USA > New York > Chautauqua County > History of Chautauqua County, New York > Part 45
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86 | Part 87 | Part 88 | Part 89 | Part 90 | Part 91 | Part 92 | Part 93 | Part 94 | Part 95 | Part 96 | Part 97 | Part 98 | Part 99 | Part 100 | Part 101 | Part 102 | Part 103 | Part 104 | Part 105 | Part 106 | Part 107 | Part 108 | Part 109 | Part 110 | Part 111 | Part 112 | Part 113 | Part 114 | Part 115
As the trees from one acre produced only about ten dollars' worth of ashes it will be seen how rapidly the forests passed into the ash kettles. The timber thus consumed was mostly hardwood. Many of the towns in this county were originally covered with a magnificent growth of white pine. This was especially true of Carroll, Kiantone, Busti, Poland, and Ellicott.
380
HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
Vast quantities of this timber were sold down the river at prices which today seem insignificant." The best clear-stuff lumber, which now sells for $40 or $50 a thousand, then brought not more than $5. If the original pine timber stood on many a farm in this county today, it would be worth several times the present value of the farm with its buildings and improvements. But the insatiate axe and saw have, after all, served a noble purpose, and carved thie way to greater comfort and a richer, fuller life.
Perhaps a few giants of the greenwood deserves a passing notice. The largest tree that ever grew in the county flourished on the banks of Walnut creek near Silver Creek. It was a black walnut 31 feet in circumference. It was 70 feet from the ground to the lowest limb. In 1822 it was blown down ; being hollow at the butt, about twelve feet was cut from the lower end, and the inside cleaned out so as to leave a shell about four inches thick. For sometime it was used as a café in New York city, and afterwards was sold to parties in London, according to a New York paper for $3,000.
Two years ago a careful study was made of the trees on the Assembly grounds at Chautauqua which embrace nearly two hundred acres. Some of the figures obtained may be of interest in this commection, as suggesting the distribution of species, and the relative proportion of kinds upon a given area. These statistics must not be taken too literally for two reasons ; first, many of the large trees were cut in the early days of the Assembly, and second, the proportion of kinds of trees is always dependent upon the partic- ular situation in the forest that they may occupy.
We give the circumference of a few of the trees: chestnuts, 15 feet 3 inches, 17-1, 18-10, 15-6, 15-3, 17-1, 15, 19, 20, 17-8, 17, 20-4; elms, 19-4, 15-8; rock maple, 12 ; black oak, 19-3, 17-5, 18-8 ; soft maple, 12-6; white- wood, 13 ; hemlock, 14-4, 15, 18-3 ; cucumber, 15-7 ; red oak, 23. Some of the stumps measure: whitewood, 17-8; chestnuts, 21-5, 16-4, 20, 19, 11, 19-5, 19-0, 18-3, 16-2, 27 ; oaks, 21-8, 20.8, 16-3, 17-5, 15-9, 19-10, 18-7, 16-9, 14-11, 13-5. 19-10.
LIST OF SPECIES AND NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS. Cucumber tree, mountain magnolia ( Magnolia acuminata), 30; tulip tree, white-wood ( Liriodendron Tulipifera ), 45; lime tree, basswood, American linden, lin ( Tilia . Americana ), 170 ; prickly ash, toothache tree ( Nanthory- lum . Americanum), 6; striped maple, striped dogwood (. Icer Pennsylvanicum), 20; sugar maple, sugar tree, hard maple ( . Ker saccharinum), 1,915 (car. nigrum), 1, 185 ; soft maple, white maple, silver maple tateer dasyearpum), 56 ; red maple, swamp maple (. leer rubrum), 450; box elder ( Vegundo aceroides ), 4 ; staghorn sumach ( Rhus typhina), So; dwarf sumach (Rhus capallina), 10; common loenst, false acacia (Robinia Pseudacacia), naturalized, 110; wild phun ( Prunus Americana), 6 : wild red cherry, pigeon cherry ( Prunus Pennsylvanica), 20; wild black cherry, rum cherry ( Prunus scroting), 15 ; American crab, sweet-scented crab (Pyrus Coronaria), 5: mountain ash (Pyrus Americana), 35; white thorn, scarlet haw (Crataegus Coccinca), 4; black thorn, pear haw (Craelegus Tomentesa, 10; shad-bush, juneberry (. Imel- auchier Canadensis), 13 ; witch hazel (Hamamelis Virginita), 28; flowering dogwood ( Cornus Florida ), 10: white ash . Fraxinus Americana ), 207 ; black ash, hoop ash ( Fraxinus Sambu- cifolia), 245 ; sassafras (Sassafras officinale), 20; red elm, slippery ehn (l'Imus fulva), 45 ;
381
SYLVA OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY.
.
white elm, American elin ( Ulmus Americana), 150 ; rock elm, cork ehn, hickory elm (( Imus racemosa), 32 ; sycamore, button-wood, button-ball ( Platanus occidentalis), 5 ; butternut, white walnut ( Juglans cinerea), 247 ; black walnut ( Juglans nigra), 1 ; shell-bark hickory, shag-bark hickory (Carya alba), III ; pig-nuit, brown hickory (Carya porcina), 23; bitter-nut, swamp hickory (Carya amara), SI ; red oak (Quercus rubra), 60; black oak, yellow-bark oak & Quercus tinctoria), 24; chestnut ( Castanca vulgaris var. Americana), 310; white beech ( Fagus ferru- ginca), 1,974; iron-wood, lever-wood (Ostrya l'irginica), 404; hornbeam, blue beech, water beech (Carpinus Caroliniana), 85 ; canoe birch, white birch, paper birch ( Betula Papyrifera,) 20 ; yellow birch, gray birch (Betula lutea), 154 ; black birch, sweet birch, cherry birch (Betula lenta), 19: willow (Salix amygdaloides), 200; black willow (Salir nigra), 52 ; sand-bar willow (Salix longifolia), 300 ; glaucous-willow (Salix discolor), 400 ; aspen (Populus tremuloides), 10; poplar (Populus grandidentata), 7; bahn of gilead (Populus balsamifera), 5; white pine ( Pinus Strobus', 42 ; pitch pine (Pinus rigida), 3; hemlock ( Tsuga Canadensis ), 275; balsam (. Ibies balsamca ), 185 .- Total, 10,264
I append to this article a list and description of the characteristics of each species of all the native trees of Chautauqua county. In this is given, in many instances, the name of the place where they may be found, as in all instances they have been seen in those localities by either Burgess, Torrey or myself. Perhaps it should be mentioned that there may also be found in this county, the following trees from other sections now thoroughly accli- mated :
Ailanthus-Ailanthus glandulosus; clammy locust-Robinia viscosa ; honey locust-Gle- ditschia triacanstros ; English hawthorn-Crataegus Oxycantha ; hercules' club-Hralia Spin- osa ; white mulberry-Morus alba ; black mulberry-Morus nigra ; white willow-Salix alba ; white poplar-Populus alba.
I desire to acknowledge my obligations to Prof. C. S. Sargent for permis- sion to use data from his report in the Tenth Census, and to David F. Day, Esq., of Buffalo, for information courteously furnished.
SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF NATIVE TREES IN CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY,
(NOTE .- Metric measures are used. One metre-39-37 inches. )
MAGNOLIACEÆES-MAGNOLIA FAMILY.
1. Magnolia Acuminata, L. Cucumber Trec. Mountain Magnolia. Hanover.
Western New York to southern Illinois; southward along Alleghauy mountains, and through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usu- ally on carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama and northeastern Miss- issippi ; in northeastern, southern, and southwestern Arkansas. A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with trunk o.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; reach- ing greatest development on slopes of southern Alleghany mountains. Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close grained, compact, satiny ; medullary ray's numerous, thin ; color yellow brown, sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; used for pump-logs, water-troughs, flooring, cabinet-making, etc. Leaves thin, oblong, pointed, green, 5 to 10 inches long. Fruit resembles a small 'cucumber.
.
382
HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
2. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. Whitewood. Hanover.
Western New England, southward to northern Florida ; west through New York, Ontario, and Michigan to Lake Michigan, south of latitude 43º 30'; south to latitude 31° in Gulf states, extending west to southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas. A large, valuable tree, 30 to 60 metres in height, with trunk 2 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching greatest development in valley of Wabash river and along western slopes of Alleghany mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays mnnerous, not prominent ; color, light yellow or brown, thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely made into lumber, and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in boat-building, and especially in wooden pumps, wooden-ware, etc. Liroidendrin, a stimulant tonie, diapho- retic, is obtained by macerating the inner bark, especially of the root. A beautiful tree. Leaves very smooth, with two lateral lobes near the base and two at the apex, which appears cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals greenish yellow marked with orange.
ANONACEÆE.
3. Asimina Triloba, Dunal, Papate, Custard Apple. Westfield.
Western New York, Ontario, eastern and central Pennsylvania to south- ern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas, south to middle Florida and valley of Sabine river, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with trunk rarely exceeding o.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub ; rich, rather low woods, reaching greatest development in lower Wabash valley and in valley of White river, Arkansas. Wood very light, soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy, layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; color light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter ; large fruit sweet and edible.
TILIACEAE-LINDEN FAMILY.
4. Tilia Americana, I .. Lime Tree. Bassacood. American Linden. Lin. Bee Tree. Common.
Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to the 102 merid- ian, southward to Virginia and along Alleghany mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama; extending west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, Indian Territory, and valley of San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 24 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45 metres in height, with trunk 0.92 to 1.84 metres in diameter ; common in northern forests on rich soil; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom-lands. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, rather obscure ; color light brown, or often slightly tinged with red, the sap- wood hardly distinguishable ; largely used in making wooden-ware and cheap furniture, the panels and bodies of carriages, inner soles of shoes, and paper
383
SYLVA OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY.
pulp. The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes made into coarse cordage and matting ; the flowers, rich in honey, are highly prized by apiarists. Leaves large, green and glabrous, or nearly so ; thickish.
RUTACEAE-RUE FAMILY.
5. Xanthoxylum Amercanum, Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree. Panama.
Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas ; south to Virginia, and northern Missouri. A small tree, not often 7 metres in height, with trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or, reduced to a shrub, 1.50 to 1.80 metres in height ; common, reaching greatest development around the great lakes ; rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich bottom-lands. Wood light, soft, coarse- grained ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter. The bark of Xanthoxylum, an active stimulant, is used in decoction to produce diaphoresis in cases of rheumatism, syphilis, etc., and is a popular remedy for toothache. Leaves and flowers in sessile axillary umbellate clus- ters.
6. Ilicina, llexmonticola. Gray. Holly. Panama.
Mountain woods, New York to Carolinas. Shrub about six feet high, sometimes tree forin. Leaves large, deciduous, 2 to 4 inches by I to 2 inches, at base acute, obtuse or sub-cordate.
SAPINDACEAE-MAPLE FAMILY.
7. Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple, Moose-wood, Striped Dog-wood, Goose-foot Maple. Whistle-wood. Hanover.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence to northern shores of Lake Ontario, and islands of Lake Huron, south through north Atlantic States, and along Alle- ghany mountains to northern Georgia ; west through lake region to nortli- eastern Minnesota. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with trunk 0. 15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; cool ravines and mountain sides. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter. Leaves three-lobed at apex, finely and sharply double serrate, the short five lobes taper-pointed ; fruit with large diverging wings.
S. Acer Spicatum. I. Mountain Maple. Hanover.
Valley of St. Lawrence river, west along northern shores of the great lakes to northern Minnesota and the Saskatchewan, south through northern states and along Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with trunk 0. 15 to 0.20 metre in diam- eter, or often a tall shrub ; cool woods and mountain ravines ; reaching great- est development on western slopes of Alleghany mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays inconspicuous, color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
384
HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
9. Acer saccharinum. Wang. Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hara Maple Common.
Sonthern Newfoundland, valleys of Saint Lawrence and Sagnenay, shores of Lake Saint John, west along northern shores of great lakes to Lake of the Woods ; south through northern States and along Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and western Florida ; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, , eastern Kansas and eastern Texas. A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 metres in height, with trunk o.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter, towards its southwestern limits greatly reduced in size ; rich upland woods ; often form- ing extensive forests, and reaching greatest development in region of the great lakes. A form with more widely lobed leaves, often downy on the lower side, common along the borders of streams and on bottom lands from west- ern Vermont to southern Missouri, extending south to Northern Alabama and Southwestern Arkansas, is var. nigrum, Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in making furniture, shoe-lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish and flooring ; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing valuable fuel ; " curled " maple and "bird's-eye" maple, accidental forms in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are highly prized in cabinet-making. Maple sugar is principally made from this species ; the ashes yield large quantities of potash. Leaves three to five-lobed, either heart shaped or nearly truncate at base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on the veins beneath, var. nigrum. Leaves scarcely paler beneath, often minntely downy, lobes wider.
10. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. Soft Maple. White Maple. Silver Maple. Panama.
Valley of Saint John river, New Brunswick, to southern Ontario, south . to western Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of Blue river, Kansas and Indian Territory. A large tree, 18 to 30 or, excep- tionally, 36 metres in height, with trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, borders of streams and intervales, in rich soil ; most common west of Alle- ghany mountains, reaching greatest development in basin of lower Ohio river. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; somewhat used in cheap furniture, for flooring, etc. Maple sugar is occasionally made from this species. Leaves deeply five-lobed with sinuses rather acute, silvery white (when young, downy) underneath, divisions narrow, cut lobed and toothed.
II. Acer rubrum, IL. Red Maple. Steamp Maple. Soft Maple. Water Maple. Common.
New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario south of latitude 49°, north and west to Lake of the Woods, south to Indian and Caloosa rivers, Florida ; west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian Territory, and valley. of Trinity river, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; borders of streams
385
SYLVA.
and low, wet swamps, reaching greatest development in valleys of lower Wabash and Yazoo rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in cabinet-making, turnery, for wooden ware, gun-stocks, etc. Leaves three to five-lobed, with acute sinuses, whitish underneath, the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, acute, the middle one usually longest.
ANACARDIACEAE-SUMACH FAMILY.
12. Rhus typhina, L. Staghorn Sumich. Common.
New Brunswick, west through valley of Saint Lawrence, to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south through northern states and along Alleghany moun- tains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi. A small tree rarely 9 metres in height, with trunk 0. 15 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry hillsides, or along streams in sandy, moist soil. Wood light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, taking a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts ; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure ; color, yellow streaked with green, the sap-wood nearly white ; occasionally used for inlaying cabinet work. Bark and leaves, astringent, rich in tannin, are used locally as a dye and in dressing skins. Branches and stalks densely velvety-hairy ; leaflets 11 to 31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed.
·
13. Rhus Venenata, D. C. Poison Sumach. Poison Elder. Fredonia.
Northern New England, south to northern Georgia, Alabama and west- ern Lousiana, west to northern Minnesota, Missouri and Arkansas. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with trunk sometimes 0. 15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub ; low wet swamps, or, more rarely, on higher ground. Wood liglit, soft, coarse-grained, moderately compact ; lay- ers of annual growth clearly marked. The whole plant is exceedingly pois- onous to most persons, due to the presence of toxicodendric acid. The milky-white sap, turning black in drying, yields a valuable lacquer.
LEGUMINOSÆ-LOCUST FAMILY.
14. Robinia Pseudacacia, L. Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust. Panama.
Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia ; widely naturalized east of Rocky Mountains, possibly indigenous in northeastern and western Arkansas, and eastern Indian Territory. A tree 22 to 25 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; west of Mississippi river much smaller, often a low shrub 1.80 to 3 meters in height, reaching greatest development on western slopes of mountains of West Virginia. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very dur- able in contact with the ground ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by rows of large open ducts ; color, brown, more rarely light green, the sap-wood yellow ; largely used for tree-nails, posts, construction, and in turnery. The
386
HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
bark of the root is tonic, in large doses purgative and emetic. The locust was formerly widely planted as a timber tree; its cultivation is generally abandoned on account of the destructive attacks of the locust-borer. Thorns stout, often triple or compound ; leaflets, lanceolate-oblong.
ROSACEAE-ROSE FAMILY.
15. Prunus Americana, Marsh. Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum. Common.
Valley of Saint Lawrence to Rainy and Assinaboine rivers and southern shores of Lake Manitoba ; northern Vermont, western New England, and southward through Atlantic States to western Florida ; west to upper Mis- souri river, Dakota, Pike's Peak region, Colorado, and valley of lower Conclio river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with trunk rarely exceeding o.30 metre in diameter ; rich woods, along streams and borders of ponds and swamps reaching greatest development on bottomlands of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich bright brown or often red, sap-wood lighter ; used for handles of tools, etc. Often cultivated for the yellow, red, or rarely nearly black, acid, or rarely sweet fruit. Tree thorny ; leaves ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, double, serrate, very veiny.
16. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. Com- 111011.
Labrador, Hudson's Bay, west through Saskatchewan region to upper Fraser river ; south to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Iowa, along the high Alleghany mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and Rocky mountains of Colorado. A small tree, rarely exceed- ing 12 metres in height, with trunk sometimes o.60 metre in diameter, or in Rocky mountain region reduced to a low shrub ; common in all northern forests, and in ground cleared by fire. Wood light, soft, close-grained, com- pact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood clear yellow. The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in cough mixtures, etc. Red-brown bark. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply and finely serrate, shining and smooth both sides.
17. Prunus Virginiana, D. C. Choke Cherry. Common
Small tree or shrub, 5 to 20 feet in height, in woods and hedges. Bark grayislı. Leaves 2 to three inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, with short, abrupt acumination. Fruit abundant, of dark-red color, very astringent but agreeable to taste.
IS. Prunus serotina, Ehrh. W'ild Black Cherry. Rum Cherry. Hanover.
Southern Ontario, southward through Atlantic forests to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; west to the Missouri river, Dakota, castern Kansas, Indian Territory, and upper San Antonio river, Texas. A tree IS to 30 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres or, exceptionally, 1.50
387
SYLVA.
metres in diameter ; rich, generally upland woods ; common, reaching great- est developement on western slopes of Alleghany mountains, from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in Gulf regions in Texas. Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or red, growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow ; largely esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., now becoming scarce. The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small precentage of hydro- cyanic acid, and is employed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold infusions, syrups, and fluid-extracts ; the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation of cherry brandy. Reddish- brown branches ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taperpointed, serrate with incurved teeth, thickish, shining above.
19. Pyrus coronaria, IL. American Crab. Savet-scented Crab. Hanover.
Valley of Humber river, shores of Lake Erie, Ontario ; southward through western New York and Pennsylvania to District of Columbia, along Alleghany mountains to central Alabama and northern Mississippi; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, Indian Territory, and northern Louisiana. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with trunk often o.30 metre in diameter ; rich, rather low woods, reaching greatest development in lower Ohio region. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, check- ing badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, vary- ing to light red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, and in turnery. Leaves ovate often, rather heart-shaped, serrate or lobed, soon glabrous.
20. Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain-ash. Panama. .
Labrador, 'Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and westward along the south- ern shore of James bay to valley of Nelson river, southward through elevated regions of northeastern states, and along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina ; in northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with trunk 0. 30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps and moist, rocky woods, reaching greatest development on northern shores of Lake Huron and Superior. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light-brown, the sap-wood lighter. Nearly glabrous; leaflets 13 to 15, lan- ceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, bright green.
21. Cratagus coccinea, I. Scarlet Hawe. Red Hat. White. Hawe. Common.
West coast of Newfoundland, west along Saint Lawrence river and north- ern shores of the lakes to Manitoba, south through Atlantic forests to northi- ern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with trunk o.30 metre in diameter ; open upland woods or borders of streams and prairies ; very common at the north, rare at the south ; running into
388
HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
many forms, varying in the size and the shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color, brown, tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. Branches reddish ; spines stout, chestnut-brown ; leaves on slender petioles, thin round-ovate, cuneate or sub-cordate at base.
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.