USA > Indiana > Orange County > History of Lawrence, Orange, and Washington counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, together with interesting biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc > Part 3
USA > Indiana > Washington County > History of Lawrence, Orange, and Washington counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, together with interesting biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc > Part 3
USA > Indiana > Lawrence County > History of Lawrence, Orange, and Washington counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, together with interesting biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc > Part 3
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Feel.
Coarse sandstone.
30
Bituminous limestone, with fossils. 6
Shaly coal .
Fire clay, laminated .. 2.5
Blue and gray shale, pyritous. 25
Covered stratum (Chester sandstone).
40
Blue and gray limestone with large Bellerophon, Othocerata Enomphalus, etc. 35
Chert bed with many St. Louis fossils. 40
Total. 179
The shaly coal here found will burn, but is probably of no economic value. Jaines Tanehill has mined it. A compact siliceous limestone is found on the Johnson farm. It is very homogeneous, is four feet thick. and possesses high lithographic properties. At the Gray Mill on Indian Creek, Section 17, the limestones are rich in characteristic fossils. From the bluffs of Silverville across the valley of Indian Creek sandstone outcrops on Sections 16 and 21. These are in the shape of sharp conical mounds, and are locally called "hay stacks." The following is the formation at Wagners on Section 19, where a thin seam of slaty coal has been opened and worked without valnable returns:
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20 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Feet.
Conglomerate sandstone and covered strata.
90
Limestone, gray or bituminous. 12
Block slate or coal. .8
Shale, pyritous. 10
Limestone, blue, to creek
Total .120.8
The high hills north of White River are generally capped with mem- bers of the Chester formation, and sometimes are 595 feet above the river. On Barton William's farm is a typical bed of pebbly conglom. erate. and a stratum of fibrous spar with a faint blne color, which much resembles sulphate of strontia (Celestine). Examples of the " rock houses " of the conglomerate or millstone grit are seen at Col. Bryant's, Section 19. Township 4 north, Range 2 west, on the south side of the river. Here the Chester beds are silicious shales. The following is the section:
Feet.
Conglomerate, massive.
70
Sandstone, laminated.
15
Limestone, bituminous.
10
Silicious shale (place of coal). 20
Shale and limestone to water.
30
Total 165
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES NEAR HURON.
Half a mile west of the village the Chester beds were once extensively worked. It became known abroad as " Huron Stone." and grindstone and carrier-stone grits were prepared and sent to market. The bed is twenty. five feet thick. The bituminous limestone which is found at the surface at Huron is on the top of the bills two or three miles west. This proves the dip of the county strata toward the west-here at the rate of about eighty feet to the mile. On Connelly's Hill, two miles east of town, thin slaty coal outcrops. The following is the section at the steam.mill at Huron :
Feet.
Conglomerate sandstone 10
Bituminous limestone with Spirifer, Productus and Athyris .. 19
Rash Coal. 3
Thin bedded Chester grit stones. 6
Heavy bedded Chester grit stones.
6
Blue limestone.
Red and blue clay 2
Soapstone and pyrites.
1
Block slaty coal.
Soapstone
1.ยป
Gray limestone with flints 16
Total 169.9
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
SECTION AT CONNELLY'S HILL.
The flint bed in the section shown below was worked by the Indians. Here they quarried the material for their arrow and spear points. Fire hearths are seen in the adjoining valley, surrounded with flint chips. Mounds are found on this hill. The following is the formation here (Connelly's Hill) on Section 4, Township 3 north, Range 2 west.
Feet.
Sandy soii with hematite. 10
Conglomerate with fossii stems.
Bituminous limestone with fossils 14
Rash coal. .7
Sandstone, laminated and shaly, with partings of chert. 55
Limestone, argillaceous, with chert and sandstone partings .. 80
Cherty limestone in cave .. 8
Limestone, argillaceous with black flints. 6
Total. 169.7
CONNELLY, BLUE SPRING AND OTHER CAVES.
This is on Section 4. Over the floor runs a small brook. The cave is about two miles long, with roof usually about fifteen feet high, with many chambers adorned with stone curtains, robust stalactites and spherical stalagmites. Nitrous earth spangled with crystals is found in the upper part; and a well-washed bed of pure yellow clay is exposed. Bear wallows are yet visible. Blind animals are frequent, and further on will be found named. Blue Spring Cave near White River and two miles south of Wood's Ferry has been explored three miles. A large stream of water runs out. Within, the water has cut circular basins over 100 measured feet deep. In times of heavy rains a large volume of water is discharged. The source of this water is in doubt. On Section 25, Town 4, Range 2 west, is a very deep, unexplored cave. The Buzzard Cave. north of the river contains apartments on two floors. Within this are many stalactites of great beauty and size.
THE FORMATIONS AROUND MITCHELL.
The country around Mitchell was originally a valley of erosion, and afterward the flood plain of White River. The surface rocks are of the upper cherty member of the St. Louis beds. At every wash around town massive specimens of silicified corals, such as Lithostrotion Canadense, L. proliferum and Syringopora, with quantities of Productus cora, Bel- lerophon levis, Dentalium primeoum, Athyris ambigua, etc., are found. Sink holes, the characteristic surface feature, are numerous, some form- ing pools of water. In many wells are often found eyeless fishes and crustaceans, doubtless from subterranean caverns with which the wells communicate. The soil bere is rich in plant food. This broad plain, embracing more than 150 square miles, measures the duration and extent of past erosive forces. The following is taken from Section 26, Town- ship 4, Range 1 west.
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Feet.
Slope sand and clay. 40
Sandstone ferruginous, laminated, with bark and trunks of car-
boniferous plants and thin partings of coal .. 60 Argillaceous limestone with Chester fossils, the upper band lith- ographic 10
Chert beds with siliceous corals.
Total. 175
On this Section (26), is a coral reef (silicified Syringopora) in a matrix of chert, from which prehistoric races undoubtedly made their red. dish colored stone implements and ornaments. Valuable specimens of this coral have been sent to various geological collections. Much lime has been burned on Section 24 and elsewhere, mainly from the blue ver. micular limestone of the upper St. Louis group. Asa Erwin manufac- tured nearly 20,000 bushels, and D. Kelly, John Tomlinson, and others. have done about as well, their lime being favorably known to the trade. The lime is white and "works hot," and is almost like cement in founda- tions. Owing to the porous nature of this stone, it is found to burn and slake with great facility and certainty. The waste lime has been used quite extensively for compost, and should be continued thus. The fol. lowing is the section at Erwin's kiln:
Feet.
Soil and slope, broken chert 3
Slaty coal.
.3
Limestone, argillaceous. 25
Limestone, argillaceous and lithographic. 1.2
Limestone, white and gray. 3.5
Limestone, vermicular ..
4.5
Limestone, heavy bedded
6
Limestone, flaggy
Tota
There is a cave near by to which bears formerly resorted for hiberna. tion; their bones and teeth are found. On Section 18 is a good exposure of the upper St. Louis beds, rich in fossils. The chert beds outcrop on the hill-sides and railroad cuts east of Mitchell. Fossils are aban dant.
HAMER'S CAVE.
The entrance to this cave is on the hill side on the southeast quarter of Section 32, Township + north, Range I east, about forty-five feet above the valley. The floor is level. six feet wide, and covered with a swift stream of water eight inches deep on an average, though in places twenty feet. Three quarters of a mile from the entrance is the first fall. The whole stream rushes down an incline only three feet wide with great vio. lence and noise. Above this, and about 300 feet farther on, is the ** grand cascade." Beyond this the cave is low, wet and full of running water, which escapes through a crevice in the rock. Eyeless fish, craw-fish, and other crustaceans are found in this cave. The creek has power sufficient
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
to turn a large mill. Many beautiful specimens of stalactites in folds, loops, columns, spikes, curtains and crenulated lace-work are found on the roof and walls of this important cave.
DONNELSON'S CAVE, BLIND FISHES, ETC.
This has its entrance on the southwest quarter of Section 33, Town- ship 4 north, Range ] east. A large stream of water is discharged, which was formerly used to drive a combined woolen, grist and saw mill. The interior shows evidences that powder was made here at a very early date from the nitrous earth of the upper chambers. The cave entrance is wide and lofty, but is soon reduced to a narrow passage covered with a shallow stream of water. Within is a magnificent cascade, the roar of which is heard at the entrance. Near the entrance a dry cave opens to the east, and opposite a lofty corridor opens to the west, and on about 100 feet is a large hall twelve feet high, three hundred feet long and forty feet wide. Thousands of bats gather here and hang to the ceiling and walls, and hibernate. Eyeless fishes, crustaceans and crickets are fonnd The cave shows evidences of having been occupied by the earlier races. The following is a list of the animals found in the two caves last mentioned above and Connelly's: The blind fish, Amblyopsis speleus: the blind craw-fishes, Cambarus pellucidus, Cacidolea stygia, Crangony.r ritreus. Enphilosia Elrodii, Caulorenus stygeus : the blind insects, Autho- myia. and Anopthalmus tenuis: and the seeing insects, Platynus margi. natus and Centhophilus Sloanii.
THE GEOLOGICAL DETAILS EAST OF MITCHELL.
Five miles east of Mitchell at the Mill Creek cut on the O. & M. R., is an outerop showing the junction of the St. Louis and Keokuk groups. The first is rich in characteristic fossils including many Pentremites, and in the last is found a tooth of the shark Cladodus spinosus. A bed of rich brown ocherons elsy is found here in unlimited quantity, and in fact ocher is found richly distributed over the entire county. From this point east along the railroad the Keokuk beds constitute the surface rock. This horizon is rapidly elevated going eastward, until at Tunnelton it caps the tops of hills 150 feet above the river. The following is the sec. tion near Tunnelton:
Feet.
White limestone
2
Blue limestone ..
6
Argillite with geodes 5
Magnesian limestone with fossils
6
Argillite with geodes 12
Green and blue shales 20
Siliceous shales with hands of Waverly sandstone .. 30
Knobstone shales with fossils 60
Total 141
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HISTORY OP LAWRENCE COUNTY.
FEATURES AT FORT RITNER, LEESVILLE AND HELTONVILLE.
About Ft. Ritner the Keokuk beds outcrop. In the bed of the creek near by are immense numbers of geodes. The knobstone forms the sides of the valley, and contains but few perfect fossils. The sandstone here and at Tunnelton, though not extensive, is of excellent quality, and may be sawed or split. The greatest exposure of the knobstone shales here is 250 feet above the river.
At Leesville the soil is of a rich, reddish brown fading to a "mulatto loam." The surface rock is the Keokuk with outlines of St. Louis lime- stone. The creek valleys are cut into the knobstone shales.
At Heltonville in the south part of the village, the knobstone ex. poses a thickness of over ninety feet, but dipping rapidly passes below the water of Leatherwood Creek. Here is seen the unevenness of the knobstone surface, upon which were deposited the more recent lime- stones. Heltonville is famous for its numerous and beautiful geodes, many of which are geodized Crinoide, Spirifera, Zaphrentis, Lithostro. tion, Goniatites, Bellerophon, etc. The section here is as follows:
Geode bed
Feet. 4
Crinoidal limestone crowded with joints, plates and crushed heads of Encrinites 8
Knobstone shale and sandstone. 50
Green and blue pyritous shale. 40
Total 102
ROCKY OUTCROPS AT GUTHRIE.
This village is surrounded with high knobstone hills capped with Keokuk limestone. Immense numbers of geodes are found along the creeks and hill-sides. Quarries of Waverly sandstone (upper knobstone) are numerous. This stone looks well, weathers well, cuts well, and con- tains few fossils. The knobstone shales contain much pyrites (sulphuret of iron) which decomposes on exposure The section west of and near Guthrie is as follows:
St. Louis limestone.
Feet.
40
Keokuk limestone 25
Knobstone 50
Total 115
THE SPICE VALLEY KAOLIN MINES.
The substance Kaolin is a variety of clay produced by the decompo- sition of the mineral feldspar, and when fused with an earthy matter called petunse, which is itself an undecomposed feldspar ground fine, makes the most excellent kind of porcelain-ware. The mines in this county are by far the best in the State, and are not surpassed anywhere. They were first opened in December, 1874, by Dr. Joseph Gardner, E. T
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Cox, State Geologist, and Michael Tempest, of the firm of Tempest, Brockmann & Co., potters, of Cincinnati. The substance was first brought to public notice by Dr. Gardner in June, 1874. These men car- ried on the work with increasing extent and profit, manufacturing a fine white earthenware for which there was a strong demand owing to its gen- eral superiority. In 1877 the proprietors, under the name of the Cincin- nati Clay Company, sold out to the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company of Philadelphia and near Pittsburgh, and this firm are yet operating the mines under the supervision of Dr. Gardner. They annu- ally ship about 2,000 tons of the clay to their factories in Pennsylvania, employing an average of about twenty-eight men, and there the clay is manufactured almost wholly into alum of a superior quality. The busi - ness is on the increase, but the factories should be in Lawrence County instead of in Pennsylvania.
THE HEMATITE DEPOSITS.
Three miles southwest of Fayetteville, in strata of sand deposited on the hill-tops, beds of this rich iron ore are found. Developments of the ore have been made on the Whitaker farm, Section 28, Township 5 north, Range 2 west. At many of the surrounding farms beds are also found. Test shafts to the depth of nine feet at fourteen different places. on Section 28, revealed the ore in each in thickness from two and three- tenths feet to four feet, the average depth being over three feet. In Indian Creek Township, on the lands of Messrs. Connelly, Prosser and Snow, are outcrops of siliceous iron ore in considerable quantity; and on the Marley farm, west of Huron is a large amount of this siliceous ore, in what is called "Iron Mountain." Hematite is also found near Bart. lettsville and in other places in the county. This ore, as will be seen from the comparative table below, is unrivaled. Excluding water, it is freer from deleterious ingredients than ordinary cast iron, and is of great value in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. The Whitaker ore upon analysis gave the following results:
Moisture and combined water
18.000
Silicic acid. .900
Ferric oxide. 84.890
Alumina Trace
Phosphoric acid .145
C'arbonate of lime 1.000
Total 99.985
The ferric oxide, 84.89 per cent, when reduced gave 59.426 per cent of metallic iron. The following table serves to compare this ore with the standard ores of this country :
Per cent.
Magnetic ore, metallic iron 70.5 to 50.9
Specular ore, metallic iron 45.8 to 51.17
Hydrated ore, metallic iron 35.5 to 49.09
Whitaker's ore, metallic iron
59.426
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
MINERAL SPRINGS.
Near Avoca, on the Owens farm, is a mineral spring which possesses valuable medicinal properties. It is strongly impregnated with sulphur, and has valuable laxative, tonic, anti-dyspeptic and febrifngal properties. Among the elements contained are silicic acid, oxide of iron, carbonic acid. sulphuretted hydrogen gas, lime, soda, potash, chlorine, magnesia and sulphuric acid. The water gives every evidence of having these con- stituents in large quantities, and is no doubt as valuable to invalids as that of French Lick and other places of great resort. At an early day a salt well was sunk near this spring to the depth of 160 feet, and a con- siderable quantity of salt was manufactured for home consumption. About a mile west of Bedford, on the Viehl farm, is a spring strongly charged with sulphuretted hydrogen which escapes in bubbles. The water is about as valuable as the Avoca water, and has the same mineral con- stitnents in different proportio: 1. It is said to contain much magnesia, and is therefore excellent for dyspepsia. Several salt wells were sunk in the county along Salt Creek in early years; one on the northeast quarter of Section 8, Township 5 north, Range 1 west, to the depth of 150 feet. At ninety feet the workmen disclosed a black, bituminous clay, six feet thick, which they mistook for coal. On Section 17, Township 5 north, Range 2 west, a number of valuable mineral springs burst out in the bed of Indian Creek. Sulphur is the most noticeable constituent, though mag- nesia. soda, potash, chlorine, lime and various mineral acids and gases are present in important combinations and quantities. Other springs of valuable water make their appearance in different portions of the county.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS.
On the east and northeast the soil is a tenacious clay and sand; in the central, north of the river, it is a calcareous clay; and on the west and southwest is principally siliceous with an intermixture from both of the others. A rich, warm marly loam is found throughout the White River Valley. The grains thrive remarkably well in this valley, and fairly well in the western part of the county, as does timothy, clover and blue-grass. Indian Creek Township is excellent for fruits, owing to its high hills and deep valleys. Ice of considerable thickness forms on the lowlands, while the hill-tops are yet warm. At night, the cold air being beavier descends, while the air heated during the day envelopes the hill- tops and protects the orchards there. Numerous large peach orchards are grown. The above is true of the country north of Mitchell, where tine orchards are to be found. Grapes do well in these localities. The soil in the Leatherwood Valley is excellent for the production of the cereals and the grasses. This is true in the vicinity of Leesville. The knobstone soil is especially well suited to the growth of grasses, and to the production of fruit. Limestone, a compost of great value when pow. dered and spread upon worn-out land, will eventually be used exter- sively and profitably in Lawrence County.
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
CHAPTER II.
BY SELWYN A. BRANT.
THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS-TECUMSEH AND THE PROPHET-THE CESSION THEATIE -THE ENGLISH LAND COMPANIES-THE INDIANS OF LAWRENCE COUNTY-PREHISTORIC RACES-THE MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS-THE CONNELLY AND PALESTINE WORKS-THE FISHERMEN -GENERAL OBSERVATION ..
HEN the dense and primeval forests of Lawrence County were first invaded by white men in search of a habitation, there was scarcely an Indian wigwam within its present boundary. Pursuing the destiny of their race they had abandoned the hunting grounds of their birth and taken up their dwellings in more distant and Western wilds, perhaps in the vain hope that the white man's ambition for new territory had at last attained its highest desire. When the first settlements were made in the county the Indian war under the leadership of the crafty and able warrior Tecumseh was drawing to its close. The final battle in that contest was fought at Tippecanoe on November 7, 1811, when Gen. Harrison defeated this renowned Shawnee chieftain and forever crushed the powerful confederacy which he had been mainly instrumental in bringing about. The cause of this war was the Indian opposition to the land grants that had been made to the United States by several tribes. Since the treaty of Greenville, made August 3, 1795, the Indians had remained at peace, but after that time treaties were made with a large part of the Indians for a considerable portion of the land in southern Indiana and in some of the other States in the territory northwest of the Ohio River. It was this to which Tecumseh was opposed. He saw that by disposing of their lands his race would soon be exposed to all the evils that would befall a vast, a homeless and a nomadic people.
THE CESSION TREATIES.
The treaties conveying the land that now composes Lawrence County to the United States were all made prior to this war with Tecumseh and his followers. There are three treaties ceding this land, the first of which was made at Fort Wayne June 7, 1803. This was called the Vin- cennes tract, and of land in Lawrence County it embraces all of the tri- angular piece south of a line beginning on the western boundary near the middle of Section 31 in Township + north, Range 2 west, and run- ning thence in a direct line to the soutbeast corner of Section 14, Town- ship 3 north. Range 1 west, where it leaves the county on the southern
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
boundary. It includes about one-third of Spice Valley Township. and a sinall portion of the southwest corner of Marion. This treaty was signed by chiefs of the Delaware, Shawnee, Pottawattomie, Eel River. Kickapoo, Piankeshaw and Kaskaskia tribes, and conveyed to the United States about 1,600,000 acres, of which about 12,160 are in Lawrence County. The next one was concluded at Grouseland near Vincennes, August 21, 1505, by which certain tribes of the Delawares, Pottawattomies. Miamis, Eel River and Weas conveyed to the United States all their territory south of a line running from a point a short distance north of Orleans in Orange County to the old Greenville boundary line near where it crossed the White Water River in the eastern part of the State. This line crossed Lawrence County in a northeasterly direction from near the middle of Section 17, Township 3 north. Range 1 east, to where the county corners with Jackson and Washington Counties, and making a triangular piece in the southeast corner of the county that contains about 9,920 acres of land. All the balance of Lawrence County was acquired by the United States in what is known as Harrison Purchase. a treaty made at Fort Wayne September 30, 1809. This embraced a large tract of land lying mostly on the east side of the Wabash River and below Raccoon Creek near Montezuma in Parke County, and extending to a point near Seymour in Jackson County, where it intersected the line in the last mentioned treaty. This included abont 2,900,000 acres, and was made and ratitied by nearly all the important tribes then in the territory.
THE ENGLISH LAND COMPANIES.
Some of these deeds are, in the light of our modern improvement, not a little curious. About the middle of the eighteenth century a cum- ber of wealthy English, French and American speculators, formed large land and trading companies. They purchased of the Indians some immense tracts of land in the territory of the Northwest. Among these was one to the Wabash Land Company for a strip of land 210 miles wide. extending from Cat Creek, a short distance above Lafayette in Tippeca- noe County, on both sides of the Wabash River to the Ohio River. This deed conveyed to the purchasers a considerable portion of the best land now in both Indiana and Illinois, and covered an area of nearly 38,000,000 acres. For all of this the consideration was " 400 blankets, 22 pieces of stroud, 250 shirts, 12 gross of star gartering, 120 pieces of ribbon, 24 pounds of vermilion, 18 pairs of velvet laced housings. I piece of malton, 52 fusils, 35 dozen large buckhorn handle knives, +0) dozen couteau knives, 500 pounds of brass kettles. 10,000 gun flints. 600 pounds of gunpowder, 2,000 pounds of lead, 400 pounds of tobacco, 40 bushels of salt, 3,000 pounds of flour, 3 horses; also the following quantities of silver ware, viz. : 11 very large armbands, 40 wristbands, 6 whole moons, 6 half moons, 9 earwheels, 46 large crosses. 29 hairpipes, 60 pairs of ear-
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HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY.
bobs, 20 dozen small crosses, 20 dozen nose crosses and 110 dozen brooches." This deed was signed at Vincennes on the 1Sth day of October, 1775, by eleven chiefs of the Piankeshaw Indians. The agents of this company after this made several applications to the Congress of the United States to have their deed ratified, their last effort for which was in 1810. But Congress failed to recognize the validity of their title.
A part of Lawrence County was included in the above mentioned deed from the Piankeshaw chieftains. Originally this tribe of Indians owned and occupied nearly the whole of what now constitutes the State of Indiana. The early conquests and aggressions of the whites upon the Eastern side of the continent, compelled many other Indian tribes to seek their hunting grounds in the Western wilds and to abandon their native forests of the East. These were called " permitted" tribes, for a more complete discussion of which the reader is referred to the subject of Indians in Orange County, found elsewhere in this volume.
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