Bi-centennial history of Albany. History of the county of Albany, N. Y., from 1609 to 1886. With portraits, biographies and illustrations, Part 12

Author: Howell, George Rogers, 1833-1899; Tenney, Jonathan, 1817-1888
Publication date: 1886
Publisher: New York, W. W. Munsell & Co.
Number of Pages: 1452

USA > New York > Albany County > Albany > Bi-centennial history of Albany. History of the county of Albany, N. Y., from 1609 to 1886. With portraits, biographies and illustrations > Part 12

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long to the Medina sandstone series, sometimes confounded with the red shales of the Onondaga salt group. Next in order above this, and forming the first terrace of the mountains, is the water line group, from 50 to 200 feet thick, and furnishing both water and quicklime. Next in order is the pentamerus limestone, 50 feet in thickness, of im- pure gray and black limestone, mixed with slate and shale, well developed in Berne and Bethlehem. Overlying this is the Catskill limestone, from 50 to 180 feet in thickness, consisting of thick com- pact masses of limestone, alternating with thin layers of shale. This, also, is used for building purposes and lime.

The Oriskany sandstone next appears in a stra- tum two feet thick, well exposed in Berne, Knox and Bethlehem, followed by the cauda-galli grit, from 50 to 60 feet thick. This last has a fine grit and resembles black or gray slates, but crumbles upon exposure to the air. The Onondaga and coniferous limestones next appear, the latter form- ing the summits of mountains. These rocks furnish excellent building material, and a superior quality of lime. Above the rocks, in the east part of the county, are deposits of drift, consisting of sand, gravel and clay. The high lands west of the City of Albany are covered to the depth of forty feet with sand, which rest upon a bed of clay estimated to be one hundred feet deep. These clay beds extend into several of the adjoining townships. In this drift are sometimes found beds of bog ore, chalybeate and sulphureted springs. In the lime- stone regions are caves, sink-holes and subter- ranean water-courses.

Clay forms the subsoil, or exists at a great depth below the gravel and sand beds which form the plains and elevations.

There are two kinds, the blue and the gray. They are almost uniform by association, the blue lying below the gray. These clays may be used to improve the soil, for the manufacture and glaz- ing of stone ware, and for brick and tile, of which many millions are made at Albany.

The geological formations of Albany County are given by J. G. Gebhard as follows :

Hamilton, Marcellus, Corniferous, Onondaga, Schoharie grit, Cauda-galli grit, Oriskany sand- stone, Upper Pentamerus, Delthyn's shale, Penta- merus Galeatus, Tentaculite, Water limestone, Co- raline, Pyritous slate, Hudson River sandstone.

The following, abridged from the pen of Henry R. Schoolcraft, a native of this county, in regard to its geology, is worthy a place here.

The most prominent feature of the county is the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF ALBANY.

range of the Helderbergs, an offshoot of the Cats- kill Mountains. This highest range divides the county into two general levels of unequal width, characterized as being above or below that elevation. The lower level is distinguished for its diluvial and drift deposits of arable layers, clays, sands, anal- ogic pebbles, and boulders. The rock strata, as generally denoted by geologists, and more parti- cularly described by Prof. James Hall, are, begin- ning at the apex of the Helderberg, chertz lime- stone, neutral colored sandstones, fossiliferous limestone, graywacke, sedimentary, horizontal slate, or graywacke slate and argilite.

The City of Albany rests upon the edges and top of the terraceous blue clays, and their asso- ciated sand strata. This terraceous clay is covered with a mantle or plateau of diluvial sand, which extends northwestwardly from the Hudson to the Valley of the Mohawk.

This mantle of sand rests, throughout its entire extent, upon the terraceous blue capitoline clay. Rains and atmospheric moisture speedily sink through it, until arrested by its impervious alumin- ous basis, by which it finds an outlet on the sur- face of these clay beds into the nearest streams.

It is by the union of several of the outlets of these spring gorges of the pine plains, that the Honger Kill is formed. Small in its volume, it flows with sufficient force to sink its channel through the deep clay stratum, and enter its recip- ient, the Normans Kill, through the boulder and pebble drift. Feeble as the action of the stream is, it has been sufficient to reveal a formation of red sandstone, which, apparently, underlies the under Helderberg series of graywacke and slates, and the upper series of fossiliferous limestone, and its su- perimposed porous and marly horizontal new sandstones.

This disclosure was made in a depressed part of the Honger Kill Valley. The rock, in colors and grain, resembles the Piedmont or Haverstraw sand- stones of the lower Hudson. The localities of these observations are at the now decayed manu- facturing village of Hamilton, within about a mile from the entrance of the stream into the Normans Kill. The deepest cutting into the geological col- umn of the county is made by this Tawasentha. This stream in its western fork, the Bozen Kill, originates on the Helderberg range. In passing through the series of newer sandstones, lime- stones and graywackes, it lays bare the succession of rocks, and hurries with a rapid channel to its junction with the Black Creek and the Tiergaca, or northeast branch. Reinforced by these tributaries,

it sweeps its way through the alluvial coverings to the Hudson. In its progress it sinks its level quite through the graywackes and deeply into the Tawasentha slate. At the rapids, in passing through Guilderland, this rock stands in perpen- dicular facades, from 80 to nearly 120 feet high. The stream finally enters the Hudson, two miles south of the City of Albany, near the ancient Iro- quois cemetery of Tawasentha.

The cuttings of the Normans Kill and the con- struction of railroads reveal the Hamilton group at these points.

SOIL .- The soil of any territory in its primitive state, before the hand of cultivation has transformed it, is determined by its geology, vegetation, mois- ture and temperature.

The soil upon the intervals is a rich alluvial loam, used largely for garden purposes. In Water- vliet, Albany, and the eastern parts of Guilderland and Bethlehem, it consists largely of sand, with strips of clay along the banks of the streams. This combination of soil is well adapted for the growth of some grains and grass. The belt of land lying between the sandy region and the foot of the Hel- derbergs is principally a clay and gravelly loam, receiving the drainage from the limestone hills, which renders the soil very productive. Upon the Helderbergs the soil is colder, consisting of alter- nate layers of clay, slate and gravel, with a subsoil of tenacious clay or hardpan. Some portions are

stony, wet and cold. These are not very produc- tive. Some of these lands are favorable for grazing.

On the Mohawk the land is uneven and natur- ally sterile. Most of the soil in the county is sus- ceptible of culture, and has within its limits the material needed to make it productive. The facts relating to its husbandry and productions will ap- pear under the head of Agriculture.

MINERALOGY.

Among the minerals of the county, as given by Mather and Beck, are bog iron ore in a few localities ; snowy gypsum along the Helderbergs and in Coeymans ; marl beds of some extent in Bethlehem and Coeymans; calcareous spar on the banks of the Normans Kill, in a cavern a few miles from Albany, also in the town of Knox and in the MeCullough quarries of New Scotland. Epsom salts have been found in small quantities in the form of efflorescences in Coey- mans, on the east face of the Helderberg, and in the townships of Bethlehem and Guilderland. Rock and quartz crystals are picked up in several localities. These minerals are of very little value ;

PALEONTOLOGY.

but the county is rich in geological formations, as appears elsewhere.

The mineral springs of the county comprise the following : Acidulous, saline, chalybeate waters, near Boyd's brewery, Albany, were found in a slate strata after boring 300 feet below tide; another sulphurous spring was found by boring 100 feet ; also a carbureted gas spring-both in the same vicinity. Sulphurous springs have been found at Wendell's Hollow, near the city ; at Coeyman's Landing ; near Mckown's, in Guilderland; in Watervliet, near Van Rensselaer's, and in Rensse- laerville. White sulphur springs exist in Berne, and on the farm of James Hendrick, in New Scot- land. The mineral springs issue from the slate rocks of the Hudson group. The white sulphur springs especially are visited by invalids.

PALEONTOLOGY.

The Cohoes mastodon is the most remarkable of the ancient fossils in this county. The fol- lowing notes in regard to it are taken from the "Notes and Observations" of Dr. James Hall, our citizen geologist, whose fame in the fields of science makes him a citizen of the world of scholars :

In the month of September, 1866, the workmen engaged in excavations for the foundations of a new mill to be erected by the "Harmony Mills Company of Cohoes, N. Y.," discovered the lower jaw of a mastodon, with a single foot bone, resting upon a projection of rocks between two depres- sions or concave walls of small pot-holes, in the margin of what afterwards proved to be a large pot- hole.

At this time the excavation had been carried on to the depth of about twenty-five feet from the original surface.

The discovery of a jaw with a single bone in such a position naturally led to the inference that the other parts of the skeleton would be found at the bottom of the pot-hole, could it ever be reached, and the progress of the excavation was watched with great interest. In the bottom of this cavity, lying upon a bed of clay, broken slate, gravel and water-worn pebbles, and covered with river ooze and vegetable soil, lay the principal parts of the mastodon skeleton. The first parts uncovered were the bones of the hind legs, with a portion of the pelvis. The head, with tusks un- broken and undisturbed, was directed to the east- ward and partially inclined against the sloping walls. The vertebræ, with exceptions, the ribs in part, one fore limb and scapula followed, the pos-

terior parts lying more to the westward and south- westward, but all in juxtaposition. The absence of the lower and some of the larger limb bones was obvious, and but for these we might have sup- posed that the entire skeleton had been drifted in- to this pot-hole and covered with river ooze and peaty soil. On further examination other bones were discovered thirty or forty feet distant, and at a somewhat lower level than the main part of the skeleton, but still above the gravel. Expecting to find some, at least, of the remaining bones, efforts were made to remove all the peaty earth and loose materials, but this was not fully accomplished.

At a later date, some time in February, 1867, during excavations upon another part of the ground outside of the mill, a small pot-hole was opened in which were found bones of the right fore leg and foot. This point is more than sixty feet to the southwest of the place where the principal bones of the skeleton were found, and at least twenty feet higher.

All the parts of the skeleton found at the differ- ent points designated were presented to the State Cabinet of Natural History by Alfred Wild, Esq., President of the Harmony Mills Company, and have been mounted in their proper position. The missing bones were modeled from opposite cor- responding parts or from adjacent ones, and after- wards cast in plaster-of-Paris. In some instances recourse was had to the Warren mastodon skele- ton, of which careful examinations and comparisons were made.

In the following spring and summer a careful survey of the Cohoes Falls and the surrounding country was made, mainly with a view of deter- mining the relations of the pot-holes, in which the mastodon remains were found, to those of the river bed and adjacent valley. From this survey it was clearly ascertained that the large and deep pot-holes were entirely outside the present river channel ; that all the pot-holes existing within limits over- flowed by the present Mohawk River are shallow basins. We therefore began to distinguish them as ancient and modern, and, with few exceptions, above the falls all those of the river bed seem to be of modern origin.

We have, by these observations, determined that the water of the present river, neither above, below nor at the falls, produces pot-holes of the character of those in which the mastodon bones were found.

In the bottom of all the ancient pot-holes there is a considerable space occupied by gravel and pebbles, which are chiefly or almost wholly of hard quartzite, a partially metamorphic condition of the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF ALBANY.

Potsdam sandstone. Turning to the northward, we find large exposures of the sandstone or quartz- ite, from which these pebbles might have been de- rived, had there been the means of transporting them.

The breaking down of these rocks, and the transport is usually attributed to the action of ice, and the rounding of these into pebbles is due to the action of water. The agency which trans- ported the quartz pebbles of the Mohawk valley was doubtless the same as that which transported the remains of the mastodon found in the pot-holes at Cohoes. I do not believe that any of the mas- todon remains which we find are of animals that wandered into swamps or sought their food in such localities, and thus became mired.

Returning to the consideration of the geo- graphical and geological surroundings of the Cohoes mastodon, we find the following condi- tions : The Mohawk River, having an easterly direc- tion, makes a bend toward the northward after leaving Schenectady ; at Crescent it turns abruptly to the southeast, uniting with the Hudson River below Waterford, and at a point ten miles above Albany. The Cohoes Falls is on the Mohawk, about one mile above its junction with the Hudson River. The area to the southward is covered by drift and estuary deposits in the order of boulder- clay.and gravel below, above which is an evenly stratified clay, graduating into a loam, and finally to a fine yellow sand, which covers much of the area between Albany and Schenectady.

The relation of the clay and gravel are often seen in excavations ; they are often found resting upon a boulder-clay, or a mixture of clay and gravel, the whole covering an extremely uneven surface of slate rock, as is often seen along the Hudson and at a few points along the Normans Kill.

Throughout all parts of the river bed and chan- nel we search in vain for evidence of pot-holes of the character of those described as containing peb- bles of quartzite, and in which the remains of the mastodon were found. These ancient pot-holes are of all dimensions, from one foot to fifty feet in depth and diameter.

The pot-holes of the river bed exhibit all stages of formation and obliteration. The shales of the Hudson River Group present everywhere a surface quite rough in detail, though even and regular in its general features. An insensible gradation may be seen above the crest of the fall, from irregular hollows, bounded by sharp fractures of slate, to deep, rounded, smoothed pot-holes. Upon the

plateau below the fall the few remaining pot-holes are filled nearly to the brim by gravel and mud. The typical form of these pot-holes is a cylinder, with rounded bottom and rounded brim. The type is modified by the enlargement of the mouth, by expansions and constrictions in the shaft, and other irregularities. The interior surfaces are rounded, smoothed and even polished, especially at the bottom. In my examination I saw nothing to controvert the theory that they were formed by the grinding action of stones moved by water.

The rock over which the Mohawk flows, from the Cohoes Company's dam to the Hudson, is of very uniform character.

Excavation has revealed in Cohoes and vicinity a number of pot-holes found anterior to the pres- ent gorge of the Mohawk. The great difference between the pot-holes of the shore and of the river bed appears to be that of size. Half of those dis- covered on the eastern shore outrank the largest of the modern. The mastodon pot-hole was probed to a depth greater than the river bed can show. The gravel from the ancient pot-holes is all well rounded, while the modern ones contain many boulders that are but partly so.

The water makes no clear leap in Cohoes Falls ; for a distance of 400 feet the descent is 14 feet on a gradual plane, and from the crest to the base, on a curved slope, 57 feet. Above Cohoes town the bed rock of the west shore is, to a large extent, hidden by the hills of drift and a terrace of clay. On the east side, an area nearly a mile broad and two miles long shows the bed rock, covered by a thin clay soil derived from the decomposition of the rock itself. This area is elevated about 175 feet above the water of the Hudson. Its eastern boundary is a line of drift hills and terrace. The latter is of clay, covered by sand, and extends some distance up that river. The drift hills frequently rise above the level of the terrace.

The rock plateau below Cohoes Falls is the base line for sections near the falls ; it is 61 feet above tidewater. The upper level of the Cohoes Com- pany's race is 94 feet above plateau and 188 above tide ; cliff near the falls, 115 feet above plateau, and 176 feet above tide; plateau west of Albany, 225 feet above tide ; top of gravel hill near " Pa- troon's," about 225 feet above tide. Gravel banks : At the Patroon's a remarkable inclined bed of clay lies under and over gravel in the following order : Soil, slightly sorted gravel, red clay, blue clay, stratified, coarse and fine sand, with rarely lenticu- lar beds of coarse gravel. These gravel banks ex- tend nearly to Cohoes. The coarser materials of

BOTANI.

the gravel hills near Albany are chiefly of the con- glomerate of the Hudson River Group and con- glomerates and jaspers of the Quebec Group. Massive quartz, white or yellow (Potsdam?), is commonly met with, and, in some hills near the Mohawk, seem even to predominate. They are the best worn of all the pebbles, but the boulders generally are not so well rounded as those turned by pot-holes.

The numerous fossil shells referred to under the head of "Geology," in connection with the rock formations, properly come under this head. They all have a specific name which we cannot repeat here. They may be often seen in the flagstones that cover our city sidewalks, and the rough stones in the roadside walls. They tell us of the inhabit- ants that dwelt, countless ages ago, in the now up- heaved bed of the old ocean that once surged over the places where we dwell.

BOTANY.

The Flora of the county of Albany is rich in the number and variety of its plants, almost every natural order and genus common to the State being represented in this county. The hills and valleys, fields and forests, lakes, brooks and swamps, all contribute to adorn nature with a profusion of vegetable beauty, and invite the prac- tical student to gather these treasures so liberally spread before him.

The amateur and student in Botany will find few localities in the State from which he can secure a greater variety of interesting plants than in Albany county. Nature has, indeed, been lavish in her gifts to our county, as seen all over its surface, made picturesque and charming by the grand Hel- derbergs, the noble Hudson, its crystal lakes, its rapid streams tumbling over cataracts, running through deep ravines, its caverns and rocky re- cesses and steep precipices, its forest trees and shrubs, its varied and beautiful flora, its fields of grass and grain, and its variety of sedges, mosses, rushes and ferns in the by-places.

We are indebted to Torrey's "State Botany," Wright & Hall's "Plants About Troy," Prof. C. H. Peck and Dr. J S. Markle for valuable aid in this chapter.

In the list of the trees, shrubs and plants found in the county, only such as are indigenous or naturalized are included. They are grouped under their natural orders, and the generic, specific and common names are given. Exotic and green- house plants will be omitted from our list. All descriptions, for want of space, are left out. The

simple list will tell our wealth and make a useful guide to the student.

RANUNCULACÆE.

ORDER. COMMON NAME.

Clematis, Virginiana

. Virgin's Bower.

C ....... verticillaris. Whorl-leaved V. B.

Anemone, nemorosa

Wood Anemone.

A. Pennsylvanica

A cylindrica

A. Virginiana . Virginia Anemone.

IIepatica, triloba

Liverwort.

H. acutiloba

Ranunculus, Flammula .Small Spearwort.

recurvatus.

Hooked Crowfoot.

fascicularis

Early Crowfoot.

abortivus

Round-leaved Crowfoot.

sceleratus

.Celery Crowfoot.

acris. Butter-cups.

R bulbosus Bulbous Crowfoot.

Pennsylvanicus

Bristly Crowfoot.

multifidus

. Yellow Water Crowfoot.

repens

. Creeping Crowfoot.

Caltha, palustris

Marsh Marigold.

C'optis, trifolia . Goldthread.

Aquilegia, Canadensis. Wild Columbine.

Actæa, spicata var Red Baneberry.

A ..... rubra

White Baneberry.

Thalictrum, dioicum

Early Meadow Rue.

. purpurascens

Purple Meadow Rue.

Cornuti.

Meadow Rue.

T anemonioides Rue Anemone.

MAGNOLIACE.E.

Liriodendron, Tulipifera.

White Wood. Tulip Tree.

MENISPERMACEÆE.

Menispermum, Canadense.

. Moon Seed.

BERBERIDACEÆE.

Podophyllum, peltatum. . May Apple. Mandrake.

Caulophyllum, thalictroides ..

. Blue Cohosh.

CABOMBACEÆE.

Brasenia, peltatum.

Water Target.

NYMPHÆEACEAE.

Nymphæa, odorata Water Lily.

Nuphar, advena.

Yellow Pond Lily.

N. .... Kalmiana

Kalm's Pond Lily.

SARRACENIACEÆE.

Sarracenia, purpurea

. Side-saddle Flower.

PAPAVERACEÆ.

Sanguinaria, Canadensis Bloodroot.

Chelidonium, majus.

Celandine.

FUMARIACEÆE.

Dicentra, cucullaria

Dutchman's Breeches.

D ....... Canadensis. Squirrel Coon.

Adlumia, cirrhosa

Mountain Fringe.

Corydalis, glauca

Glaucous Corydalis.

CRUCIFEREÆE.

Capsella, Bursa-pastoris. . Shepherd's Purse.

Lepidium, Virginicum.

Wild Pepper-grass.

L ........ campestre.

Yellow Seed.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF ALBANY.

CRUCIFEREÆ.

Draba, verna.

Whilbow Grass.

Nasturtium, palustre

Marsh Watercress.

Barbarea, vulgaris

Winter Cress.

Arabis, Canadensis

Sickle Pod.

A ..... lyrata.

Wall Cress.

A ..... lævigata

Smooth Wall Cress.

A .. .. hirsuta

. Hairy Wall Cress.

Cardamine, hirsuta

. Small Bittter Cress.

C ...

, rhomboidea

Spring Cress.

Dentaria, diphylla.

. Pepper Root.

D .....

.. laciniata

Tooth Wort.

Sisymbrium, officinale.

. Hedge Mustard.

Erysimum, cheiranthöides

. Wormseed Mustard.

Sinapis, nigra

Black Mustard.

S ...... arvensis

. Field Mustard. Charlock.

CAPPARIDACEÆ.

Polanisia, graveolens.

VIOLACEA.

Viola, cucullata

Hood-leaved Violet.

V .... sagittaria

Arrow-leaved Violet.

V .... Selkirkii.

. Selkirk's Violet.

V .... palmata.

Palmated Violet.

V .... pedata.

Pedate Violet.

V .... blanda

Sweet-scented Violet.

V .... lanceolata

Lance-leaved Violet.

V .... rotundifolia.

Round-leaved Violet.

V .... Canadensis

Canadian Violet.

V .... pubescens

. Common Yellow Violet.

V .... Muhlenbergii.

Muhlenberg's Violet.

V .... rostrata.

Beaked Violet.

DROSERACEÆE.

Drosera, rotundifolia

Round-leaved Sundew.

D ...... longifolia

Long-leaved Sundew.

PARNASSIACEÆE.

Parnassia, Caroliniana.

Grass of Parnassus.

CISTACEAE.

Lechea, major.

Larger Pinweed.

L ...... minor

Smaller Pinweed.

Helianthemum, Canadense.

. Rock Rose.

Hudsonia, Tomentosa.

Woolly Hudsonia.

ELATINACEÆE.

Elatine, Americana

Mud Purslane.

HYPERICACEÆE.

Hypericum, pyramidatum

. Giant Hypericum.

perforatum.

Common St. John's-wort.

corymbosum

Spotted St. John's-wort.

mutilum

.Small St. John's-wort.

Canadense

. Canadian St. John's.wort.

Elodes

Virginica

Marsh St. John's-wort.

ILLECEBRACEÆE.

Anychia, dichotoma Forked Chickweed.

Spergula, arvensis.

Corn Spurry.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

Stellaria, media

Chickweed.

S .. . longifolia. Long-leaved Stitch -wort.

Cerastium, vulgatum.

Mouse-ear Chickweed.

C ..

. ..

viscosum

.Sticky Chickweed.

C ..

...... arvense.

Field Chickweed.

C ..

.. nutans.

. Nodding Chickweed.

Arenaria, stricta

. Straight Sandwort.

A ..

. serpyllifolia

. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.

Sagina, procumbens.

Creeping Sandwort.

Mollugo, verticillata.

.Carpet Weed.

Silene, antirrhina

.Snap-dragon Catch-fly.

Silene, noctiflora

Night-flowering Catch-fly

Lychnis, Githago

Corn Cockle.

C ...

. Pratensis

Field Cardamine.

Saponaia, officinalis.

. Common Soapwort.

Scleranthus, annuus.

.Knaivel.

PORTULACACEA.

Portulaca, oleracea

Purslane.

Claytonia, Caroliniana.

Spring Beauty.

C ........ Virginica

Virginian Spring Beauty.

MALVACEÆE.

Malva, rotundifolia.

Low Mallow.

Abutilon, Avicennæ

Velvet-leaf Mallow.

LINACEÆE.

Linum, Virginianum

. Virginian Flax.

L ...... usitatissimum

Common Flax.

GERANIACEÆ.

Geranium, maculatum.

Spotted Geranium.

Robertianum

Herb Robert.

G ...

......

Carolinianum.

.Carolina Crane's bill.

BALSAMINACEÆE.

Impatiens, pallida.

. Touch-me-not.

I ..

....

fulva.

.Jewel Weed.

OXALIDACEÆ.

Oxalis, Acetosella

. Common Wood Sorrel.

O ..... violacea.

Violet Wood Sorrel.

() ..... stricta.

. Yellow Wood Sorrel.

ZANTHOXYLACEÆE.

Zanthoxylum, Americanum

Prickly Ash.

ANACARDIACEAE.

Rhus, glabra.

Smooth Sumac.

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Bi-centennial history of Albany. History of the county of Albany, N. Y., from 1609 to 1886. With portraits, biographies and illustrations, Part 12

Author: Howell, George Rogers, 1833-1899; Tenney, Jonathan, 1817-1888 Publication date: 1886 Publisher: New York, W. W. Munsell & Co. Number of Pages: 1452

Author: Howell, George Rogers, 1833-1899; Tenney, Jonathan, 1817-1888
Publication date: 1886
Publisher: New York, W. W. Munsell & Co.
Number of Pages: 1452