USA > New Hampshire > A gazetteer of the state of New-Hampshire by John Farmer and Jacob B. Moore ; embellished with an accurate map of the state, and several other engravings by Abel Bowen > Part 2
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The first range of hills in this state is about 30 miles from the sea, ex-
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NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
CANALS .- Twenty canal companies have been incorporated in this state since the year 1776-some of which, however, were never organ- ized, and others never went into effectual operation. The canals on the Connecticut river are three : at Bellows-Falls, opposite Walpole ; at Waterqueechy, opposite Plainfield, and at White river, in Lebanon .- The expense of these works was about $36,000. The canals which unite the waters of the Merrimack with those of Boston harbor, were originated by public spirited individuals as early as 1789. From Boston a Water communication has been opened by the Middlesex canal, thro' twenty locks, a distance of twenty-seven miles, to the Merrimack river at the bend in Chelmsford,-at the cost of $520,000; thence the Merrimack was made boatable, by works at Wicassee falls in Massachusetts, at the expense of $14,000 ; through the Union locks and canals, over seven falls in the river, at the cost of $50,000; thence over Amoskeag falls, forty-five feet perpendicular height, thirty miles from the head of the ca- nal, at the cost of $50,000; thence over Hooksett falls, sixteen feet height, at the cost of $17,000; thence through Bow canal, twenty-five feet height, at the expense of $21,000, to the upper landing in Concord, eighty-five miles from Boston :- the whole cost amounting to $627,000. The communication which these great works have opened, is annually becoming more important to the country.
In 1811, a charter was granted, which has since been renewed, em- powering a company of individuals to cut a canal and lock all the falls between the Winnepisiogee lake, and the Cocheco branch of the Pas- cataqua, below the landing in Dover. 'The distance is twenty seven miles. The waters of the lake are 452 feet above the level of the Pas- cataqua-and the fall would require fifty-three locks. The expense would not probably exceed $300,000. The opening of this canal, if it should hereafter be effected, will extend to more than fourteen hundred square miles of territory, bordering on the lake and rivers, the benefits of a boat navigation to Portsmouth. The communication might be made to extend still further, beyond the lake to within three or four miles of the Pemigewasset river ; and even beyond this, through Plymouth, as far as Wentworth, if not into the Connecticut. The great advantages which would result from the accomplishment of this object, will. it is hoped, hereafter induce more successful efforts. The immense quanti- ties of fine timber on the borders of the lake and its numerous islands, would offer facilities in the building of vessels of war unequalled in the United States. And, in connection with the safe and commodious har-
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NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
bor at Portsmouth, the opening of the canal would seem to be an object meriting the attention of the national government.
A company has also been incorporated for the purpose of continuing the great works on the Merrimack, and as a connection with others contemplated to extend to the Winnepisiogee lake in that direction. Independent of this connection, however, the utility of the design is un- questionable-as it would greatly facilitate the trade of the interior with the capital of New-England. But the expense of the work will probably defeat the enterprize, unless the aid of government is afforded.
The canal long talked of between the Merrimack and Connecticut riv- ers, through Sunapee lake, has been found to be impracticable. A sur- vey was made in 1816, and the fall each way from the lake to these riv- ers was found to be more than 800 feet, much greater than that of the Languedoc canal, the largest in Europe. The expense of the locks and canals would probably exceed two millions of dollars.
TURNPIKES AND BRIDGES .- There have been created by the au- thority of this state fifty-three turnpike corporations, of which the fol. lowing are the principal :
The New-Hampshire Turnpike Road, incorporated June, 1796-from Pascataqua bridge, Durham, Lee, Barrington, Nottingham, Northwood, Epson, Chichester, Concord, to Merrimack river-distance 36 miles.
The Second N. H. Turnpike Road, incorporated Dec. 26, 1799- from Claremont, Unity, Lempster, Washington, corner of Windsor, of Hillsborough and of Antrim, Deering, Francestown, corner of Lynde- borough and New-Boston, Mont-Vernon, Amherst-distance 50 miles --- cost $80,000.
The Third Turnpike Road in New-Hampshire, incorporated Dec. 27, 1799-from Bellows-Falls in Walpole, Westmoreland, Surry, Keene, Marlborough, Jaffrey, New-Ipswich, Ashby, Ms. in a direction toward Boston-distance 50 miles-cost $50,000.
The Fourth N. H. Turnpike Road, incorporated Dec. 1800-from Connecticut river, Lebanon, Enfield, corner of Grafton, Springfield. Wil- mot, Andover, Salisbury, Boscawen, to Merrimack river-distance 40 miles.
The Branch Road and Bridge Company-incorporated June 16, 1802 -from Keene, corner of Swanzey, Marlborough, to north line of Fitz- william-distance 7 miles 195 rods-cost $7,510.
The Fifth N. H. Turnpike Road.
The Sixth N. H. Turnpike Road and Bridge Company-incorporat- ed June 16, 1802-from Brattleborough, Vt. bridge over Connecticut river, Hinsdale, Winchester, to Massachusetts line at Warwick-cost $16,000.
1
M. Adams 5.653.ft.
3 M&Jefferso 5.116
Mooschillock 5
N.Peak 4636 S.Peak 4530
4.713 List of P Trees Wh! 4.113
7 Monadn 3.450
8 Kearsarge 2.461
10 Road from D. Col .to Boston. Highest part 1393
11 Moose Mor 1.000
12 D.college Cơn! Rith Hanover
Portsmouth Level of the Sea
JE Dana del
A Bowen Se
COMPARATIVE VIEW
Of the Heights of Mountain s &c. in N. Hampshire.
M' Washing 6.213.fr.
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NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
tending through Rochester, Nottingham, &c. and of no great height. Further back, Moose and Ossipee mountains appear, of higher eleva- tion. The White Mountain range extends from the western part of the state,between the waters of the Connecticut and Merrimack, N. by E. till beyond the sources of the Pemigewasset, and thence N. E. by N. towards the sources of the Ameriscoggin. The Sunapee and Monadnock moun- tains are parts of the grand chain. For a particular description of these mountains, see articles under their respective heads. There are several ranges of mountains north of Lancaster,extending from the neighborhood of Connecticut river, in a right angled direction to its course. The first is Little Moosehillock, beginning in Northumberland and running east toward the north limit of the White Mountains. The second is called the Peaks, and commences in Stratford. The third range lies north of Stratford. The fourth is the range of Preston hills, in Columbia. There are no other mountains in New-England which run in the same direc- . tion.
The plate annexed will afford a very correct view of the comparative heights of our principal mountains. 'Their altitudes have been ascer- tained with much accuracy by means of the barometer and thermome- ter. The heights of Mounts Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Pleas- ant, the Moosehillock and Kearsarge, by Capt. PARTRIDGE ; the Mo- nadnock, Moose mountain, &c. by Dr. DANA; and the limit of forest trees on the mountains, by Dr. BIGELOW.
LAKES AND RIVERS .- The largest body of water in New-Hamp- shire is Winnepisiogee lake. It is of very unequal width, varying from 1 to 8 miles, and is 22 miles in length, from S. E. to N. W. Beside this lake, are Squam, Ossipee, Newfound, Sunapee and Spafford's lakes, and lake Connecticut, in the extreme north part of the state. A part of Um- bagog lake lies within this state, and its waters are discharged into the Ameriscoggin, which passes within a short distance of the lake. Five of the largest rivers in New-England have their principal sources in this state-the Connecticut, Merrimack, Ameriscoggin, Saco and Pascala. qua .* There are numerous other considerable streams watering the va- rious parts of the state-all which are noticed under the proper beads.
* In using this word in the following work, we shall follow the orthography of Dr. Belknap. In our most ancient records, it is written Pascataquack, but was most commonly pronounced Pascatowa. With the aboriginals, the last syllabic probably had a strong aspirate, as Pascalaquak.
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NEW HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
Proprietors Dover Turnpike Road-incorporated Dec. 21, 1803- from Dover, Somersworth, to Berwick, Me .- distance 4 1-2 miles.
Coos Turnpike Road-incorporated Dec. 29, 1803-from Haverhill, Piermont, Warren-distance 12 miles -cost $15,074.
Orford Turnpike Road-incorporated Dec. 27, 1803.
The Tenth N. H. Turnpike Road-incorporated Dec. 28, 1803-from/ west line of Bartlett, Nash and Sawyer's and Hart's Locations, through the notch of the' White Hills-distance 20 miles-expense $40,000.
The Charlestown Turnpike Road-incorporated Dec. 27, 1803 -- from Charlestown, Acworth, to Second N. H. Turnpike in Lempster-distance 12 miles.
The Mayhew Turnpike Road-incorporated Dec. 29, 1803 -- from New-Chester, Bristol, Hebron, corner of Plymouth, toward Haverhill -- distance 17 miles.
The Chester Turnpike Road-incorporated June 12, 1804-from Pembroke, Allenstown, Candia, to Chester -- distance 14 miles.
The Londonderry Turnpike Road-incorporated June, 1804-from. Concord, Bow, Hooksett, Chester, Londonderry, corner of Windham, Salem, to line of Massachusetts -- distance 35 miles. .
Grafton Turnpike Road-incorporated June 21, 1804 -- from Orford, Lime, corner of Hanover, Canaan, Orange, Grafton, Danbury, New- Chester, to the Fourth N. H. Turnpike in Andover- - distance 35 miles.
The Jefferson Turnpike Road-incorporated Dec. 11, 1804-from Lancaster, Jefferson, Bretton-Woods, to the Tenth N. H. Turnpike- distance 14 miles -- cost $18,400.
The Croydon Turnpike Road-incorporated June 21, 1804 -- from Lebanon, corner of Plainfield, Grantham, Croydon, Newport, Lempster, to Second N. H. Turnpike in Washington-distance 34 miles -- expense $35,948.
The Cheshire Turnpike Road -- incorporated Dec. 13, 1804-from Charlestown, Langdon, part of Walpole, Alstead, Surry, to Third N. H. Turnpike in Keene-distance 24 miles -- cost $19,610.
The Ashuelot Turnpike Road-incorporated June 18, 1807 -- from the Sixth N. H. Turnpike in Winchester, Richmond, Fitzwilliam-Village -- distance 15 miles.
Rindge Turnpike Road-incorporated June 12, 1807 -- from Branch Turnpike in Fitzwilliam, through Rindge, to line of Massachusetts, at corner of New-Ipswich -- distance 4 miles.
The Cornish Turnpike Road -- incorporated Dec. 9, 1808-from Cor- nish Bridge to Croydon Turnpike in Newport -- distance 11 miles.
Hampton Causeway Turnpike Corporation -- incorporated Dec. 23, 1808, in Hampton -- distance 1 3-4 miles-cost $14.173 66.
The Fitzwilliam Village Turnpike Road- incorporated Dec. 9, 1809 -- from village in Fitzwilliam to line of Massachusetts -- distance 4 1-2 miles.
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NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
Londonderry Branch Turnpike Road-from Hooksett, Bow, to Hop- kinton-distance 11 miles.
The Sanbornton Turnpike Road-from Sanbornton to New-Hampton -distance, 10 miles.
There have been fifty-nine BRIDGE companies incorporated within this state, some of which have been broken up, and their bridges remov- ed. The following are the principal bridges in the state :
Brattleborough Bridge, built in 1804, over Connecticut river, between Hinsdale and Brattleborough, Vt .- expense $16,000, with 16 miles road by same corporation.
Westmoreland Bridge, over Connecticut river, from Westmoreland to Putney, Vt .- 430 feet length, 24 feet widtb-cost $9,16Q.
Walpole Village Bridge, over Connecticut river, from Walpole to Westminster, Vt .- 540 feet length, 28 feet width-cost $5,852.
Bellows-Falls Bridge, built in 1797, over Connecticut river, from Walpole to Rockinghamn, Vt., 180 feet length, 27 feet width.
Cheshire Bridge, over Connecticut river. from Charlestown to Spring- field, Vt.
Cornish Bridge, over Connecticut river, from Cornish to Windsor, Vt.
White-River Bridge, over Connecticut river, from Lebanon to Hart- land, Vt.
Hanover Bridge, over Connecticut river, from Hanover to Norwich, Vt.
Orford Bridge, built in 1802, over Connecticut river, from Orford to Fairlee, Vt .- cost $6,500.
Bedell's Bridge, built in 1804, over Connecticut river, from Haverhill to Newbury, Vt .- cost $3,800.
Haverhill Bridge, over Connecticut river, from Haverhill to Newbu- ry, Vt.
Lancaster Bridge, over Connecticut river, from Lancaster to Guild- hall, Vt.
Northumberland Bridge, over Connecticut river, from Northumber- land to Maidstone, Vt.
Hooksett Bridge, over Merrimack river, in Hooksett.
Concord Bridge, over the Merrimack river, in Concord.
Federal Bridge, over the same river, in Concord.
Boscawen Bridge over the Merrimack river, between Boscawen and Concord.
Canterbury Bridge, over Merrimack river, from Boscawen to Can- terbury.
Republican Bridge, over Pemigewasset river, from Salisbury to San- bornton.
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NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
New-Chester Union Bridge, over Pemigewasset river, from New- Chester to Sanbornion.
Pemigewasset Bridge, over Pemigewasset river, from Bristol to New- Hampton.
Stratham & New-Market Bridge, over Exeter river, from Stratham to New-Market.
Pascataqua Bridge, built 1793, over Pascataqua river, from Newing. ton to Durham-2600 feet in length, 40 feet wide-cost $65,401.
New-Castle Bridge, from Portsmouth to New Castle, built in 1821 -- 2370 feet long, 20 feet wide-cost $7000.
Portsmouth Bridge, over the Pascataqua, from Portsmouth to Ham's Island, 500 feet, and from thence over the main channel to Kittery, Me, 1650 feet, width 40 feet-cost $40,000.
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY .- The tract of country embraced within the bounds of the state of New-Hampshire, is rough, broken and uneven, and is decidedly of primitive formation. The high ridge of mountains which divides the branches of the Merrimack and Connecti- cut from each other, has a N. E. and S. W. direction ; it is composed of the older primitive rocks. Granite predominates at the northern and more elevated part of the ridge, while mica slate appears more abund- antly at the southern portions, where it forms the Grand Monadnock and several other very elevated eminences. Mica slate is the predominant rock in this chain ; but throughout its whole extent granite appears in various places, and frequently, as at Hillsborough, Andover, Wilmot, &c. It has a coarse porphyritic structure ; the imbedded grains of feldspar are large, but very seldom in twin crystals. Porphyritic granite occurs also in boulders and in rolled masses in many places eastward of this ridge. A beautiful fine grained granite occurs in many parts of the state, both in situ and in boulders and rolled masses ; particularly at Concord, Bos- cawen, Hopkinton, &c. This also probably constitutes the bald rugged peak in the vicinity of Hooksett falls. This granite affords an admirable building stone ; large quantities are used in the vicinity of the rocks and are transported to Boston for various architectural purposes. The Capitol and State-Prison at Concord are built of this rock .-- It derives its superiority over the granite of many other countries from the circum- stance that it contains no sulphuret of iron, which, by the action of at- mospheric agents, produces an iron-rust stain, which destroys the beauty of the material.
Eastward of this great ridge, mica slate, gneiss and greenstone are found ; but with the more particular geological features we are unac. quainted.
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NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
A remarkable alluvial formation, which may with propriety be called the Merrimack Alluvion, is worthy of notice : through this formation the river Merrimack passes, and by it, is embraced all those sandy plains which are covered with pine and black timber, in the neighborhood of the river. The towns of Boscawen, Concord, Pembroke, Bow, Bedford, Amherst, Merrimack, Hollis, Dunstable, &c. in this state, are formed in part or entirely of this alluvion ; and it also extends through Tyngsbo- rough, Chelmsford, to West-Cambridge, Cambridge, Boston and Wal- tham in Massachusetts, on the one hand; and on the other side it fol- lows the course of the river, embracing large tracts of land on each side, quite to the ocean. Its extent from Concord towards Maine is not known, but probably the town of Wells is also included in this formation. Rocks in some places break through this alluvial deposite, but they form no very elevated hills. In passing from Concord eastward to Ports- mouth, we find the following succession of rocks :- Granite four miles from Concord; gneiss, 11 miles ; mica slate, 14 miles ; granite, 15 miles ; then gneiss, and lastly greenstone. The direction of the strata nearly N. E. and S. W.
Steatite, or soapstone, is found at Francestown and Orford, where it is quarried and wrought into covings, jams. &c. of fire places, and is also employed for other useful and ornamental purposes. It occurs at both these places in beds. Mica slate is found both above and below it.
Primitive limestone is found in beds in some parts of the ridge : it oc- curs at Orford, also at Hanover, where it is stratified with mica slate ; at Concord, (Grafton co.) and Meredith .- These quarries furnish excellent lime for various purposes.
It is a commonly received opinion, that mountainous districts are uni- formly rich in minerals and metals; but actual observation teaches us that this opinion is to be received with some limitation. Primitive mountains usually abound in metallic ores, and metalliferous minerals ; and the rocks which give the geological features to this state, viz. granite, gneiss, mica slate, &c. usually contain ores of gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, iron, &c. Copper and iron are the only metals hitherto found in sufficient quantities to justify the erection of works for smelting ; yet from the fact, that the primitive rocks are more metalliferous than others, we should be induced, at every opportunity, to examine our grounds and farms for other metals ; not, however, in a secret, inysterious manner, with chimerical notions about the existence of precious ores, but with good and honest hearts, willing not only to benefit ourselves, but our
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NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
state and country. But to return from this digression. Metallic veins in primitive rocks do not sometimes excel a few hundred fathoms in length, and are usually very narrow ; and from the facts already known respecting the New Hampshire hills and mountains, we are not author- ized to affirm that they afford a rich treat for the mineralogist or geolo- gist : they may, perhaps, hereafter afford a productive source of reve- nue and profit to the state.
Specimens of pyritous copper, found at Franconia, have been recent- ly examined; which cannot be distinguished from the celebrated ore wrought at Anglesea. It is said to exist in large quantities, and promises to become a source of profit to the state. It is from this kind of ore that almost all the copper used in commerce and the arts is pro- cured.
A vein of sulphuret of lead, or galena, has been explored in Lebanon, but does not afford sufficient quantities to defray the expense of smelting at the present price of labor and lead. Galena is also found at Orford, of fine texture. See Orford.
A small mass, containing a large proportion of native silver. has been found near Portsmouth ; and small quantities of horn silver occur in the same mass. Diligent investigation has not yet discovered any more of ihia volnable metal.
A rich iron ore is found at Franconia .- It is a magnetic ore, called by mineralogists magnetic oxide of iron. It yields from 60 to 75 per cent. At Franconia it is wrought, and affords the mottled or grey cast iron : it would probably make excellent cannon. Some other ores of iron are also found in this state. The iron pyrites are found in many places .- Their fine golden yellow color has frequently led persons to suppose that they were gold. Such persons may be convinced that they are not gold, by reducing them to powder, and throwing it on a red hot iron : a strong smell of brimstone is immediately perceived, and its peculiar blue flame may often be noticed. The brown hematite iron ore is found in Chesterfield .- From this ore, a very good kind of steel may be manu- factured at a small expense. Ochrey oxide of iron is found in Jaffrey on the Monadnock. Carbonate of iron in small quantity has been found in Hanover. At Lebanon, a vein of iron ore has been found, which ap- pears to be composed of the magnetic oxide, mixed with the pyrites.
The substance called Plumbago, or black lead, is found in several pla- ces in New Hampshire. The most abundant locality is Bristol. It ap- pears to be of that valuable kind which is employed for making pencils,
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NEW HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
and might be used in the manufacture of crucibles and melting pots. It is equal to the celebrated Burrowdale ore, and has been recently discov- ered, At Sutton it is also found, and of a quality adapted to the manu- facture of crucibles and anti·attrition paste.
In addition to the above, it may be useful to mention the following lo- calities.
Granular Limestone-Orford, Hanover; it is used for the various purposes for which lime is employed. It is stratified with mica slate.
Fetid Limestone -- Orford; of a greyish white, distinctly crystallized. (Silliman.)
Sienite-Hanover, in small quantity ; also at Charlestown. (Hall.)
Staurotide, fine specimens, crystallized in primitive form-Franconia ; near Bellows-Falls, in argillite. (Hall.) In mica slate, large crystals, at Chesterfield. (Allen.)
Quartz, very abundant, both crystallized and amorphous. At Amherst is a large quantity of white opaque quartz, which may be found very use- ful in porcelain pottery. A manufactory of this kind was not many years since commenced near Boston, and relinquished for want of this mater- ial. The Amherst quartz is within eight or ten miles of the Merrimack, and might have been easily carried in boats almost into the kilos of the manufactory.
Milky quartz-Andover, near the mountain, amorphous, and easily broken.
Rose quartz -- Mount Washington.
Ferruginous quartz~Gilmanton, red and yellow, in beautiful crystals -also at Francestown.
Hornstone-Burton and Gilmanton.
Mica-Grafton and Walpole, very fine ; Gilmanton, good specimens ; and at Alstead, in very large plates.
Schorl-Gilmanton, radiating on quartz, and darting through it in all directions ; Lime, very beautiful, imbedded in white semi-transparent quartz ; also at Chichester. Indicolite, at Hinsdale, large crystals, in feldspar and quartz. (Allen.)
Feldspar, abundant-Burton, Gilmanton, Tamworth, &c. Some spe- cimens approach nearly to adularia.
Beryl, is found in small quantities at New-Ipswich; also on the White Hills.
Garnet, very abundant in this state-the finest specimens, approach- ing the precious garnet, at Hanover. Common garnet, Monadnock .- C2
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NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
Amorphous and in imperfect crystals, very elegant, at Franconia iron mine.
Epidote -- Franconia, in the iron mine, in light yellow acicular crys- tals; at Portsmouth, in a porphyritic hornblende; at Exeter, in beauti- ful groups of radiating crystals ; at Gilmanton ; at Bedford. (Woodbury.)
T'remolite-Gilmanton ; Chester, near the Devil's den, bladed and a- bundant.
Hornblende-Hanover, Exeter; superb specimens are found at Fran- conia ; at Bedford. (Woodbury.)
Steatite -- Orford, Francestown.
Manganese, tuberous and mammillary, investing granite-Northwood.
Magnetic iren, dodecadral crystals-Amherst.
Fluate of Lime-near the gap of the White Mountains, (Gibbs.) At Westmoreland, light green. (Hall.)
Asbestus -- Franconia.
Amethyst-White Hills, a few rods S. E. from the Notch, in crystals; Hampton-Falls, in rolled pieces. (Cleaveland.)
Jasper-Gilmanton, and White Hills, near the Notch, of a reddish . color. (Gibbs.)
Basanite-North-Hampton, in scattered fragments. (Cleaveland.)
Macle-Bellows-Falls, Croydon, Charlestown, in argillite. (Hall.)
Yellow Ochre -- New-Boston, Jaffrey, Rindge, Mason, Salisbury, Gil- manton.
Alum-Bath. Emery-Lyman and Lancaster.
Sulphate of iron, or Copperas-Gilmanton, Brentwood, Hopkinton, Plymouth and Rindge.
Cyanite -- Charlestown, abundant, of a dark blue color, imbedded in quartz. (Hall.)
Pinite -- Near Bellows-Falls, in light grey cylindrical crystals, of 1-6 to 1-4 inch diameter, and sometimes 2 inches long. (Hall.)
Kaolin, or porcelain-clay-New-Ipswich.
Zoisite-Westmoreland.
Mineral Springs .- Of springs thus denominated, we have a number, though of no very great celebrity. The most noted are those at Amherst, Milford, Jaffrey, Unity, Hanover, Concord,(Grafton co.) Lebanon, Little- ton, Meredith, Moultonborough and Wolfborough. Each of these has . its visitors ; and the waters of all have proved highly beneficial in some complaints. The mineral spring at Milford is not impregnated with any foreign substances to so great a degree as to render it a hard water; but
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NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTEER.
like rain water and river water, washes well, and is a pure good, water. The spring at Amherst contains a minute portion of hepatic air, or sul- phuretted hydrogene. The spring at Lebanon contains a minute portion of sulphuretted hydrogene and of iron. The spring at Concord contains the same ingredients, together with a minute portion of muriate of soda. Jaffrey spring contains a small portion of carbonate of iron. None of these springs, however, are, strictly speaking, entitled to the name of mineral springs --- their waters may be used in domestic economy.
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