USA > Indiana > Orange County > History of Lawrence, Orange, and Washington counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, together with interesting biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc > Part 43
USA > Indiana > Washington County > History of Lawrence, Orange, and Washington counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, together with interesting biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc > Part 43
USA > Indiana > Lawrence County > History of Lawrence, Orange, and Washington counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, together with interesting biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc > Part 43
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ZIBA HOPKINS. farmer, was born in the township where he now lives. January 9. 1536. being the fifth child of seven born to Joshua and Delilah (Owens, Hopkins, Joshna was a native of North Carolina, born May 3. 1794. and at the age of six removed with his parents to Georgia, afterward immigrating to Clinton County, Ky., and from there in 1529, came to Indiana. settling on the farm now occupied by our subject. He wa- married in Kentucky, and four of his children were born there. Ziba received a limited education. and April 2, 1857, he was married to Mar- tha S. Sears. He has followed farming, and now owns 350 acres of highly-improved land. raising some stock in addition to the nsnal farm crops. During the war he was Sergeant in a company of Home Guards. He is a Republican in politics, and is a man highly respected by all who know him.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
WINEPARK JUDAH, M. D., was born in Bloomington, Monroe Co .. Ind., March 5, 1842, the second of eleven children born to David B. and Emma (Parks) Judah. Subject was educated at the State University. Bloomington. His father's occupation was tanning, and the son learned that business at an early age. In May, 1862, he enlisted in Company A, Fifty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered out in September, 1862, his term having expired. In July, 1863. he again en. enlisted in Company E, One Hundred and Seventeenth Regiment Indi. ana Volunteer Infantry, and was promoted to Sergeant in February. 1864 : in the battle of Walker's Ford he lost his hearing, which he has never entirely regained. After his discharge in 1864 he acted in the capacity of Recruiting Officer and Assistant Provost Marshall for Mon- roe County. June 9, 1865, he was married to Minerva A. Duncan. and nine children have been born to them, seven of whom are living: Lena M., William B., Mary A., Walter C., Winepark J., Stilson and Nellie. Mr. Judah keeps the only hotel in the village of Guthrie, and keeps a good house. The Doctor is an A. F. & A. M. and a Democrat.
JOSEPH MCKNIGHT, farmer, was born in Shawswick Township. Lawrence Co., Ind., January 18, 1826. the fourth of twelve children born to George and Mary (McGee) Mcknight. George Mcknight, subject's father. was born Jannary 3, 1796. in North Carolina, and came with his parents to Clark County, this State, arriving here on the day of the battle of Tippecanoe; remained there that winter and then moved to Orange County, afterward moving to Lawrence County, where he died October 14, 1869, having been a devout member of the Methodist Episcopal Church; his wife was a native of Pennsylvania and died April 30, 1973; their marriage occurred June 25, 1919. Joseph, our subject, received but a limited education, and was married March 21, 1850, to Naomi Stipp, who died the following fall, October 8, 1850. September. 15. 1852, he married Margaret Johnson. His farm consists of 300 acres, and is known as Grand View. He raises considerable fine stock, such as Berkshire hogs. Belgium and Bulroney horses, short-horn Durham cattle, "Mammoth" stock of jacks, etc. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he is a Democrat. He is well posted in all public affairs, being a constant reader of the Cincinnati Enquirer.
OWEN W. OWENS was born in Wayne County, Ky., September 13. 1820, the fourth of twelve children born to Andrew and Sarah (Brown) Owens. He is a native of Kentucky, and she was the daughter of a Revolutionary soldier, who was at the battle of Yorktown and the sur- render of Cornwallis; they came to Indiana in 1820, settling in Lawrence County, where they died, he June 10, 1840, and she November 3. 1991. Our subject removed to Avoca in 1854, and started a blacksmith-shop. May 16, 1855, he married Cynthia A. Burnett, and two children have been born to them, only one living, Nettie. who married Ambrose Sears. Farming is the general occupation of subject, but he has done some car- pentering; he is now Postmaster and has been since 1969. He has served two terms as Township Trustee, and has been a Justice of the Peace. filling that position to the satisfaction of all. His father. Andrew Owens, was an adept at almost any trade, turning his skill in that regard in many directions, to the benefit of himself and neighbors.
JAMES TINCHER, merchant. Guthrie. was born in Lawrence County February 27, 1830, being the oldest of two children born to Samuel R. and Martha (Odell) Tincher. both of whom were natives of
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MARSHALL TOWNSHIP.
Kentucky, who came to this State about 1815. Samuel R. was a farmer by occupation. Our subject's mother died when he was eighteen months old, and he was taken by his grandparents (Odell), with whom he re- mained till fifteen years old, when he was apprenticed to the saddler's trade, after finishing which, he started in business for himself. Subse. quently, he opened a store in Springville. March 8, 1851, he married Nancy E. Carson, and seven children were born to them, five of whom are living: William H., Martha, James R., Alice and Robert E. January 8, 1872, Mrs. Tincher died. At one time Mr. Tincher operated two stores, but is now running one at Guthrie. He is an A. F. & A. M. and a Democrat, that party having elected him to the office of Sheriff. He has also served as Constable, Justice of the Peace and Trustee of Perry Township. His son, William H., is one of the best business men of the county, and has assisted his father in his business since he was eleven years of age. He was elected Trustee of the township two days after he attained his majority. He was also appointed by the County Board to fill a vacancy, and was again elected in 1881 to same office.
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PART III. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY.
CHAPTER I .*
GEOLOGY - NATIVE WOODS - THE PERPENDICULAR SECTION-ST. LOUIS CHERT- AND LIMESTONES-BITUMINOUS STONE-THE CONCRETIONARY DEPO-ITS-THE FIRESTONES-CHERTY CHARACTERISTICS-THE CHES- TER FORMATION-FOSSIL -- GEOLOGICAL SECTIONS -THE SANDSTONES -THE FAMOr. GRIT -- ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS -- LOST STREAMS-CAVES- FRENCH LICK AND BADEN SPRINGS-COAL -- IRON-WHETSTONE .. ETC. -LIME. CLAY, BUILDING STONE, ETC .- TABLES.
T' THE county of Orange is bounded north by Lawrence, east by Crawford and Washington, south by Crawford and west by Martin and Dubois. It is twenty miles east and west and twenty north and south, and contains 400 square miles. The northeast portion is comparatively devoid of hills and the southern, western and central parts are hilly and broken. Patoka and Lost Rivers and their numerous branches are the streams. Among the branches are Lick. Carter's, French Lick, Stamper's, Cane, Young's. Golden's, Grimes' and Tucker's Creeks. The timber is of the following varieties: Yellow poplar (Lirio dendron tulipifera). black walnut (Jugans nigra), white walnut (Jugans cinera), sugar maple (Acer saccharinum), red maple (A. rubrum), buckeye (Esculus glabra), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), red elm (Ulenus fulva), white elm (U. Americana), shell- bark hickory (Carya alba), mockernut (C. tomentosa), thick shell-bark hickory (C. sulcata), pig.hut (C. glabra), white oak (Quercus alba), red oak (Q. rubra), jack oak (Q. imbricaria), burroak (Q. macrocarpa), black oak (Q. nigra). chinquapin oak (Q. obtusaloba), white ash (Fra.cinus Americana), wild cherry (Prans serotina), sycamore (Platanus occiden- talis). water beech (Carpinna Americana), beech (Fagus ferruginea), American aspen (Populus tremuloides), chestnut (Castanea resca), per. simmon (Diospyros Virginiana), sweet gum (Liquidambar styrariftna). cucumber (Magnolia acuminata), winged elms (Ulenus alata). The undergrowth is of the following varieties: Dog-wood (Cornus Florida), red bud (Cersis Canadensis), crab apple (Pyrus coronaria), sassafras
*Adapted to this volume from the report made to the State Geologist, E. T. Cox, in 19:3, by M. N. E:rod. M. D, and E $. Melntire, M. D., special geologists selected to make the official examination of ·bis county.
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HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY.
(Sassafras officinale), and the shrubs: Spice bush (Lindera benzoin), wahoo (Euonymus atropur pureus), paw-paw (Asimina triloba), hawthorns (Cratagus coccinea and C. tomentosa), black haw (Viburnum prunifo- lium), hazel (Corylus Americana).
THE ROCKS OF THE COUNTY.
The rocks of the county belong to the carboniferous and subcarbon. iferous periods. The strata all dip toward the west, slightly bearing toward the south. The oldest rocks, therefore, are in the northeast part of the county, and the more recent on the west or southwest. The fol. lowing is the perpendicular section of the county:
QUATERNARY AGE.
Feet.
1-Alluvium and soils
10
2-Lacustral and drift. 25
CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD.
3-Conglomerate, or millstone epoch-Coarse sandstone locally filled with pebbles, heavy-bedded or friable. 40
Coal, probably Coal A. 1
Sandstone or shale. 60
Siliceous iron ore.
5
Massive sandstone irregularly bedded and at the base filled with leaves and stems of Stigmaria .. 20
Whetstone grit, fine grained, even bedded, with shaly part- ings. the lower member highly fossiliferous: Paoli retusta. Lepidodendron obovatum, I .. Valtheimianum. L. dichoto- mum, Sphenopteris latifolia, S. tridactylis, Neuropteris Smithii, N. Elrodi, Stigmaria, Cordaites, etc. 2.
Shale, with fossils .. 2
Coal with underlaying fire-clay 1 Shaly sandstone
Massive'sandstone, locally glass-sand; where sufficiently firm. grindstone grit. 35
SUBCARBONIFEROUS PERIOD-CHESTER GROUP.
4-Chester limestone, No. 3, upper-limestone. cherty at the top fossils-Athyri's subtilita, A. Royissii, Pentremitis pyriformis. Archimedes Wortheni, Zaphrentis spinulosa, Spirifer lineatus and Producti ... 1
5-Chester sandstone, No. 3, upper-heavy-bedded and massive, locally the true grindstone grit, in some places red and blue shales near the base .. .. 105
6-Chester limestone No. 2, middle-massive and heavy-bedded, fos- siis same as above. 25
7-Chester sandstone No. 1, lower-heavy-bedded or shaly, red or blue .. 5
Coal, generally persistent ..
trace
Sandstone or shale, locally quarry stone and flagging. Fossils -Stigmaria leaves and stems. 30
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HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY.
%-Chester limestone, No. 1, lower-limestone, massive and heavy. bedded, locally quarry stone. Fossils-Pentremitis pyri- formis, Terebratula bovidens, Bellerophon carbonarius. Rhyn- chonella subcuneata, R. mutata, Trilobites. 50
Chester chert. non-fossiliferous. 1
Limestone. locally lithographic. Fossils-Spirifer striatus, Terebratula bovidens. Rhynchonella subeuneatat. Syringopora mult-attenunta, Producti, etc.
ST. LOUIS GROUP.
3-C'hert highly bryozoic. Fossils-Productus cora. P. semi-reticu- latus, Bellerophon levis, Dentalium primarium. Athyris ambigua. Platycerus (sp .? ). Zaphrentis Spinulosa, Hemi- prouitis crenistria, Spirifer striatus, Alloriana, Pinna, Lith. ostrotion Canadense. L. proliferum, and Chanomya rhom- boidea! 3
10-Concretionary limestone .- Locally an even bedded and magne- sian fire-stone. or a massive, concretionary stone. Fossils about the same as 9 above. 50
11-Limestone, locally cement. 3
12-Porous limestone .. +
13-Argillaceous limestone, hydraulic. 15
14-Cannel conl. trace
17-Bituminous limestone. 10
Total .584
THE ST. LOUIS CHERTS AND LIMESTONES.
The St. Louis limestones and cherts are the surface rocks in the northeastern part of the county, and cover an irregular tract of about seventy- four square miles, being all of Northeast, nearly all of Orleans, the northeast corner of Paoli, and the northern part of Stampers Creek Townships. This region of country is broken by a rangeof bluffs, which sets in at the sink of Lost River. thence extends to Carter's Creek Church, thence south to Lost River. The bluffs are forty or fifty feet high, and appear to be a continuation of the lower Chester limestone hills. They are, doubtless, the results of a general system of erosion to which the whole country has been subjected, and, if so, had their existence prior to the drift period. Scattered over this tract of country are, also, basin- shaped cavities known as sink holes, which are from a few inches to forty or fifty feet in depth, and from a few yards to five or six acres in area. The larger ones have fragments of chert on the sides, more espe- cially on the northern and eastern parts, the other sides having the great. est depth of clay and soil. A noticeable feature of this tract of coun- try is the absence of springe, brooks, or any continuous and unbroken system of drainage. The excess of rain collects in the sink holes, but soon escapes into subterranean channels, though in some places, where the channels have become closed, lasting ponds are found. This is the case generally where red clay is washed in, and made the bottom of the ponds.
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HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY.
THE BITUMINOUS LIMESTONE.
The upper members only of the St. Louis group are seen in Orange County, and these are so obscured by coverings of clay and sand. The vermicular limestone of Prof. Collett seems to be the most northeasterly of those rocks. The bituminous limestone (No. 15 above) may be seen on the west bank of Carter's Creek, on the farm of C. Wires. Sec- tion 32, Township 3 north, Range 1 east, the section there being as fol- lows:
Surface soil ..
Fert .14
Argillaceous limestone, hydraulic. 12
('annel coal seam. trace
Bituminous limestone
-
Total. 32
At this place and near the county line on Lost River the bituminous limestone is even, heavy-bedded, dark bluish or black, and emits a feted odor when struck with a hammer. On exposure to the weather it exfoli- ates and splits into thin laminæe. It outcrops in the deep holes along the bottom of Carter's Creek to Island Church, and down Lost River to Trimble's Graveyard. Above the bituminous limestone is a thin seam of impure cannel coal. rarely as thick as four inches. It may be seen in many places along Carter's Creek. It burns quite readily, but will not be found in quantities worth working.
THE ARGILLACEOI'S LIMESTONE.
Above the coal trace is argillaceuns limastone (No. 13 above). It is compact. thin-bedded. grayish, with a subconchoidal fracture, and possesses hydraulic properties. On the Trimble farm it is thirty feet thick, and on Section 6. Township 2 north, Range 1 east, is fifteen feet thick. In places it is earthy or rotten. Its section at the last place is as follows:
Slope with fragments of chert, thin-bedded stone and fossils- Fe.t.
valves of Spirifer and Retzia (No. 11 above). 3
Porous limestone (No. 12 above)
Argillaceous limestone (No. 13 above). 13
Total
Fossils are well preserved only in the chert. In the argillaceous strata was found a large cast of Bellerophon. The porous limestone (No. 12) is soft and earthy, will not make good lime, but is better as cement rock. The lithological characters of the strata change as Lost River and Carter's Creek are descended, as most of the members become more compact, and the argillaceous is used for the foundations of houses. On Lost River. at the crossing of the Orleans and Livonia Road. the fol- lowing is the section:
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HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY.
Feet.
Slope with cherty fragments and fossils of Producti, Lithostro- tion Bellerophon, Dentalium, etc ... 16 Concretionary limestone, with fossils of Productus cora. Spirifer,
and plates of Archaocidaris Worthni and Crinoidal stems ... 24
Porous limestone (No. 12). 6
Compact limestone (No. 13). 10
Total. 56
THE CONCRETIONARY LIMESTONE.
The concretionary limestone is a massive stone of grayish color, usu- ally breaking with conchoidal fracture and possesses many of the proper- ties of a lithographic stone. The concretions are thin flat plates or nodules, the rounded forms being amorphous geodes without fossils. They are of all shapes, often bearing striking resemblance to some fruit or the head of some animal, and under a good glass are very beautiful. The laminated form occurs in irregular masses, ranging from a few lines to two or more inches in thickness, and from one to three feet in diameter. They are darker and more flinty than chert, and are nearly always fossiliferons. This strata is found in great abundance in Orleans. Paoli and Stampers Creek Townships beneath the soil and chert. It is exposed in a tract of country about five miles wide, extending from Orleans toward Livonia. It may be seen on Section 2, Township 2 north, Range 1 west, at the railroad cut east of Orleans; below the sink of Lost River. where it becomes more magnesian, is almost destitute of bryozoans and is rarely lithographic. On the farm of Mr. Hicks, Orangeville Township. the concretionary limestone has been quarried in three strata with shaly partings. The three differ in shade and fineness, but all are very beautiful and valuable. They are susceptible of the highest polish, are locally used for tombstones, and slabs; when struck with a hammer, ring like a bar of steel. His quarry is very valuable. At the fourth sink of Lost River the section is as follows :*
Feet.
General level of surrounding farms. 25 to 30
High water mark.
6
Chert in loose masses on river bank. 2 10
Crystalline limestone . 8 to 10
Thin shale- and detritus 10
Soft magnesian line-tone.
46
1.itho-trotion limestone. . .
8 to 18
Disappearance of the river. S to 10
subterranean level near gulf above the sea ... 430
The court house at Paoli is 169 feet above the sink of Lost River, and hence is 509 feet above the level of the sea.
THE FIRESTONES. All the strata of this concretionary stone contain Producti, Spirifer * I rou. the report of' Prof. Richard owen in 1-59-69.
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HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY.
striatus, and fragments of Archævcidaris Wortheni in the upper crystal- line member and Lithostrotion Canadense in the chert. Farther west the stone becomes darker and less fossiliferons. The top member is often evenly bedded, the laminæe ranging in thickness from one inch to two feet. This stone is locally known as "firestone" and is used for hearths, jambs, etc. It can be split into almost any shape with the hammer, and resists heat well. On B. P. Chatham's farm south of Orleans the following is the section:
Fret
Slope covered. 16
Building stone white and fine grained (No. 8).
6
Lithographie limestone (No. 8 above). 18
Chert. fossiliferous (No. 9 above).
Firestone. thin bedded (No. 10). 10
Massive limestone (No. 10). 12
Total. 61
The firestones also outcrop on the Orleans and Orangeville road just west of the Lost River crossing below the Bruner farm, also on that farm, also near Orangeville and north of the sand hill near Orleans.
THE ST. LOUIS CHERTS.
These rocks. by reason of greater hardness, have resisted the eroding effects of time and the action of water, ice, etc .. during the drift period. better than the strata surrounding them, and are, hence, found strewn over the surface of the ground and buried in the red clays. Besides the regular beds there are large quantities of sinaller specimens from the concretionary limestone. Lithologically the varieties differ very much. Those on the western and southern borders of the St. Louis limestones are red from infiltration of hydrous peroxide of iron. while those in the northeast part and along Stampers Creek are made brown hy the brown oxide of iron. Those that are highly bryozoic are soft. easily broken or split, breaking into irregular fragments, while the very hard varieties break into square or wedge-shaped pieces. The latter may be seen on the Paoli and Orleans road. They contain valves of Spirifer. Where the stone has been protected it is usually very hard and siticeous. is gray in color and has many fossils. Here it is a true "bnbrstone " and was used as such in the old Orangeville mill. The bryozoans are very perfect and beautiful, and are usually Polypora, though Pinna are found over five inches long. Crinoids are missing, though a small star-fish was found near Orleans. The cherts when decomposed by the admixture of iron form the red clays (paint). The clays are numerous At Wesley Chapel Gulf the section is as follows:
Feet
Slope. with sandstone capping the hill. massive limestone.
with shaly partings and thin beds of argillaceous stone ... 60 Chert. fossiliferous (No. 9). ... 3
Concretionary limestone (No. 10).
30
Toial. 03
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HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY.
THE CHESTER GROUP.
This group embraces the remaining stones of the county, except those capping the hills on the west and south parts of the county, and belong- ing to the conglomerate or millstone grit epoch. The western and south- ern boundary of these formations is about as follows: From about five miles of the northwestern corner of the county. thence sonth to French Lick Springs, thence in a curvilinear course to the south part of the county west of Valeene. At the base of these formations is Chester limestone (No. 8 above).
CHESTER LIMESTONE, LOWEST MEMBER.
This is remarkable for its thickness and its great uniformity of litho- logical characters and structure. A single specimen will represent the entire county. The rock is massive, crystalline, frequently lithographic, and very evenly stratified. The fossils are given above in No. 8. The following is the section of this member at sand hill near Orleans:
Sandstone, base glass sand (No. 7) .. Feet.
Heavy bedded limestone. lithographic and crystalline quarry
stone. Fossils-Phillipsin, Euomphalus, Bellerophon, Retzit. Pleurotomaria. Terebratula, Rhynchonella Athyria (No. ~ ) .. 35
Chester chert (No. 8). 1
Limestone in thin strata. Fossils-Athyris and Syringo- pora (No. 8). 34
St. Louis chert (No. 9). 2
Total 92
This quarry has been quite extensively worked for its limestone, the foundation of the depot at Orleans coming therefrom. Lime is burned successfully from the lower member. The following is the section of this member at " Acre Sinkhole ," Stampers Creek:
Feet
Heavy bedded quarry sandstone ( No. 5). 10
Compact massive limestone. Fossils-Productus. Spirifer, Archimedes and Pentremites (No. 6). 25 Course sandstone, partly covered (No. 7).
Limestone with nodules of flint. Fossils-Euomphalus and Ter- obratula (No. 8). 40
Chester cheri ....
1
Heavy bedded limestone (No. 8.) 45
Total 191
The lower Chester limestone is here filled with black fliut nodu les, and the chert has much the appearance of, and many of the properties of, true flint or hornstone, and might properly be called flint. On the top of the hill where the above section was taken is "Acre Sinkhole, " a cavity almost perfectly round, and about sixty feet deep, with very abrupt sides. No chert is found on its sides, and it has no subterranean outlet.
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HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY.
THE CHESTER SANDSTONES.
The upper sandstone (No. 5) is very evenly stratified. buff-colored, and is easily quarried by a little stripping in good blocks from one to three feet thick. It makes excellent foundations for barns and residences, where great weight is absent. It weathers well. There are quarries on Locust Hill, and on the lands of Mrs. Clements and Henry Polson. The following is the section at Albert's Hill, Paoli:
Massive Sandstone. Fossils-leaves and stems of Stigmerid Feet.
(No. 5). 30
Blue Shales (No. 5). 6
Crystalline limestone with Producti, Pentremites, Archimedes, Spirifer, Athyris and stems of C'rinvides (No. 6.1 ..
16
Encrinital limestone (No. 6). 14
Sandstone (No. 7) ..
Decomposed Limestone, loca !. 12
Sandstone, massive (No. 7) ...
Crystalline massive limestone (No. S). 1%
Lithographie limestone .No. > 20
Total. 196
Chester sandstone (No. 7), in many places a shale of no value. is in the vicinity of Paoli an even bedded rock, sometimes thick enough to make good quarry stone. East of town. on the Kibler farm, are quarries of the stone. On J. C. Albert's land, Section 25. Township 2 north, Range 1 west, is a quarry of tea-green stone, from which blocks of almost any size may be taken. These stones are excellent for flagging. On Lick Creek the lower Chester limestone has been found good for build- ing purposes. It is comparatively soft and friable when taken out, but becomes hard and extremly durable upon long exposure. It was used in the foundation of the court house. It contains inconvenient glass seams. The following is the section at Orangeville:
Massive sandstone stained with iron 45
Feet
Middle Chester limestone (No. 6). 19
Shaly sandstone (No. ? ) ... 19
Ocher. with traces of coal and iron. 1
Lower Chester limestone, with Terebratula and Rhynchonella .. .95
St. Louis limestone to low water. 30
Total .209
The lower Chester is the prevailing limestone at Chambersburg. Valeene and the southeastern parts of the county. It is exposed on the hillsides and in the valleys of Greenfield, Jackson, French Lick, Orangeville and Northwest Townships. and is the only limestone of any economic value in these regions. The following is the section on the road south of French Lick:
Feet.
Conglomerate sand-tone . No. 3 .. ... 4.3 U'pper Chester line-tone. with band of chert at top and with Ar.
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