USA > Massachusetts > Norfolk County > Norwood > Norwood annual report 1927-1929 > Part 13
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CHARLDA
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PLAN OF THE
TOWN OF NORWOOD MASS.
SCALE
January 1920.
Geo A Smith Town Engineer
DISTRIBUTION OF PUPILS GRADES 1-2-3 1927-1928
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PLAN OF THE TOWN OF NORWOOD MASS.
SCALE
January 1320.
Geo A Smith Town Engineer
DISTRIBUTION OF PUPILS GRADES 4-5-6 1927-1928
$1
KAYMME
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THIS
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CUT NO. 8
220
congestion except in the section between the branches of the railroad.
The suggestion that some small primary schools be placed in certain districts does not seem to be advisable at the present time nor in the immediate future. Small units are expensive to main- tain and the distances in Norwood do not warrant the system. Two or three such units as the beginnings of larger units may be needed according to the trend of the future population.
The Location of New Homes, 1925-1927
A study of the location of the new homes built during the past three years has a very important bearing upon the problem of new school building centers. (See map on pages 222-23.) The great mass of these houses are of the moderate price and tenement type oc- cupied by the younger families with children. Within the several elementary school districts the development is as follows:
Shattuck and Beacon districts
80 homes
Winslow district 45 homes
Balch district
42 homes
Guild district, east of Railroad
68 homes
Total
235 homes
This is certainly a very healthy growth and promises well for the future of the town. It also prophesies a very definite increase in the future school enrollment in all school districts.
There seem to be no peculiarly favored portions of the town. One hundred and twenty-five of these homes are west of the rail- road and one hundred and ten are on the east side. Building in the past has followed along the general line of the railroad and the main thoroughfares. While there is still some available building area to the extreme north and south sections, it is quite evident that the burden of future home development will be in general toward what may be designated as the east and south-west sections. This should be kept in mind in considering the future location of school buildings.
The older buildings, the Everett, the Guild, and the Beacon, were located at a time when the town was very small and the settlement was quite compact about the business center. Today the population has spread out in all directions until these schools are no longer in the center of their districts. Pupils of the elementary grades in these districts are obliged to go long distances to the end of the district rather than to a center. Many very young children have to cross main highways and even railroad tracks to reach their respective schools. In planning for the future this sort of situa- tion should be carefully avoided. New centers for elementary schools should be placed within a half-mile circle of the possible
222
223
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Location of New Homes Built during Years 1925-K-7
ZONING MAP OF THE TOWN OF NORWOOD. MASS
SCALE
DISTRICTS
SINGLE RESIDENCE SR
- 200 400 600 000
NOVEMBER. 1926
George A. Smith. Town Engineer.
GENERAL RESIDENCE GR BUSINESS B
Drawn under the direction of the Planning Board of the Town of Norwood
M
PLANNING BOARD OF THE
TOWN OF NORWOOD
300
SAVIM
GR
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M
PASANT
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NONROK
45 4
WASHINGTON
WINFIELD
WALPOLE
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MANUFACTURING .
225
future homes within the proposed district. This would mean that at the time the land is purchased and the building erected it should be near the outer edge of a growing population.
The Distribution of Births in 1926-1927: During the years 1926 and 1927 there were three hundred and sixty-six births recorded in the town of Norwood. (See map on page 226.) It is of interest to note the general distribution of these births in all parts of the town. As might be supposed the largest proportion is found in the district between the branches of the railroad. A summary of these births as they may contribute to the school enrollment of the future has its bearing upon the location of additional buildings.
School Districts
Number of Births
Beacon and Shattuck
102
Winslow
80
Guild-East of Railroad
65
Balch-South and East
119
Total-two years
366
Expected Increases. Not only from the birth rate of about 183 children each year, but also from the families moving into the town each year, must we calculate the probable school enrollment. (See chart on page 227.)
This chart shows the very rapid growth of Norwood during the past twenty-five years. If we extend the line of possible increase on the very conservative line of just keeping up the average rate of past years, we may expect at least a population of 21,000 people by 1945. However, experience proves that the rate of increase does not remain the same, but jumps up from year to year with an increasing rate. If this procedure continues, as we have every reason to believe it will, the expected population by 1945 would be in the neighborhood of 28,000.
Increase in Total School Enrollment. Let us now consider the increase of the total school enrollment for the past fifteen years. (See chart on page 229.) The increase fro 1912 to 1927 was from 1707 to 3347 pupils. This represents a percentage of about ninety per cent. If we should gain to the extent of ninety per cent during the next fifteen years, we would have about 6359 pupils in all of the schools. On the other hand, we have gained only about 110 pupils on the average each year during the period. If, then, this average should continue we would have in the next fifteen years about 4,000 pupils to provide for in all the schools. So far as we can prophesy at this time the increase will certainly ap-
WESTWOOD.
WAL POLE
777
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.
PLAN OF THE TOWN OF NORWOOD MASS.
SCALE
January 1920.
Geo. A. Smith Town Engineer.
DISTRIBUTION OF BIRTHS 1926 - 1927
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NO :- 11
FUTURE POPULATION OF TOWN OF NORWOOD
227
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
19000
20000
21000
22000
23000
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
/9/5
19/6
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
Population
22143
1943 10 00 2243
Estimated Population la
Percentage of heresse
228
proach the larger figure. To care for this increase definite steps should be taken in the interest of the elementary schools as suggested below.
Program for Elementary School Building
1. The first elementary school building should be erected on the Fisher lot to care for the first six grades on the east side of the railroad. This should be planned as a twelve-to-eighteen- room building. This building will relieve the Guild School, which in turn can relieve the Winslow by the transfer of pupils.
2. A second school should be built on the east side of the rail- road in the vicinity of Pleasant Street, midway between the Fisher lot and the Balch School.
3. An addition should be made to the Winslow School to make it an eighteen-room building with small auditorium and gym- nasium.
4. The Shattuck should be eventually an eighteen-room building with small auditorium and gymnasium.
5. A primary school for grades, one, two, and three, will be needed in the future as the beginning of a larger unit to the south of the Balch school. The size of this school would be determined by the future growth of this section. A similar primary school may also be needed south of the Winslow school and its location should be determined and a site secured now. Also as the population may develop another primary school may be needed toward the western boundary midway between the Winslow and Shattuck Schools.
Summary of Program. The following table will serve to show the provisions made possible by the suggested program to meet the needs of the elementary schools until such a time as the town reaches a population of 28,000 to 30,000 people.
Schools Number of Rooms
Capacity
New "Fisher" School
12
420
Winslow (Addition)
18
630
New South East
12
420
Shattuck (Addition)
18
630
Balch
20
700
Balch (Annex for primary)
6
210
Winslow (Annex for primary)
6
210
Total Elementary Pupils
3,220
Each of the six large elementary schools as proposed should be equipped with a small auditorium to seat about two hundred pupils and a small gymnasium about fifty by seventy feet for a health and
229
recreation program. Also space should be provided for practical arts for both boys and girls beginning in the fifth and sixth grades. With this equipment the capacity of each school would be increased by at least twenty-five per cent. The accompanying map will indicate the approximate location of the future elementary school buildings as recommended in this report. (See map on page 230 )
1600 1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
J800
4000
4200
4400
4000
480C
5000
5200
5400
3600
3800
6000
0200
6400
6600
19/2
1913
1014
1915
1916
1911
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
2'
1950
0
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
/938
/939
1940
1941
-
1942
1 9.43
4987
5773
6560
NO: - 12
FUTURE TOTAL SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
Estimated
19/13 to be 5773
Total Enrollment In
WAL POLE
£713
Senior High School Addition No.1.
Future Elementary
Fle
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FULL
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winslow Addition
No. 6.
CURTEAL
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Complete
No. 8.
CATALA
Future.
NOTVSA
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School
CRAMOY
No.9
PLEASANT
South East School New Building
Location of Future Buildin
FASHTH
LITATE
PLAN OF THE TOWN OF NORWOOD MASS.
SCALE
January 1920.
UPLAND
Art
Last Je N.) Addition
2. dr. H. No. 4
WALPOLE
Avr
HAY
CLEVELAND
CANEN
Fisher hot New Building
No. 5.
CUT No. 13
Geo. A Smith Town Engineer
AXE
231
A STUDY OF THE SCHOOL FINANCES
By Herbert Blair
Increasing Cost of Education:
It is not difficult to understand why there has been questioning in Norwood regarding the increased cost of the public schools. During the last five years (1922-23 to 1926-27 inclusive) the school population in average daily attendance has increased from 2671 to 3096 or 16%, while the direct expense for school support in- creased from $226,774 to $315,408 or 39%. The tax rate increased for this same period from $25.30 on the $1000 of assessed valuation to $29.00 or almost 15% in spite of an increase in the assessed val- uation during the five years of 28%. For construction items also in Norwood during these last five years, nearly as much was spent for school buildings as was spent during the preceding 50 years (1872-1922, $722,992; 1923-1927, $611,418). The number of pupils in average daily attendance in 1925-26 was 3099 or three more than this past year when it was 3096. On the other hand the direct expense of conducting the schools increased from $265,877 for 1925-26 to $315,408 for 1926-27. Certainly the taxpayer is entitled to know why with no additional pupils the expense of instruction increased 18.5%.
Educational Results as Basis for Comparision.
It is not a simple matter to analyze school costs. The expense of giving a year's schooling to a pupil has many variables. One may consider only the amount of money spent with no con- sideration for what was purchased. On the other hand the changes wrought in the lives of the pupils might be considered, using as a measure the achievement of the pupils, or even less tangible than this, we might consider the benefits to society in later years that are the direct outgrowth of the education given to the children of our schools.
We have one objective measure of the achievement of the pupils that is developed sufficiently to be considered significant but it is so significant that it scarcely can be over emphasized. If our school organization, curriculum and teaching technique were so adjusted as to give a complete elementary and secondary school education in twelve years time to "all the children of all the people" and every child who entered the elementary school at six years of age completed the senior high school twelve years later, one twelfth of the total number, or 8 1-3%, would be in each of the twelve grades of the school system. Or if provision were made so that as many of the brighter children were making rapid progress as there were slow children retarded in their progression
232
from grade to grade, there would also be 8 1-3% of the total enrollment in each grade.
Needless to say no school system has so adjusted its organization as to bring about this result. When, if ever, it is so adjusted as to give a complete twelve year program to each child our present school costs will be considered very low in comparison. For the cities of the country having an eight year elementary school and four year high school, which does not include most of the cities of the south since these have seven years in the elementary school, the actual reuslts fall far short of this. By some peculiar coinci- dence, the total enrollment for the cities reporting to the Bureau of Education was just one thousand times greater than the total enrollment in Norwood for November first, 1927, so that the figures as well as the percentages can be compared grade by grade.
Enrollment-Percentage in Each Grade:
Enrollment by grades in cities reporting to the Bureau of Educa- tion having an eight year elementary school and four years high school is set up for comparison with the Norwood enrollment. This includes those having the six year elementary, three year junior and three year senior high school, but excludes those cities of the south with a seven year elementary school and those of New Eng- land with nine years in the elementary school.
Grade
Enrollment by Grades in cities reporting
Percent of total in each grade
Norwood Nov. 1 1927
Percent of total in each grade
I
502,000
15.1
295
9.0
II
384,000
11.6
296
9.0
III
368,000
11.0
319
9.7
IV
363,000
11.0
321
9.7
V
352,000
10.6
353
10.7
VI
326,000
9.9
382
11.5
VII
280,000
8.5
276
8.3
VIII
321,000
7.0
316
9.6
IX
208,000
6.3
240
7.3
X
135,000
4.1
202
6.1
XI
93,000
2.8
169
5.1
XII
73,000
2.2
128
3.9
Total
3,318,000
100.0
3,322
100.0
Efficiency of System Measured by Enrollment:
It can readily be seen that Norwood's enrollment in the first four grades closely approaches this theoretical standard of 100% effi- ciency being only an average of one percent above this standard
233
of 8 1-3% in each grade. Likewise Norwood's enrollment in the last four grades is one-half higher than for all cities as a whole and for the last two years of the high school is almost twice as satisfactory. It is certainly true that Norwood for its greater expenditure per pupil is getting greater educational results. Be- cause our communities have not yet been educated to the point where these less tangible measures are fully appreciated or be- cause of our failure to develop objective measures of achievement of pupils, most analyses of school costs confine themselves to a consideration of the money spent.
Cost to Norwood Compared with Suburban Towns:
How much should Norwood spend on its schools ? Not having a more accurate yard stick we must depend upon the old device of the table of comparative cities. Norwood is one of the residential suburbs of Boston. These suburban cities of the second class have a valuation behind each pupil in average daily attendance ranging from $14,000 and more for Winchester, Wellesley and Brookline to less than $5,000 for Natick. The middle valuation for cities of this group is about $8,000. Norwood with $7,878 of assessed valuation behind each child to be educated is in moderate circumstances, neither so poor that she cannot afford to give a good education to her children nor so wealthy that she can afford to see any of her money wasted.
Table I. Data for 1927 for the Eleven Suburbs of Boston that are Most Nearly Comparable in Population and Wealth Behind Each Pupil in School
1927
1927 Valua- tion per Pupil
Rank
Expense per $1000 Valuation
Rank
Ave. Daily Att.
Rank
Elem. A. DA.
Rank
H. S.
Rank
A.D.A.
Belmont.
8966
1
$ 8.40
11
3060
3
$73.41
6 $137.67
3
Needham .
8819
2
9.23
9
1872
6
79.08
5 131.74
4
N. Attleboro.
8761
3
9.51
8
1079
11
71.47
7
121.93
6
Lexington
8507
4
9.77
6
1821
7
86.49
2
111.73
10
Reading
7905
5
11.05
2.5
1739
8
84.83
3
114.85
9
Norwood.
7878
6
11.05
2.5
3096
2
83.98
4
144.92
2
Walpole .
7641
7
10.11
4 1489
9
71.28
8
116.41
8
Winthrop
7546
8
8.93
10
2962
4
62.87
11
118.28
7
Framingham
7115
9
9.86
5
3967
1
66.39
9
126.03
5
Dedham .
7081
10
9.65
7
2849
5
64.93
10
110.37
11
Concord
7071
11
13.99
1
1172
10
87.49
1
146.75
1
234
Cost
Cost
235
Table one lists the five suburban cities just above Norwood in wealth per pupil and the five just below with some figures show- ing how well each city is meeting its educational problem. For this year of 1926-27 three of these eleven cities, Concord, Lexington and Reading, spent more per pupil on those in the elementary school than was spent in Norwood and but one, Concord, spent more on each high school pupil. Compared then to these ten other cities of approximately equal wealth and social need Norwood was generous in her support of the elementary schools, the most expensive city spending but four per cent more and the least expensive city spend- ing 25% less. For High School instruction the most expensive city of the group spent but one and a quarter per cent more and the least expensive city providing a form of instruction that cost 24% less than that furnished in Norwood.
Since, however, the expenditures for a single year tell a very in- complete story table II was prepared to show how the expenditures for school purposes in these eleven cities compared during a five- year period.
Table IIa. Cost Per Elementary Pupil in Average Membership in Eleven Suburban Cities Similar in Size and Wealth
1923
1926
Cost
Rank
1924 Cost
Rank
1925 Cost
Rank
Cost
Rank
Cost
1927 Rank
Belmont. .
$67.96
7
$67.85
5
$69.00
7
$72.73
7
$73.41
6
Needham .
70.67
6
66.93
6
72.62
5
74.45
6
79.08
5
N. Attleboro .
52.06
11
61.78
9
78.94
2
76.06
4
71.47
7
Lexington .
74.16
3
64.01.
7
70.93
6
79.82
3 86.49
2
Reading.
72.10
4
69.76
4 74.15
4 75.34
5
84.83
3
Norwood.
70.99
5
70.77
3
67.08
8
69.58
8
83.98
4
Walpole.
77.64
2
82.96
2
78.59
3
87.23
1 71.28
8
Winthrop
53.09
10
52.48
11
54.56
11
64.60
11
62.87
11
Framingham .
61.15
8
63.07
8
63.55
10
66.86
9
66.39
9
Dedham
60.55
9
61.07
10
64.57
9
65.52
10
64.93
10
Concord
82.00
1
89.23
1
87.43
1
84.96
2
87.49
1
236
Table IIb. Cost Per High School Pupil in Average Membership in Eleven Suburban Cities Similar in Size and Wealth
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
H. S.
Rank
H. S.
Rank
H. S.
Rank
H. S.
Rank
H. S.
Rank
Belmont
149.81
1
135.59
1
139.95
1
135.92
2
137.67
3
Needham
93.53
10
100.47
11
116.98
3
107.49
8
131.74
4
N. Attleboro.
106.40
6
112.90
4
104.10
10
139.51
1 121.93
6
Lexington
104.75
8
100.06
10
95.61
11
102.97
10
111.73
10
Reading.
113.06
4
110.67
6
115.14
5
109.55
7 114.45
9
Norwood.
134.25
2
129.03
2
118.57
2
116.61
5
144.92
2
Walpole.
108.43
5
111.95
5
112.34
7
113.71
6
116.41
8
Winthrop
100.10
9
107.26
7
104.13
9
102.65
11
118.28
7
Framingham
115.82
3
106.49
8 115.23
4 133.13
3
126.03
5
Dedham .
92.78
11
100.64
9
106.03
8
106.04
9
110.37
11
Concord.
106.13
7
116.87
3
114.25
6
130.49
4
146.75
1
237
238
Table III. Rank of Eleven Cities in Per Pupil Costs for Elementary and High School Instruction During a Five Year Period
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
-
Av.of 5 years
El. H.S.
El.
H.S
El.
H.S.
El. |H. S.
El
H S.
El
H.S.
Belmont
7
1
5
1
7
1
7
2
6
3
5.2
1.6
Needham
6
10
6
11
5
3
6
8
5
4
5.6
7.2
N. Attleboro
11
6
9
4
2
10
4
1
7
6
6.6
5.4
Lexington
3
8
7
10
6
11
3
10
2
10
4.2
9.8
Reading
4
4
4
6
4
5
5
7
3
9
4.0
6.2
Norwood
5
2
3
2
8
2
8
5
4
2
5.6
2.6
Walpole
2
5
2
5
3
7
1
6
8
8
3.2
6.2
Winthrop
10
9
11
7
11
9
11
11
11
7
11.0
8.6
Framingham
8
3
8
8
10
4
9
3
9
5
8.6
4.6
Dedham
9
11
10
9
9
8
10
9
10
11
9.6
9.6
Concord
1
7 1
3
1
6
2
4 1
1
1.2
4.2
It will be seen that Norwood's rank in expenses for the elemen- tary school pupils ranged from third to eighth an average of between fifth and sixth place for the five years with a steady decline each year until 1927. It will also be noted that the per pupil cost for high school instruction in Norwood steadily declined from $134.25 in 1923 to $116.61 in 1926, but jumped to $144.92 in 1927. More imperative than ever is the need for showing why 1927 should have been so expensive compared with previous years.
While it is necessary to keep an accurate record of all moneys received to safeguard both those responsible for the distribution of school funds as well as the funds themselves it is even more impor- tant to keep these financial records in such a manner that they may be used to determine policies in formulating the educational pro- gram. Because of the very complete and detailed analyses of school costs that are kept in the office of the superintendent of schools, supplementary to the financial records that are kept by the Town Clerk it is possible to arrive at a fairly satisfactory answer to
239
the question as to the reason for increased costs. These records dis- tribute the expense for schools under the main heads of (1) General Control which includes all administration costs; (2) Instructional Service which includes the salaries of supervisors, principals and teachers, the cost of textbooks and all other instruction supplies; (3) Operation of Plant including the cost of janitors, fuel, water, light, powers and janitors supplies; (4) Maintenance of Plant, which covers the costs of all repairs and replacements to buildings and equipment and (5) Auxiliary Agencies or the expense of Library, Health, Transportation, Recreation and similar school needs. Since the reports to the State are for a school year from September 1922 to August 31, 1923, for example, while the finan- cial records are kept for the town fiscal year, from January 1st, 1923 to December 31st, 1923, the figures are not exactly compar- able. The per pupil cost as given in the table is slightly higher than was actually the case because the per pupil in average daily attendance which was used as a divisor is for the school year of 1922-23 while the costs were for the fiscal or calendar year of 1923.
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Table IV. Cost Per Pupil In Average Daily Attendance for the School Years 1923, 1924, 1927, Distributed by Function.
General Control
$ 2.54
$ 2.67
$2 .90
Auxiliary
2.16
2.14
3.22
Instruction Service
High School
131.00
128.00
134.00
Junior High School
69.00
67.00
86.00
Balch
54.00
53.00
54.00
Beacon
68.00
71.00
64.00
East
62.00
56.00
60.00
Guild
53.00
55.00
55.00
Shattuck
60.00
56.00
65.00
West
65.00
62.00
67.00
Winslow
52.00
51.00
56.00
Operation of Plant
High School
1
22.00
Junior High School
5 16.20
11.50
12.50
Balch
9.85
6.80
6.00
Beacon
13.10
9.60
8.25
East
15.50
10.75
13.40
Guild
12.50
8.90
9.80
Shattuck
10.00
8.40
10.60
West
15.50
12.50
13.00
Winslow
9.15
6.65
8.20
Maintenance
High School
2
3.90
Junior High School
5 1.35
1.38
1.37
Balch
1.78
2.80
1.95
Beacon
4.40
4.90
3.30
East
5.55
11.40
1.95
Guild
2.40
5.30
5.00
Shattuck
3.90
3.00
2.40
West
15.60
12.50
2.40
Winslow
3.35
3.20
1.00
1923
1924
1927
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For the three years given in the table there was but a slight increase in general control. The additional clerical force in the superintendent's office was badly needed and has more than jus- tified the cost. The increase of the expense classified as auxiliary from $2.16 per pupil in 1923 to $3.22 in 1927 was almost entirely due to an increase in the health service rendered by the school.
The great bulk of the increased cost during the five years was due to three changes in the school. The housing of the senior high school pupils in a separate building did not increase the per pupil cost for instruction but it did double the per pupil cost for opera- tion and maintenance. It is always expensive to operate and main- tain a large building for a smaller number of pupils than it can accommodate. And further because the number of pupils in the senior high school increased over 50% in five years the total cost for instruction was a large item in the increased total cost.
The second of the three major reasons for increased cost was due to a 40% increase in the number of pupils attending the junior high school and a 25% increase in the cost of instruction for each of these junior high school pupils. This increased per pupil cost was due to a reduction in the number of pupils taught by each teacher and an increase in the salary schedule for the teachers.
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