USA > Indiana > Orange County > History of Lawrence, Orange, and Washington counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, together with interesting biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc > Part 2
USA > Indiana > Washington County > History of Lawrence, Orange, and Washington counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, together with interesting biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc > Part 2
USA > Indiana > Lawrence County > History of Lawrence, Orange, and Washington counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, together with interesting biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc > Part 2
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Reward Township ....
Thidustries, Jackson Towns ..
Industries, Folk Township ......
Jackson Township. ......
fetter ou Township ..
Tanulacturing Undertakingy
Mother Bear and Culn, A ..
Monroe Township .....
Judges, The First.
Kuowles-Linu Forgery, The.
Larceny l'ase. A Notalile. 535
Lash. Sentence of the .. 740
Later Members of the Bar 719
Mingo. The flare ...
.36
Manler. First Indictments for
Man-stealing .. 741
Present Business Industries.
Quiltlugs and forn-huskings.
Hallway Disaster, A Dreadful
Squatters of 1MM, The
Rape. First Case of.
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Vernon Township
Violations of Law
Washington Township 6×2
PAGE.
Bollahan Murder, The
xi-
CONTENTS.
PADE.
Sundry Crinies ..
Two fiuportant Cases ...
Trespass vi et armis.
L'afortunate Conviction of Brown.
Woud-Kepley Monter Case, The
Wright Brothers, The.
CHAPTER VI.
TOWN4 OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Additions to salemi.
Buildings, Early Pubile
Banking Enterprises ....
Benevolent Societies.
Cholera, Ravages of the
Capture of salem.
Campbellsburg ..
Canton ..
( lavsville.
Diplomacy of Mrs. Lindley.
Fire of 1-74, The Big ..
Fire Department, The
Fredericksburg ..
"1.mcers," The Fariy.
Gold Excitement, The.
lirading the streets, etc
Hotel Rates Established
Hattery, Tobacco-shops, etc .....
Hardinsburg ..
Harristow u
Hitchcock $12
Incorporation of Sales.
Jait, The County,
Later Business Men .....
Livonia. R30
Little York
Merchants of Sales.
Maunfacturers of Salem.
Martinsburg .....
Mount Carmel ...
New Albany A Salem Railroad
New l'htladelphia ..
Newspapers of saleut ...
Progress of luvention ..
Prumluent Men of Salemu.
l'ekin, Village of .........
Rendlents of salem, The First :59
salen Tuwu site ...
-lemi Library Association.
School Buildings, The ..
-alem in 1 == 4
Saleio Prvas, The .....
saltilloville.
South Boston.
*91
meller. l'arabee, etc ........
Woolen Mill, The.
Wasburton Democrat, The
CHAPTER VIL.
MILITARY HISTORY -0.1
Aid societies .. .... .
Bounty and lellef.
Basket Diuner. ....
Banta's l'umpany ...
Draft of October, 1-6", The.
Drafts of Isit and 1ss ..
Editorial Extracts ..
Eighteenth Hegiment, The.
Enlistment in 14. The .
fort >unster. Fall of.
First Company. The ......
Fiftieth Brgiorni, The
Joy aud Murrow
Militia, The Uk State
Mexican War, The.
Muster Roll, The ...
Mass Meetings
Morgan's Kald
Minute Men, The ...
Military Arrests
Men Furnished, Number of
One Hundred and forty -forth Hegiment ... 417
uher Volunteers
l'ubilicentlinens. in 1Ch.
Return of the Mexican Ad-tiers
Recruiting .. ......... .
Redtield + Company
Recruiting Committees ..
Fecond Mexican Company, The. .............. ... 795
Second Company, The .....
Sixteroth Regiment, The
Fix Months Com Many, The
Thirteenth Regiment, The. 804
Thir Tonipany, The ........... ....
806
War Regun ....
801
CHAPTER YUL
RELIGION'S HISTORY ... 816
Blue River Baptist Church.
Kapfists, The Regular ...
Bethlehem Church, The.
Christian ('burch, The ......
Catholic Church The.
Covenanters, The ...
Thurch Sintistics ......
Dirision of the iQuakers ....
Ficksites, The www
Highlaud . reek Meeting, The ......
Helma L'burch
Indian Silssjons.nm
Lick | reek Jiceting, The.
Dor Riter | hurch ...
Lutherans, The ..
SIESICH and Vermbers.
Mt. Pleasant Meeting, The ..... ¥22
Many Church Organizations .. 824
Metlindists, The. ......... Presbyterian Church. The.
Quakers, The .......
Salem Presbyterians, The
Salem Methodists, The ..
Fluder's Merting-house. 817
United Brethren, The R.30
Walnut Ridge Church, The. ...
CHAPTER IX.
EDUCATIONAL HISTORY.
Age, The Twine Binding .. IThe River Academy, The
Brown Township Schools.
Correction uld Velled of
Catalogue of Teachers .......
Triends School, The ...
Franklin Township Schools
ibson Township Schools ....
Toward Township Schools.
R$5
Jefferson Township Schools
Jackson Township Schools.
Literary Societies The ......
Bonne Township Schools.
Stations Towochja Schools.
844
Mey Township Schools ..
Present Private Schools, The.
Polk Township schools ..
Pioneer Schoolhouse, A
Pierce Town-hip Schools ..
Prote-sinual Teachers 13:
Salemi Grammar school
>aiem Female 1 ollegiate Institute
student's liebellion, The .. ×41
"niem 1.raded -chool
Teachers, I haracter of
Vernon Township Schools
Washington Township Teachers
PART VI BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Brown Township.
Franklia Township
Hiltison Township
Howard Township ...
Jefferson Township.
Jackson Township ..
Madison Township ...
Pierce Ton n.hip ....
Taxes lows hip
Vernon Township
Washington Township.
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PART L.
HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY
CHAPTER I*
GEOLOGY-THE PERPENDICULAR SECTION-THE COAL MEASURES-MILL- JONE GRIT-CHESTER FORMATION-THE ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE-THE KEOKUK BEDS-CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS-THE KSOBSTONE GROUP- DESCRIPTION OF CAVES-NUMEROUS VERTICAL SECTIONS-CURIOUS FORMATIONS-THE SPICE VALLEY KAOLIN MINES-THE HEMATITE DEPOSITS-MINERAL SPRINGS-ECONOMIC QUESTIONS-OTHER CONSID- ERATIONS
T HE eastern aod northeastern portions of Lawrence County are undulating or gently rolling plateaus, drained by deep, narrow vallers: the central region north of White River is hilly, and the western and southwestern is rough and broken. Each of these divisions is cov. ered with a soil almost wholly formed from decomposition of underlying rocks: consequently the soil of the first is tenacious clay and sand; of the second, a calcarious clay; and of the third, principally of Biliceous material. with an intermixture from both of the others. In that part of the county underlaid by St. Louis limestone, comprising a broad belt about twelve miles wide, passing centrally from northwest to southeast, "sink holes" are so numerous as to form a striking feature in the con- figuration of the surface. The principal streams are the East Fork of White River, Indian, Big Salt, Little Salt, Leatherwood, Guthrie, Back, Sugar. Fishing and Beaver Creeks. The county is generally heavily timbered with oak, hickory, beech, maple, chestnut, walnut, elm, etc. The geological formations of the county comprise three divisions of the quaternary age, two of the coal measure group and four of the sub- carboniferous group. The formations dip slightly, with a variable rate, from east northeast to west southwest, and the outcrop from the east to the west boundary of the county represents a vertical measurement of about 700 feet. From east to west the formations, in the order of age, outcrop as follows: Knobstone group, Keokuk group, St. Louis group, subcarboniferous group, carboniferous group, quarternary group. In
" Adapted to this volume from the official report of Assistant State Geologist John Collett, pub- Ished in :A0
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
addition to these there is the recent geology, comprising alluvium, found mainly in the valleys; the Loese, an ash-gray siliceous clay, cold, and mainly unproductive, found on the highest lands along the west side of the county, principally on the knobs near Huron. No drift is to he found in the county, save occasional traces brought down by streams which have their origin farther north. The following is the geological section of the county :
QUATERNARY SYSTEM.
Feet.
1. Soil and clays. 4 to 10
2. Alluvium, recent. .10 to 30
3. Alluvium, ancient 40 to 450
4. Loess .. 5 to 20
CARBONIFEROUS GROUI.
Feet.
5. Lower coal measures. 0 to 20
6. Conglomerate (millstone grit) .. 50 to 120
7. Pyritous shale and shaly sandstone with bands and nodules of iron ore. 4 to 10
SUBCARBONIFEROU'S GROUP.
Chester Beds.
8. Bituminous and argillaceous limestone, with coal Feet.
measure and subcarboniferous fossils mingled and alternately predominating. 2 to 89
9. Siliceous and bituminous shale. 0 to 9
10. Place of a rash coal. .04 to 8 inches
11. Thin-bedded sandstone, grindstone and whetstone grits .20 to 65
12. Coarse, heavy-bedded sandstone. 0 to
13. Blue argillaceous limestone with black flints and chert. 16 to 45
14. Red and blue clay with plates of chert passing into
heavy argillaceous limestone cement ... ... 5 to 12
15. Bltuminous slate (coal-bone). .0 to .08 Inches
St. Louis Beds.
16. Gray argillaceous or bituminous brecciated limestone. Feet. locally cement stone. 4 to 20
17. Vermicular limestone. 4 to 10
18. Blue and gray argillaceous and magnesian limestone 10 to 35 19. Bands of chert and amorphous geodes in scales and argillaceous limestones which weather to a reddish
brown clay (paint), Lithostrotion bed and corals .. 5 to 40
20. Blue quarry ilmestone. sometimes concretionary, or breaking with conchoidal fracture. 9 to 28
21. White quarry limestone .. 4 to 12
22. Oolitic limestone, fossil bed. 0 to 4
23. Blue argillaceous limestone. 5 to 30
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Keokuk Beds.
Feet.
24. Blue and gray shales or limestone, with bands of chert 0 to 10
25. Geodes in blue shaly clay. 4 to 6
26. Blue limestone, with Hemipronites. 3 to 6
27. Geode bed with mammoth geodized fossils. 2 to 3.6
28. Shaly and pink limestone, full of fossils, shells and
crinoid stems. 1.6 to 2
KNOBSTONE FORMATION. Feet.
Knobstone shales, with thin beds of massive sandstone in
its upper division. 0 to 250
THE COAL MEASURES.
The coal measures in the western part of the county are represented only by beds of shales and shaly sandstones on the tops of some of the highest hills. The probability of the presence of workable seams of coal is very remote.
CONGLOMERATE OR MILLSTONE GRIT.
Below the coal measures is found the conglomerate, a massive gray or brown sand rock (No. 6 above). It forms bold hills, and is well devel- oped north and south of Silverville, and thence to the southwestern cor- ner of the county. It appears as pudding stone on Section 8, Township 4 north, Range 2 west. A pyritous shale easily decomposed underlies the conglomerate.
THE CHESTER FORMATION.
The upper member is a variable limestone, whitish gray to dark brown in color, or perhaps black, in which case it is highly bituminous (No. 8 above). A rash coal is found herein and the following fossils: Archim. edes, Pentremites and Crinoide; also Lophophyllum, Athyris subtilita and Productus cora. The coal is of no economic value. Lower down (Nos. 11 and 12) are thin bedded sandstones which outcrop in a strip across the county from the northwest corner to the southern boundary. The fossils are Stigmaria, Sigillaria, Lepidodendra, with cones, fruit and leaves; also Diplotegium, Ulodendron cerdaites, Pecopteris, Alethopteris, Veuropteris, Hyemenophyllites, etc. Below this is the blue argillaceous limestone (No. 13), which is often homogeneous and sometimes litho- graphic. Good specimens may be seen on Sections 17 and 21, Township 5 north, Range 2 west, and elsewhere. On Beaver Creek a band of dark hornstone is found herein, of which the Indians made weapons and stone ornaments. Below this the red and blue clay (No. 14) contains Ortho- cerata, Bellerophon, Nautili, Zaphrentis, Syringopora, etc. Next under this is a coal seam of no particular value, which outcrops at Bedford, Avoca. Goose Creek, Homer's Mill and Pace's Hill.
ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE.
As stated a few pages back this stone occupies a broad belt extending
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
north and south across the county. It differs so much in thickness and in its lithological character in different places that it could not be identi- fied were it not for its fossils, particularly Lithostrotion Canadense, or "petrified wasp's nest," and L. proliferum or "petrified corn-cobas," besides Productus cora, Athyris ambigua Zaphrentis spinulosus, Archimedes Wortheni, Peutremites conoideus and many others. The surface over this stone is characterized by numerous basin-like sinkholes, many of which communicate with subterranean caverns; indeed, this stone is often called the "cavernous limestone." The upper divisions and some of the lower strata are argillaceous and under certain conditions possess hydraulic properties. The vermicular limestone (No. 17) is traversed by cylindrical cavities resembling wormholes, hence the name, which are supposed to be the casts of decayed seaweeds. A crystalline mass known as crystal- lites is found, also peculiar systems of crenulated columns resembling the suture joints of the human skull. In No. 19 the cherts are highly fossiliferous with Lithostrotion, Syringopora. Zaphrentis, Productus, Athyris. Sponges, Pentremites, Trilobites, etc. The variety of sponge called locally "marbles" or "petrified plums" cover the surface in places as at Bedford, Mitchell and Section 7, Township 5 north. Range 1 west. This horizon contains many irregularly or partially formed geodes. Numbers 20) and 21 furnish a very superior stone, excellent for chisel dressing, remarkably solid, with good hydraulic properties, and of a dark bluish color. Number 21 contains the famous "Bedford Stone," known so extensively throughout the West by builders. It is composed almost wholly of minute fossils cemented with shell and coal dust. It varies in color from gray to a creamy white, and is so homogeneous that it may be quarried in blocks its entire thickness of twelve feet, and of indefinite but satisfactory side extent. It may be sawed, cut and molded to any shape. Under this is the famous fossil bed containing about seventy species of the following principal genera: Botalia, Phillipsia, Cythere, Chiton, Bellerophon, Pleurotomaria, Murchisonia, Natica, Loronema. Bulimella, Enomphalus, Rhynchonella. Spirifer, Nucula, Chonetes, Athy- ris, Waltheimia, Terebratula Retzia, Cono-cardium, Archeocidaris Actinocrinus, Pentremites, Dentalium, Sphenopoterium, Aulopora, Cos- cinium, Archimedes, Fenestella, etc. This bed varying in thickness from a few inches to three or four feet, is made up almost wholly of the shells, etc., of marine animals. All are very small and some are microscopic, yet very perfect and beautiful. Examples may be seen on Section 5. Township 5 north, Range 1 east, and on Spider Creek west of Bedford. Number 23, a compact bluish quarry stone, generally argillaceous, some- times magnesian, contains petroleum sometimes when dark.
THE KEOKUK BEDS.
Of this group No. 24 is of no economic importance, but contains
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
beautiful Crinoider and specimens of Hemipronites, Productus, Spirifer, etc. In No. 25, in a mass of shaly clay is a wonderful collection of geodes called " nigger heads." Spherical, rough, unattractive outwardly, they show nature's most beautiful work on the interior. There appear limpid, black or rose-colored crystals of silica, sometimes chalcedony, cale spar and rarely zinc blende. galena and pyrites. Number 27 has all the above varities and many geodized fossils of Spirifer, Bellerophon, Zaphrenti, Gonitiates, Crinoid heads and stems, Nautili and Palchinus, all of giant size. It is inferred that these animal remains caused the cavities, and gave direction to the form of many if not all of the goedes. Good specimens are seen at Ft. Ritner, Leesville, Heltonville, Bartletts- ville and Guthrie. Number 28 consists of shaly and hard pink lime- stones profusely filled with disjointed stems of Crinoido and Pentremites, and also Hemipronites, Spirifer, Prodnetus, Archimedes, Aulopora Cheteles. Zaphrentis, etc. Where the pink color prevails shark's teeth of Helodns, Cladodus, Cochliodns and Dettodus are found. This is a good stone for foundations of hammered masonry.
THE KNOBSTONE SHALES.
This is the lowest visible formation in the county, and is nearly 500 feet thick and outcrops on the eastern and southeastern portions. It is principally composed of dark aluminous shales, compact and tenacions, easily decomposed, and hence is readily reduced by running water. leav. ing bold "knobs " whence the name is derived. Fossils are rare. The upper member contains local beds of good homogeneous sandstone equiv. alent to the famous ". Waverly sandstone " of Ohio. Outcrops are seen at Ft. Ritner, Guthrie and elsewhere on the eastern side of the county. The above so far serves as a general description of the geology of the county, but now follows accounts more in detail.
THE ST. LOUIS CHERT BEDS.
The chert bed of the St. Louis limestone, which, on disintegration. forms a reddish brown ocher, colored with hydrated oxide of iron. out- crops at all the hilltops around Bedford and may be considered the sur- face stone. It is from twelve to forty feet thick, and is composed of beds of gray. green or red shales, enclosing bands of chert and flint from two to twelve inches thick. Upon exposure to the air the clay crumbles away and the chert breaks into small angular fragments. A band of soft white chalky material is frequently found with whorls of Archimedes and other fossils. The following is the section at Campbell's Cave a mile south of Bedford:
('lay and chert .. .
Fret
10
Bituminous limestone, 2.5
Coal bone islate). .3
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Dark bituminuous limestone, laminated. 2
Argillaceous limestone. 2
Vermicular limestone. 4
Hard gray limestone. 4
Argillacious and Magnesian limestone. R
Hard blue limestone. 10
White quarry limestone to water.
9
Total
49.8
DUNIHUE'S CAVE, LIMESTONE BEDS, FOSSILS, ETC.
Half a mile west of this cave is Dunihue's Cave, which has been ex- plored to the depth of about two miles. It contains beautiful chambers with stalactites and stalagmites of great purity and has many interesting formations to attract the naturalist. Where the railroad crosses Leather- wood Creek the lower St. Louis, and upper Keokuk beds are argillaceous. In "pockets " are found Pentremites, Batocrinus, Cyathocrinus, Phillip. sia, Productus, Spirifer, Aulopora and Archimedes. North of this on the hillside are angular fragments of limestone re-cemented with tufa. This fracture has probably resulted from exposure to the air and not from earthquakes or similar convulsions. The interstices are filled with calcareous earth. Fine white limestone (No. 21 above) in enormons blocks is obtained at the Coats and Johnson quarries a mile south of Bedford. Casts of Bellerophon are found. This stone is soft at first, is easily sawed, chiseled and moulded, and is peculiarly suited for door and window caps and sills, columns and highly ornamented capitals and brackets. Weathering hardens it. The section here is as follows:
Feet.
llard laminated limestone 4
White quarry limestone. 10
Blue quarry limestone.
The quarry of N. L. Hall was extensively worked in this stone. A powerful engine drove three gangs of saws. The white limestone has all the excellent qualities above described. It has been used in the Bedford court house, the postoffice at Indianapolis, the State University at Bloom- ington. the new Illinois State House, the Louisville Custom House, etc. It is a famous stone. The blue limestone (No. 23 above). is harder and finer in texture, and is in great demand for coping and posts of iron fences and for monuments. Its cohesion enables it to resist the compression and cross-strain of large structures. A wall of this stone is three times as strong as the same sized one of bricks. When burned it furnishes good lime. Blocks of any size may be obtained. The sec- tion at Hall's quarry is thus:
Soil and clay
Feet
.4 White limestone (No. 21). 9 Blue limestone (No. 23).
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
THE ST. LOUIS SECTION AND THE SPURGEON BILL FOSSILS.
In the valleys of Salt and Leatherwood Creeks near Bedford, the whole depth of the St. Louis limestone outcrops with a perpendicular measurement of about 100 feet. . At the bottom of this group appear the geode beds and laminated limestones of the Keokuk group, with a thickness of from twelve to twenty feet. On the northwest quarter of Section 8. Township 5 north, Range 1 east, is a fine outcrop of the famous fossil bed (No. 22 above). It is sometimes called the "Spurgeon Hill Fossil Bed." It shows Phillipsia, Rotalia, Cythere, Chiton, Platy. crinus. Butocrinus, Actinocrinus, Archeocidaris, Pentremites, Coscinium, Aulopora, Zaphrentis, Archimedes, Sphenopoterium, Conocardium, Spir- ifer, Productus, Nusula, Myalina, Cypricardella, Rhynchonella, Athyris, Retzia. Waltheimia, Euomphalus, Pleutomaria, Murchisonia, Buleimel. la. Natica, Bellerophon, Platyceras, Terebratula, Dentalium, and others.
SECTION OF THE KEOKUK AND KNOBSTONE GROUPS.
On Section 4, Township 5 north, Range 1 east, the following section outcrops:
Feet.
Soil and clay. 25
Girode bed.
Blue limestone with Hemipronites, etc. 4
Grode bed. 3.5
C'oarse limestone with Crinoida. 1.2
haly limestone. 2.5
Coarse limestone. 1
Knobstone with highly colored shales. .60
Total .102.2
At Ro.lins' Mill the following section of the same groups outcrops:
Feet
Chert. fragmentary. .20
Limestone, argillaceou- and vermicular. .15.9
limestone, argillaceous and pentremital.
Gray limestone ..
Keokuk limestone with geodes, etc .. 12
Krukuk reddish limestone with crinold joints, Productus and Hemipronites.
7
K nobstone shakes and silicrous limestone with large Nautill. .. 16
Total. 108.9
DETAILS AT SPRINGVILLE AND VICINITY.
The tops of the hills around Springville are capped with outcrops of the Chester group. A mile east of town the upper number outcrops (No. 8). In this are Pentremites, Zaphrentis, Chonetes, etc. On Section 30, Township 6 north, Range 1 west, outcrops the "coal bone" which has a strong odor of petroleum. The same may be seen at Avoca. On Sec- tion 17. Township 5 north, Range 1 west, the following outcrop of the lower Chester and the upper St. Louis groups may be seen:
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18 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Fee:
Red drift with fragments of coal
Dark sandstone ..
3
Shaly sandstone. .10
Gray chert.
1.5
Shaly sandstone.
Dark limestone, laminated
5
Blue St. Louis limestone
6
Vermicular limestone.
.10
Cual bone.
Blue and white argillaceous limestone. 15
Yellow magnesian limestone. C
Shaly argillaceous limestone with geodes.
Blue Pentremital limestone.
9.2
Total ..
111.3
SHILOH CAVE.
On Sections 18 and 19, Township 5 north. Range I west. is found this interesting cavern. It extends through the upper members of the St. Louis group. The sides show stratified beds of limestone, and along the roof of the large chambers is the St. Lonis chert. fragments of which cover the floor. Natural fountains. springs and streams abound. Throughout, the lofty sides are festooned with stalactites, sometimes hanging in graceful folds, or ribbed with giant corrugations. The roofs and overhanging sides bristle with clear quill-like tubes, fragile as glass, each tipped with a drop of water which shines in the torch light like a jewel. Thus the purity and beauty of ornamention continues for over a mile. There are several side caverns which have not been explored. A very large stalagmite, as large as a man, called the " Image of the Man. itou," was destroyed a number of years ago. Near this cave at Shiloh Mill the section is as follows:
Fret
Chert and soil covering.
Limestone, blue-banded.
12
Chalky white clay
4
Siliceous and calcareous shale. 3 ..
Biack bituminous shale (coal bone).
St. Louis limestone, shaly 1
Hard blue limestone .. 3 .**
Blue limestone, laminated
Soft limestone. brecciated.
3.2
Vermicular limestone.
Limestone, massive.
29
Covered.
Oolitic quarry limestone.
Total
1.1 .
DRY AND GRINSTAFF CAVES.
This cave is partly in or just below the St. Louis cherts on Section 12. Township 5 north, Range 2 west. In the Chester sandstone at the
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
top of the hill are fossilized coal plants. The cave vestibule is a room twenty-five feet high, with few stalactites, and here apparently the cave ends. But on part a profusion of stalactites and stalagmites, which form the most beautiful shapes, folds and curtains, a ladder leads to large roomy halls above, whose gray or yellow walls are relieved by stalactites of great purity. With these rooms the cave ends The atmosphere is very dry, and has high antiseptic properties. On the floor is much clay charged with nitre. On Section 10, Township 5 north, Range 2 west, is Grinstaff's Cave. It has two stories or floors, the upper dry, the lower traversed by a small stream. Altogether the passages are about two miles long. In places the usual beautiful stalactites are found.
THE GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AT FAYETTEVILLE AND VICINITY.
In this vicinity the soil is generally of a reddish brown color, and is derived from the St. Louis limestone, and is good for agricultural pur - poses. Sink holes are numerous, and the rocks beneath are tunneled with caverns. Grass thrives on this soil. In the cherty surface rock which occasionally outcrops are Lithostrotion Canadense, L. proliferum and Syringopora, fine and massive, with shaggy lumps of crystals. These are used in the vicinity to ornament door yards. Also in this vicinity are found single calyces of Lithostrotion or " petrified corn-cob." Zaphrentis Spinulosa, Bryozoans, Productus cora, Athyris ambigua. Bellerophon lecis, Orthoceras, and plates and spines of Archeocidaris Wortheni. The following is the section for about a mile along the val . ley west of Fayetteville:
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