USA > Indiana > Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Indiana > Part 16
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" Unless there is a change in the current of the river, all traco of the . Bouy Bank' will be obliterated. Already, within the memory of the white inhabitants, the bank has been removed to the width of several hundred Fards As the bank is yut by the current of the river it loses its support . owl, when the water sinks, it fumbles over, carrying with it the booes of the Mound Builders and the cherished urtivles buried with thein.
"No locality in the country furnishes a greater number and variety of relirs thau this. It has proved especially rich in pottery of quaint desigh ind skillful workmanship. I have a number of jugs and pots, and a eup found mi the ' Bone Bank,' all of which will be figured in the next report. Thus chameter of wvare has been very obuudant, and is still found in such quantities thut ure are led to conclude that its manufacture formel a leading industry of the inhabitants of the ' Bono Bank.''
"It is not in Europe alone that ive find a well-foutuled elain of high antiquity for the art of making hard anil durable stone by a mixture of clay, lite, sand sud a mixture of stone ; for I Am satisfied that this art wus pos- sexy by u rico of people n liv inhabited this continent at & period so re- wote. thuut neither tradition uor history cun furnish any account of them. Tliny belonged to the Neolithic or polished stone age. They lived in towns. and built wounds for sepulture and worship, and protected their homes by surrounding them with walls of earth and stone. In some of these montuils, spevimens of various kinds of potlery, in a perfect state of preser- rution, baro from time to sique been found, aod fragments ure so common thut erorr slutleul of archaeology can bure a bountiful supply. Some of theso fragments indiesto vessels of very great gize. At tho Saliny Springs, of Gallatin Counly, Hliuois, I picked up fragments that indicated, by their curvature, vessels fivo to six feet in diameter, nod it is probable that ther are fragments of artificial stone paus used to bold brine that was manufac- lured înlo sall by solur eraporation.
" Now, all the pottery belougiug lo the Mount Builders' age, which I haro seen, is composed of alluviul clay und sand, or a mixture of the former with pulverized fresh water slivlls A pasty made of such a mixture pus-
STATE OF INDIANA .- CONTINUED,
their decomposilinn are unpredluctiro or soon exhausted. The northern portinu of the fudiuna cool field is covered. from ten to fifty fect ileep, with this protuisenous drift, which furnishes it u soit of almost incalculable proInetive vapucity. While other coal fields must supadly from abroad lho huxl which their miners onil manufacturers consuine, Juliana con ferl her opieratires from fields unter the stroke of hier furnaces anil factories.
This drift soil generally livs on a strong eluy subsoil from len to twenty feet deep. This, with the slight descent of surface, demands underdraining to bring out tho full fertility of the soil. There are, howverer, largo districts borilering ou the water courses where the soil is formell of recent deposits from The streams, or is The result of on vurly ilepowit ou n higher bench or ternice, resting, generally, ou beils of gruiel. These nlluvinl landla nre Liglily estecruel for corn formuing, bul for general purposes they are not superior to tho sulsoils properly ilrained.
TIILE of ultitudes of svierat ploces in Indiann, nbove lide water:
NAME
FEET.
NASIE.
FETT.
Anderson,
822
.urenceburglı, 482
Blomtufield,
175
Lafayette, 538
Bloominglou,
Logansport,
575
Braukville,
698
Muncie,
920
Cambridge City.
920
Marion,
784
Cannorsville,
823
Atulisou,
450
Columbios,
616
New Albany,
420
Cran forderille,
741
Noblesrille,
750
l'uniille,
943
Princeton,
481
Franstille,
301
Shelbyville,
757
Franklin,
722
South Bend,
674
l'ort Wayne
768
Terre Hnule,
480
Greensburg,
914 Vernon,
$30
Greencastle,
830 Vincennes,
400
Indianapolis,
703 | Wabash City (eunul)
655
Lake Michigan,
683 Washington,
492
CLIMATE.
The State of Tudmun ocen pies a central pesition in the Mississippi Valley, lying nearly equidistant from The water-shed hetireen Itudson Bar and Lake Superior on the north und the Gulf of Mexico on the south. In The obsince of any lurgo hodies of water or tofty mountains to exert local in- Aucoves to mioility climate, Indiana may be taken ny the type of u elimate uf Intitoile. It is truo Ihut Lako Michigan touchvs one corner of The SIale, and no doubt affects, somewluit, the climate of o for couulies in its virinity. It Is also True thut an eleration of about eight hundred feel is equal to a slight remore of latitude to the north, but these atfeet the elimate in scarcely an appreciable ilegree.
The extreme senthern point of Indinnu renchies n little below the thirty. ninth parallel of' north Intitude, while the northern line iloes not quite toneb the forty-seconil purallel. This lecation secures exemption alike from the Aretiv severity of the Now IngInnd winters, and tho cuervating summer lent of the Gulf States.
Perhaps the most objectioonble feature of the winter elininte of this State is the tendensy lo oscilloty hetiseen theso ostromes. In the winter months the thermosorter frequently murks n temperature abore sixty degrees, while scureely n winter posses without reaching u lemperoture of zero, sind somv- times even tirenty ,legrees hefour that point. These extremely cold waves, holrover, are rare, coming hut ubout once in ten years. From the obserrn- tiens of tirenty-fro years past, the mean winter temperature at Indinonpolis is tlurly-fire ilegrors. The summer clininte is almost tropical, The mercury frequently ranging from ninety-hve lo ninety-eight in the shode, uud sellom fulling below sixty As indicating the temporature, we append the following
TABLE. Showing the Daily and Monthly Mean Temperature at fuchanapolis, Indiana,
for 1875:
DATE
JAbunr
February
March.
April,
June.
July
August.
Septetofor
Detober.
November.
Decomber.
The number of days on irhieb rain or snow fell in the year IN74 u'ny 1:14 -The aggregulo depth of rain in tho yeur was 43.60 inches. The month of October, in This year, nas unusoolly dry-otherwise it may be lakeuns u fair ul vrage of the distribution of min.
In the early settlement of Indiana, the iulinbitants suffered severely from nutii innal risilation of intermittent nnd remittent fevers. The dense forests shutting out the sun nbore, and the uudruined und saturated soil beleiv, pro- duced o humid utiursphero, und The summer decomposition of rost ureumu- lutimus of regetable multer londed it with undarious poisous, which net eren the rugged constitution of the back woodsmunu iras ible to resist.
But all this is now choligy. Tho forests are cleared niray, obstructions hare been removed from the streims, marshes and pouls hare beeu drained til the soil subjected to cultirstiou-thus lileral'y drying up the fruitful solirves of malurin, irhivh, in ils varly reairs, gave to tho elimole of landlisun ity rell-eurned reputation of unhealthfulurss.
Along the unirgins of the Inrger streams, where cousuleruble districts of hottom land ure subject to overflow in times of high water, the autumnnl visitation is stilt dreaded, but these conditions are lovut nud comparatively rarr.
Al present, lundiunu, throughout ils geurrul surfove, irill compare fuvorn- hly with other Stutes in the health fulness of' her climate. By The vrusus of 18;0 it will be seen that tho rale per ceut, of the sununl mortality in Indiana is lower than in any of the Attuntic States, and even this furoraldo revord will no duuht ho improved with the generat improrement of the country .
ARCHEOLOGY.
Ut IF. IN. CLIITUN.
lu many resperts the climate of Indiuna hus been modified sineo its curly settlement, The grenter portion of iss Territory uns originally covered with n ilense forest, which, aided by n thick unilergrowth of shriths und uveds, wumpletvly shul oul Tho earth from the direvt ruys of the sun, nud greatly obstruvted a free circulation id air. Tho great lerel pluin, which onlinecs the lurgor portiou uf the Stato, receiving tho water from the miehing ot win- tvr wuowa aud from tho ypring ruins, retained most of it during the mummer -the drainage hring obstructed by driftwood, leares, growing regulation, ete. This water, slowly oraporuting, terupored the summer beat und gave a cool, moist utigospbere. In the winter months, The sweep of the northwest- ern unuls vos brokeu by the forest, uud the freezing of do largo on imounl of surfuco trater os was relaineil from the full ruins gave off heul sufficient to beusilily modify the winter volit. Tho cutth, corereil with n heuvy vout of sumu leuves amt decaring weeds, sonreely froze during the ninlei, und, ny Buon us tho spring sunshine warmed the ofr, the carth uruy in a comlition Io respond by an curly growth of vugulation So iu The full, the earth, not liar- ing bren heated by the summer's suu, soon telt Tho influenco of tho untuin Hiuity and frosts, and winter came eurly. Noir the forests hure disappeared
tu ninke rovin for eullivaled fields, and where they reinoin, the undergrowth is destroyeil, so that the air circulates frrely. Obstruvifons have been re- moved from tho streams, and artificial channels of ilrainuge bave been odsled to lheso in many places. The cullirated lands, in the more level districts, hure, to u grrut extent, been nuderdrained with sile, so that the melting snows and spring tloods ure surried alny directly, und bul little moisture remains lo lemiper the summer heal by its evaporation. The carth, reliered hy drainage from its redumulant moisture, ond stripped of its protecting for- ests, is nowv exposed to the direct rays of the summer sun. Before the full inonthe coule, it is heated lo a greal depth; and this bent, given off to the sir, carries the summer temperature far inlo uutunun, anil postpones the udvent of winter sereral weeks. But when this store of summer heol is exhausted, und winter coules, the wind from the great plains of the wrest comes unob- structed, and the earth, now deprived of its former protection, freezes to a great depllı.
These conditions operale to render the springs taler, the summers wurmuer, The autumns lenger and the winters more severe. The prevailing winds, in nuy given season, howervr, to some extent modify these conditions, and tend to grently diversify the seasons, comparing one year with another. The greatest severity of cold is experienced uhea the irinil is from a point he- tireen iesl ond northwest. More northerly winds ure affected by the great bodies of unfrozen irater in the lokes, tempering their severity und often Jouling Them with moisture, which frequently results in storms of sleet or anoir in the winter season. The sererest snow storins of this region are necompanied with northeasterly winds.
The position which Indiana occupies on the line of the interchange of wimils belwren The Gulf of Mexico and the great lakes secures the elininte from severe drouth, which so frequently ufTevty countries far removed from the sisboard. The wind from the Gulf comes unobstructed by any quoun- tuin chinin or elevated lands, and in the summer sensor meets with no cold surface to condenne its moisture till it reaches Lake Michigan, whose waters lunintuin a teniierature of aboul sixty degrees throughout the summer. Un- iler this infuence, condensation comineneey, onil rupiilly oxlenils toward The south. In the summer season, a brisk southerly wind, continuing fer twenty-four or thirty hours, setudom fails to bring a thunder storm from the northwest. The stvady And long continued rains of this region are from the east muut southeast. The greatest number of rainy days are in Murch, 13 a gruerol rule, and the largest raiufall is closely contested berreen Mureb and .lune. The svrerest drouths which linie been experienced in This climste hart been the result of persistent ivinds, from points hetirecu west and gonthirest. These winds, after passing the Rocky Mountains, and losing their moisture in the clerated regions of Arizona and Neiy Mexico, encounter no source of moisture to restore ivlint they have lost, und therefore reach this region with n hygrometrie cendilion far below saroration, so thus rain is im- possible willont a change of wind. From observations, made at Indianapolis for It number of years pasl, the annual rainfall will average about l'orty-fire inches. To give a foir idea of the distribution of rain Ihraugh the season, we subjoin the following
TABLE, Shoring Total _I mount of Rainfull, preemitiny chrection of Wind, and direction of Wind, for each month during 1871;
MUNTH.
"Patul rasount of
Prevailing di. ruclion of wind
Tikaet Nu. of miles
January
3.73
W
5675
Fetman
z.17.
! 79
.. N W.
4504
Way.
4.00
N. WG
July
3.51
3230
September ..
2.09.
'S W.
3013
Ociquer ...
0.36.
'S & N. W.
49311
December++.
2.79.
N W. & > W. 63.63
29.7
49.0'
49 0
41.0
520
70.0
77 11
17.5
85.6
50.0
704
77.9
55.4
63.5
69.
31.5 30
11
27.0
311
18.6
35.5
-70
65.0
13.0
53.6
10.0
31.0
63.0
74.0
$7 5
73.5
81.8
73.
70 5
67.
15 6
77.0
71.4
101
71.0
50,0
7.5
20 ..
.... .. 120
51.
27.0 ++|-1111+
:11.6 ++ *****
13 5
78.7 72.7
3-4. [| ** +
MONTHLY MEAN TEMTI RAATUAL
390
+2.2
45.0
77.1
78.5 75,9
79.0
71.0
G1.7
210
36 5 31.9
.....
33 0
31 0
30.5
31.5
35.0
37.J
31 0
45.0
81.0
17 0
710
75.8
79 0
727
05.0
56.0
57.7 52.5
30.
30.0
35.0
34.0
45J
:10,11
64
GO,4
71.0
74 0
74.0
57.51
7.4.6
07.0'
se.c
78.7
77 0
77 7
70.5
3.0
75 7
65 0
83.1
777 194
57
73.4
GOLF
6-1.5
44.0 30.0 39 0
107
17
30.0 39.0
30
13.c
$24
55 7
G4.7
G1.5
51.5
39.9
565
30 6
63.0
67
54.0
4.19
N W. & N. E.
June.
AuguH +
0.00.
3669
November +
1 99
55.2
39-0 15.5
41.7
41 0 48.0
78.0
70.5
74 0
74
t5
30.0
39 C
36.1|
47 0
26.0
2.0
51.7
51.0
60.9
74.3
TJU
09 7
73.8
75.9 72 %
65.5 35.6 litghiest jemperuloro, 079; Lou eal lecoperture, 5º brelowy zuru.
Thy annual reports of the Male Geologist, Prof. E T. Cox, throw much light ujion tho tuyslery which surrounds the prehistorie raves who onve in- haluted The Mississippi Valley.
In The surreys which hure been mule ef consideratile portions of the Stute, particulur attention has been dirertril to The collection of stone imple- wents und other relies, and to the mapping of anvivut tumuli and fortibra- lions irhich mark the arls and civilization of tho Mount Builders.
" Il is not at ull improbable, " says Prof. Cox, "thial tho existence of nian Autes back In the Thue when ilry louil uvrupivil most of the urea now corered by the Pacific Oreau, aml connected Chiun irill Amoriva. Nor is it slitbrull do truvs a close resemblance, both in national nuit physiologicul organization, hivtueen the inhabitants of India, China uml Jujem, and thy Toltve aml Azlee Fives of America. Each huty the same gruvrul features, color of skin, and long, cearse, straight black hair, with the suno habits of wvelusion frum out- silly interference with llwir domestic arrangements. Tho walled enclosures of' Ilit Azlees, Toltoes aul prehistoric queu of this country hure Their euuu- terpurl in the great Chinese wral, which iras made to eneluso an entire ua- tion, muil shus out all intercourse woh strangers."
April.
18 0
65.0
74.0
202
STATE OF INDIANA .- CONTINUED.
Acs-ra, in a high degree, the properties of hydraulic Puztunlann nnil l'orl- customtry with woderu pallery Thy fragments of shells serred the pur- pose of gravel or fragihents of Mine, ns nl present useil in connection nith hydraulie lime in the manufacture of arlineint stone." Professor Cox, in sup- fiert of Ilua theory , gives an nunlysis ef a piece of pollery found al The " Bone Bank," nun compares il with the composition of other artificial stone, with nhich it is follmil subsluulinlly lo coincide. It is simply nu artificial alone made from a mixture of river und and pulverized fresh water shells In. steal of softening in water, as these specimens of pollery would do if lunde of chuy ulune, tho vessels ninde uf the mixture huurden on exposure to nir and moisture. When filled isith water and meal, pols mady of this innlerin] could hv plared over the fire and healed without fear of breaking them. These oncient urtisuns must have been aware of the nilvanlage ilerwed from a thin body lo resist breakngo from expansion alul runtraction from the beal of Ibe fire. I live a beautiful specimen from the . Bonu Bank " mude of artificial slone, which høy cars, and is ethrriviso folmed liky nu old-fashioned cast iron diuner pol. It is fre inchies peross the mouth, obil seven inches in dimmeler al ihn holgr, five inches ilech, nunl only one-eighth of an inch Thick The bottom is sinokel black, which goes to show that it was aus- peuded orth the fire for cooking pill poses."+
The following memornodu ucie tomle by Dr Lerelir ul the lime of bis risil lu Thur toenlity nhiou e ileygribed :
"The . Bony Innk' formy tho enyt bank of the Wbush liver fur fneen hundreil fiel ; 14 obr hundred und eighty feel wide nt the nileml point, near the south end, and llurly. fre feel phony the water al the highest point. 1 15 siluntil in Sectionx 7 And Is Town 8 Range 14 west, in l'osey County, Initialin, two stul a half miles iloe north of the confluence of the Wubash with the Ohio Hiver, nnil leu miles by the lorinous current of the first- .ותמיוז וא לאוllושום
" Within The memery of The early settlers the . Bank why Iwo or three limes ils present width bul the current of the river, during cach freshel, infringes vielently ou the exposed front, and will, in tinte, entry the last vestige of il iulo the river.
" Though no meumls nro nun risitilo en the top of The . Bank,' the old selilers distinctly remember somur sinll hillocks, or Iwuuh, on the southern nud higher end. Whether These uere mouuds of sejuillure, sacrifice ur ob- seriulinn, connol nou be ileleranned The whule surfare is streun with countless fragments of pollery, bruken during the process of tonnufachlire or by subsequent use. Thero is u ilnelling house on the south end, the resi- ilcuee of Joseph Reeves, l'aq., the owner of n tract of Innd of which the ' Balik' is n jurl He informed me that almost every post hole, or other slight escainlion mtulo, exposed human bones and pottery.
" Formerly, the ' Bank' was sparsely covered with gigantic forest Trees, larger than those in the odjoining forcel, but umir in The memory of while men so ileusely covered with Irres as the adjurent lower lunds
" The opinion hell hy some uteluvolugials, that the ' Bone Benk' IS n Irue molini, constructed of earth luken from the slough on the east side of il, cunnol lie susinineil in the face of the fuel that the strain of course and fine souil and grutel of various shades nul colors mny be distinelly Iraceil from the water's edge lo willin lun fert of the low of the . Bank' ul ils highest peint, oudl for the wboty length of il nu and down the porer.'
Dn A second ballomu uf Fouriern. Mile Creek, about eight miles from the "Stone Furt," mul two miles west of the village of New Washington, on the funtu of ,Inmes h Robinson, is n Inrge circulor carthiroth well ileverring the albution of the archeologisl. The eleration is ineuly or thirty feol ulwire Ihr brd of the crerk, and leur hundred yards distant. The circle is six hundred yards in circumferener, len or twelve feel wille, und al quesenl fifteen lo Twenty inchies ubore the general surface. Ilu lor northeuyl tesrl there is n gap or jugsege wny six lo eight feel wide. Al the west side of the Milrance There is an onk lice lhrer lo leur feel in dinteles. Within the en- closure ary lwo pit holes. Prof. l'uluinto dug into the cireulni bank in several ploecs, und found it lo he ninde up of ntoriginal kitchen refuse, fragments of bottes of several nounuls, fresh-niter sbells, and wils of broken pultery. The traguienis of pellery me markeil with a variety of ruile derices. The nelion ef the pliny in cultivating over this enelosune during a great mony years, for il lies in a cultivated field, has hind muoh lo de in reduring the elerution of the null und mixing the earth, of which it wus coustrucivil, with The kitchen El uff, which had probably bech thrown on the outer Bide The fertilizing effect of' the kilebin'midden is such as lo defne ils position by a correspond- ing circle of loxurintil corn A number of relies have bren plowed up in cultivating The circle, but they have been carried off' ty collectors. On the onlei junit of The circle, Mr. Roberts disem ered Ibe skeleton of'a winn lying under a lul sloue, covered by a few inches of dirl. A skull, thigb hone, part of The boties of the urm and several ribs nere laken oul.
On Big Creek, In Serling , Tou pship 4. Range &, in the edge of Jeffer- bult Colinty, is found nuother interesting slono muclosure or leri. It Is on the spur ef u ridge skirting Big Creek, and leininnling in a brend extral ol low, level lund. It is one mile north of the village of Dejuly, on the Louisville Branch of the Ohu & Mississijn Builromil. The foul, or enclosure, is pro- leciel on the worth nud senth Fides by a natural null of the Nugara andl Carniferous limestone, from sixty-fivr lo eighty feet high. Across thr borrow werk of tho spur, on the enst emil, There isns on artificial sloue irall seventy feel leug nud Twelve feet wide The wrest wide was elourd by another arti- friul unt of stone four hundred and lu culy- five feel long. The laller was current un ns lo protect all points nol ualurally guarded by the mural walls with which it is couurcled. The leondalion sones oir all That nou remain lo ninth the place of these mul defenses, The superstructure bos, of vari- ous times, been removed ond und in the construction of chiuibeys and foun- dations lo heuses The chininrys Iu Mr. Wiggins' divelhng Louer umy built of stone Inken from These walls Ou the north sule of the enclosure, in a short, Hhulloir ror ine, which pitches of almunity, there is a cave spring from which The dwellers within the euelesure could secure an nbuudaul supply ol unter ul wll tives, und would pruvy invaluntily in time of' siege.
In n lener to the Geologirul Department, Dr Jordan thus nrites . " The
Innil ecmovil, so thinl vrsgrls formeil of il harilenel without being hurt, ns is ' Inil on irbich Their antiquthey are situated uns settled by Mulilleton Roh.
eris, in 1811. The stene motibils were ut thint time about fre feet high, oud the oldest Indlinn then living in the neighborhoml knew nothing of their origin. His son, Darid, fell heir lo the Inuit, and it is nuw owned by David's son, Philnuder Roberts. The antiquites consist of Ilirre stone wounds but upun lerel gionnil, a short ilistance boilliensl of the ilepot nl Deputy, and Ilirer hundred feel cost of the railroml. The Inrgest of the mnolinds is egg. slinped . grealest dinmeler, one hundred and thirty-live feel ; lemerr diamo. ler, sixty feel ; fifty feel In llu porthenst of " Egg Mound" is a smaller one fifteen feel in ilinineler, anil fiftren feel north of this is nnother, liventy feel in ilimineter. They are all inuulr of stone, nud, ny Prof. Pulnum said of the Ohio bluff antiquities, thoy seems to be murro piles riulely threwn ujt. Stone iras hnuled Prum these mounds to build The stone house I bree-quarters of a mile lo the soulb, nud for building foundations, fire. places and chimneys lo neurly nll the houses for uules nrounid, so that they have been nemily lereled lo Ili ground, Semo years ago, parties opened thr sinnl mounils, and found sloue nxes, flint arrou poiuls und one pipe ; flints in abundance linre been fluit in and around the lorge mound. On Lewis Creek, a few hundred frel lo the east, there is a stone yunrry, and the bluff nlong the stream is eighty feel high."
Prof Cox whis the following reinerk. " The lopography of Clark, Jef- lersen und Scoll Counties, consisting of high rulgrs, separated by brand nra. hle phins anıl deep alresins hurilered by buld bluffs, scenis to linre been emi- benlly filed to the hubils nul wnuls of the Mound. Building race. Here we Gibil some of the most Interesting trarks which are left as momments of their skill and nelustry. From the great fortified town al The mouth of Funrieen. Mile Creek to the forlification of Wiggius' l'oint on Big Creek, IL distance of nboul thirty mules, there nppients lo be n line of nnliquities thul ninrk the dwelling places of intermedlinle celoties, ond these, irhon pushed lo extremes by nn inriding foe, may have sought prolechien in the strongholds ol either end of the line.'
Everything connected with the anliybilies of the Mound Builders gires evidence of s puneenbly disposed people whose grenlest ilesire ins to be lel alene. In this respeel we niny Irace nuother resoublance to lho custom pre- sailing among The Chinese
From the earliest prelnstorie lunes to the present, miatt seems to have bren predisposul to ocquire nud cultivele habits that are calculated lo itis- lurb the natural secretions of the body for the appareul purpur of bringing on n nmir ond strange sensntien, something lo dull The sensibilities of the verrous sysleni und induer n semi- consejoos sinle of mind The greul num. ber of stone and enrilien pipes found nsoeinled nith bumon remnibs in the luinuh of this coulilty gu lo prore that the use of uarcolice, in the form of smoke, originuled with The prehistorie rices of America. After the dis- corery of the Nru World, the habil ol sinoking lounceo, seybird from the ludious, sprend with omazing rapidily ull orer Eurupe '
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