 205, 224
Mexico, 91, 92, 153, 165-170, 194, 206, 323
Mexico, California grievances, vs., 159-164
Mexico, Routes from. See Routes, Mexican
Micheltorena, Manuel, 150, 152, 156- 159, 163
Military protection, 161-163
Minerals, 453-454
Miners' songs, 271-273
Mines. See Mining
Mining, Drift, 267
Hydraulic, 268
Methods of, 265-269
Placer, 267
Quartz, 268
Spanish, 226
Mining Associations, 230
Mining life, 269-283
Mining region, 262-265
Mining regulations, 278
Mining towns, names of, 264
Missions (Secularized), 91
Missouri Compromise Line, 142, 258
Mojave Desert, 138
Monarchist program, 186
Money. See Coins
Mono Lake, 113, 133
Monroe Doctrine, 32, 140, 189
Montague, 390
Monterey, 36, 42, 73, 87, 147-152, 161, 163, 195, 196, 207, 208, 248, 263
Montgomery, John B., 207
Mormon Battalion, 218
Mormon trail, 236
Mormons, 122, 244
Morris, Robert, 2, 3
Mortgage, British, 179-180
"Mount Joseph," 54
Mountain Meadows, 240, 241
Murietta, Joaquin, 276, 316-317
Murphy, 187
Museums, 463
509
INDEX
Napa Valley, 112 Napoleonic wars, 6 Natividad, Battle of, 216, 217, 223
New Helvetia, 108, 109, 117 Nicaragua, Republic of, 337 Nidever, George, 87 Nigger Alley, 314 New Almaden, 226 New Archangel, 23, 24, 31
New England whalers, 35 New Mexico, 217, 218
New York Volunteers, 218
Newmark, Harris, n., 310 Noé, Nicholas, 19, 20 Nootka Sound, 2, 3
North, A. W., n., 336
Northwest coast, 5 Nuevo Léon, 217
Observatories, 463 O'Cain, 9, 23 Ogden, Peter Skene, 81 Ohotsk, 31 "Old Spanish Trail." See Spanish Trail
"Old Woman's Gun," 214-216 Older, Fremont, 432, 433
Olivera, Agustín, 348 Oregon, 92, 146, 184, 187 Oregon Short Line, 396, 397
Oregon-California Railroad, 397 Otis, Harrison Gray, 428 Otter, 2, 6-8, 10, 26, 27, 34, 58, 91
Overland mail, 359-368 Owen's Valley, 114, 236
Pacheco Pass, 55 Pacific Electric Railway, 458
Pacific Mail Steamship Co., 233, 360, 362, n., 381 Pacific Railroad, 369-382
Page, Bacon & Company, 292 Pakenham, Sir Richard, 181, 182 Palmer, Cook and Company, 299 Panama, city, 234 Panama route, 233 Panic, 291, 292 Paredes, 167-170, 193 Parke, J. G., 375-379, 398 Parker House, 287 Parrott, John, 148
Parrott, William S., 168, 184 Parties, Political, 350-358 "Pathfinder of the Sierras." See Smith, Jedediah Strong Pattie, James Ohio, 61-74, 96, 138, 218, 461 Pattie, Sylvester, 61, 69, 71, 96, 218, 461 Pattie trail, 236
Pesquiera, Ignacio, 338-342
Petaluma, 203
Petit Thouars, n., 188
Petroleum, 454-456
Phelan, James D., 430, 432
Philadelphia Association, 289
Philippine Islands, 92 Pico, Andrés, 211, 219, 221, 223, 224, 348 Pico, Jesús, 223
Pico, Pío, 158, 163, 187, 203, 204, 209, n., 209-210, 318, 348
Pico, Salomon, 316
Pierce, President, 380
Pierre's Hole, 59
Pindray, Charles de, 326, 327
Pioneer stage, 363, 368
Placerville, 264
Placerville-Carson road, 386
Plymouth, 1
Pocatello, 102 Politics, 343-358, 424-439
Political corruption, 403-407
Polk, James K., 164-175, 180-189, 198, 200, 204, 206, 224, 229, 257
Pony Express, 366-367
Pope, John, 376 Population, 264 Portsmouth, 207
Postage, 364 "Prairie schooner," 237 Preuss, Charles, 131, 132
Prevost, J. B., 29, 30
Princeton, 147
Problems, 466, 467
Promontory Point, 395
Property, real and personal, value of, 459 Prosser Creek, 124 Prudon, Victor, 202 Publicity, 95-100, 117-122, 230- 232
510
INDEX
Quicksand, 238
Railroad, 119, 369-401, 428-430 Bills, 387, 392-393
Commissioners, 424
Rates, 407-409, 441
Suits, 409-410
Surveys, 375-380 Taxes, 410
Ralson, Colonel, 246
Ranches, 38, 42
Randolph, Epes, 452
Raousset-Boulbon, Count, 327-332,
Reed, James, 51, 52
Reed, James F., 123
Regulators. See Hounds
Relief trains, 243-244, 245
Republic, 260
Revolts, 153-164
Rezánof, Nikolai, 23, 25-27, 34
Richardson, W. A., 284
Richardson, William, 299
Rico, Francisco, 217
Riley, Governor, 243, 247, 250, 256
Ringgold, Lt., 129
"River of the Lake," 195
Roads, Wagon, 359
Robidoux, 99-100
Robinson, Alfred, 118
Robinson and Company, 292
Rockwood, C. R., 450
Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 59
Rodeo, 39-40
Rodriguez, Manuel, 15, 16
Rogers, Harrison G., 40, 49-51, 57, 58, 240
Rooney, Frank, 421
Ross, Fort, 28-34 Routes
Overland, 74-89, 111-127, 131-139, 232, 235-237
Mexican, 159-161
Railroad, 388
Sea, 232-235
Sea-and-land, 235
Royce, Josiah, 205
Rucker, Major, 244
Ruef-Schmitz régime, 431
Russia and Russians, 6, 10, 18, 20, 22, 201
Russian-American Fur Company, 8, 22, 26, 33, 34
Sacramento, 263, 345
Sacramento River, 56, 134
Sacramento Valley, 108
St. Louis-Santa-Fé trade, 236
St. Peter, Fort, 31
St. Vrain's, Fort, 133
Salinas Valley, 216
Salt Lake trade, 360
Salt Lake Railroad, n., 401
Salton Sea, 451
San Antonio, Texas, 363
San Blas, 235
San Bernardino, 321
San Diego, 70, 209-210, 216, 220, 321
San Diego, Battle of (1803), 17
San Fernando hills, 225
San Fernando Mission, 223
San Fernando, town, 241
San Fernando Valley, 150, 223
San Francisco, 25, 36, 145, 161, 208, 249, 262, 263, 284-302
San Francisco, Bay of, 29, 130, 142, 144
San Francisco, presidio, 29
San Francisco-San José railroad, 396, 398
San Gabriel Mission, 40, 49, 50-53, 216
San Gabriel River, Battle of, 221-222
San Joaquin Valley, 114, 137
San José, 343, 250, 255
San Juan Bautista, 216, 217
San Luis Obispo, 321
San Pasqual, rancho, 223
San Pasqual, Battle of, 219-220
San Pedro, 44, 209, 210, 309, 310
San Rafael, 203
Sanchéz, José Bernardo, 49, 53
Sandwich Islands. See Hawaiian Is- lands
Santa Anna, General, 141, 145, 147, 167, 180, 330
Santa Barbara, 158, 216, 321
Santa Catalina Mission, 69
Santa Clara Valley, 196
Santa Fé, 81, 82
Santa Fé-Los Angeles trail, 160, 116 Santa Fé Railroad, 88, n., 401, 441
511
INDEX
Santa Fé trail, 138 Santa Feliciana Cañon, 225 Santa Margarita, rancho, 204 Santa Rita, 62, 63, 66, 67 Santillian, José, 289 Sapling Grove, 100, 101 Savannah, 207, 212, 213, 216 Saw mill, 112
Scott, General, 217
Scott, Thomas A., 399, 400
Semple, Robert, 117, 202, 252
Seedskeeder River, 48
Separation plot, 173
Sequoia Gigantea, n., 106 Sevier River, 48 Seymour, Admiral, 182, 187, 188, 207. 208
Shaler, William, 13, 15, 16, 96, 459 Shannon, 148, 180
Shaw, William, 3
Shaw, William J., 405
Sherman, W. T., 246, 285, 301
Shinn, Howard, 282, 283 "Shirley Letters," 277
Sierra Madre Mountains, 138
Sierra Nevada Mountains, 114, n.,393
Silvia, Mariano, 149
Sinclair, 229 Simpson, Sir George, 161, 182
Slacum, William A., 142
Slavery, 255, 257-259
Sloat, John D., 206, 208, 247 Slidell, John, 168-170, 171, 186, 189 Smallpox, 72 Smith, Azariah, n., 225
Smith, Jedediah Strong, 40, 46-60, 61, 71, 83, 104, 129, 137, 138, 461 Smith, Captain, 240
Smith, Persifor H., 243, 249, 280
Smith, Stephen, 112
Soap, 40, 41 Social life, 293, 294, 313 Soda Springs, 103 Sonoma, 201, 208 Sonora, 323-342 South America, 5 South Sea Company, 6 South Sea, 5 '
Southern Pacific Railroad, 398-401, 426, 430, 438, 450 Spain, 27, 186
Spanish Trail, 83, 88, 137, 236, 375 Spreckels, Rudolph, 432 Squatter Sovereignty, 261
Squatters, 305, 306 Stanford, Leland, 384, 385, 390, 400
"Stanford and Company," 399 Stanislaus River, 53, 54, 105 State, 247-261 Stearns, Abel, 172, 251, 313
Stephens, Colonel, 218
Stevens, I. I., n., 374
Stevens-Murphy party, 115-116
Stevenson, Col. J. D., 297
Stewart, Lyman, 455
Stockton, Robert F., 208, 218, 220, 221, 223, 247, 248 Strobridge, 390
Sturgis, William, 9
Sublette company, 116
Sublette, William L., 47, 48, 55, 59, 83, 103 Sumner, Edwin V., 356
Sutter, John A., 34, 106, 108, 111, 118, 157, 225-227 Sutter's Fort, 129, 192-193, 195, 208, 136
Sutton, E. B., 391
Swasey-Todd company, 116
Sydney Town, 294
Tallow Trade. See Trade, Tallow Tamaulipas, 217
Taylor, B. F., 441
Taylor, Bayard, 255, 256, 287
Taylor, Mayor, 434
Taylor, Zachary, 217, 260
Tehachapi Pass, 137, 236
Tejon Pass, 137, 236, 317
Telegraph, 367 Terry, David S., 301, 354, 355
Texas, 92, 141-148, 156, 174-175, 191 Texas Pacific, 399
Thomas, Admiral, 149
Thompson, B. K., 217
Thompson, Waddy, 144, 147, 173, 178-179, 459 "Three Fingered Jack," 317, n., 203 Time table, Overland Mail, 364 Todd, William, 202 .
Tom, 265-266 Torre, Joaquin de la, 203, 216
512
INDEX
Trade,
Contraband, 11-21
Fur, 1-10, 22, 26, 30, 37, 38, 46- 48, 59, 63, 66, 75-89, 91, 140, 191 Hide, 35-45, 91 Tallow, 37, 40, 45, 91 Whaling, 35-45
Trapping. See Trade, Fur Travel, 320
Tripartite Agreement, 146
Truckee River, 116
Turner, John, 58, 59, 81, 129
Two Years Before the Mast, 44, 96 Tyler, President, 140-152, 165
Umpqua River, 58 Union Pacific Railroad, 236, 392, 394, 397
United States, 1, 140-152
United States, 149
United States exploring expeditions, 118, 128-139 Ukase, 32 Upshur, Abel P., 147, 148
Valle, Luis del, 331 Vallejo, Mariano G., 107, 154, 192, 201, 251, 344
Vallejo, Salvador, 202
Vallejo, town, 345
Vancouver, Fort, 134
Vandalia, 213 Van Buren, President, 144
Varela, Sérbulo, 211
Ventura, 158
Venus, n., 188 Vera Cruz, 217
Verdugo ranch, 159, 223
Vigilance Committees, 292, 296-302 Vimond, Henry, 56
Vineyards, 309 Virgin River, n., 48
Wahsatch Mountains, 138 Waldo, William, 245, 246 Walker, John G., 429 Walker, Joseph Reddeford, 77, 86-88, 89, 113, 133, 138, 195, 196 Walker, William, 330, 332-338 Walker's Lake, 195
Walker's River, 54 Walker's Pass, 87, 133, 137, 236, 241, 376
War Department plans, 217
Warner, J. J., 88, 160
Warner's ranch, 219
Water rights, 279-280
Watkins, Henry P., 332, 335
Webster, Daniel, 144-147, 259
Wells-Fargo, 292
Western Emigration Society, 99, 100, 10
Western Pacific, 396, n., 401
Whaling trade. See Trade, Whaling
Wharton, W. H., 143, 144
Wheatland, 125
Wheeler, John O., 348
Wilkes, Lt. Charles, 128-131, 134, 161, 173
Willamette River, 58
Williams, Mary Floyd, 301
Williams, Isaac, 88, 211
Williams, Reelfoot, 276
Williamson, R. S., 375-379
Wilmot, David, 257 Wilmot Proviso, 257
Wilson, Benjamin D., 111, 211
Wimilche River, 54, 55
Winship, Jonathan, 9
Whipple, A. W., 375, 380
Wislizenus, Dr., 324
White, Stephen M., 428
Whitman settlement, 134
Whitney, Asa, 119, 370-372, 374
Wolfskill, William, 83, 88, 309
Wolfskill Trail, 236
Woodward, Absalom, 361 Woodworth, Frederick, 297 Woodworth, Selin, 297 Wool, General, 217
Workman, William, 88, 158
Workman-Rowland party, 111
Wozencraft, Dr., 450
Wright, 256
Yañes, 331 Yankees, 95 Yerba Buena, 173, 195 Young, Ewing, 82-86 Yount, 112
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