USA > New York > Chautauqua County > History of Chautauqua County, New York > Part 46
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22. Cratagus tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. Pear Haw. Common.
New Brunswick, west along Saint Lawrence river and northern shores of great lakes to Saskatchewan region, southward through Atlantic forests to western Florida and eastern Texas, extending west to mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often, especially west of Rocky mountains, reduced to a low shrub, here forming dense thickets along mountain streams; the most widely distributed representative of the genus in North America, varying greatly in size, shape, and color of fruit, form of leaves, amount of pubes- cence, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright reddish brown, sap-wood lighter. Branches gray, rarely with stout gray spines ; shoots, peduncles and calyx pubescent ; glands, none ; leaves large, pale, prominently veined, pubescent beneath, ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply serrate, usually incisely lobed, mar- gined petiole ; flowers small, ill-scented ; fruit dull red.
23. Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. June Berry. Shad-bush. Service Tree. May Cherry. Common.
Newfoundland and Labrador, west along southern shores of Hudson's bay to the Saskatchewan ; south through Atlantic forests to northern Flor- ida, southwestern Arkansas, and Indian Territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub (vars, rotundifolia and oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray) ; common at the north, rare at the south, reaching greatest development on the high slopes of southern Alleghany mountains ; varying greatly in shape of leaves, size of flowers, amount of pubescence on leaves and young shoots, etc., (var. oblong- ifolia, Torr. & Gray). Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, satiny, suscept- ible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, often tinged with red, sap-wood much lighter. Leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, usually somewhat cordate at the base, pointed, very sharply serrate, from 1 to 312 inches long ; bracts and stipules very long.
HAMAMELACEÆE-WITCH HAZEL FAMILY.
24. Hamamelis Virginica, L. Witch-hazel. Common.
Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 9 metres in height, with trunk 0.30 to 0.37 metre in diameter, more often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground ; common ; rich, rather
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damp woodlands, reaching greatest development upon southern Alleghany mountains. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color, light brown, tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. The bark and leaves rich in tannin, largely used by herbalists in fluid extracts, decoc- tions, etc., in external applications (Pond's Extract), and hemorrhoidal affec- tions. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy toothed, somewhat downy when young blossoming late in autumn when the leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer.
CORNACEÆE-DOGWOOD FAMILY.
25. Cornus florida, I. Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood. Hanover.
Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and through Atlantic forests to middle Florida, and Brazos river, Texas. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with trunk o.30 to 0.45 metre in diam- eter, or towards its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; rich woods, com- mon, especially at the south. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, brown, changing in different specimens to shades of green and red, the sap-wood lighter ; used in turnery, for wood engraving, bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel-hoops, etc. The bark, especially of the root, possesses bitter tonic properties, is used in decoc- tions, etc., in intermittent and malarial fevers. Leaves ovate, pointed, acut- ish at the base, leaves of the involucre obcordate 112 inches long.
26. Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Lupelo. Som Gum. Black Gum. Pepperidge. Fredonia.
Southern Maine and northern Vermont, west to central Michigan, south to Tampa bay, Florida, and valley of Brazos river, Texas. A tree 15 to 36 mnetres in height, trunk o.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter. At the north much smaller ; borders of swamps, or on rather high hillsides; at the south often in pine-barren ponds and deep swamps ; base of trunk then very much swol- len. Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough ; now largely used for hubs of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox-yokes, and on Gulf coast for wharf piles.
ERICACEAE-HEATH FAMILY.
27. Rhododendron Maximus, IL. Great Laurel. Rose Bay. Clear Creek, Stockton.
Nova Scotia, north shores of Lake Erie, south through New England, New York, and along Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree or often a tall, straggling shrub. At the north -in cold swamps, rare ; very common and reaching greatest development in southern Alleghany mountains, or steep, rocky banks of streams, never on limestone. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brittle; color, light, clear brown, used occasionally for handles of tools ; good substitute for box-wood in engraving.
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HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
OLEACEÆE-ASH FAMILY. .
28. Fraxinus Americana, L. White Ash. Common,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Devil's river, Texas. A large tree of first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 metres in height, with trunk 1.20 to 1.So metres in diameter ; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching greatest development on bottom-lands of lower Ohio river basin ; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, and generally replaced by the green ash ( Fraxinus viridis). Wood heavy, hard, strong, ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open duets, which in slowly grown specimens occupy nearly the entire width of annual rings ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white ; largely used in agri- cultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work. Leaflets 7 to 9, ovate or lance-oblong, pointed, pale or either smooth or pubescent beneath, entire or sparingly serrate.
29. Traxinus viridis, Michx. Green . Ish. Panama.
Shores of Lake Champlain, Rhode Island southward to Florida, west to valley of Saskatchewan, eastern ranges of Rocky mountains of Montana, Wasatch mountains of Utah, and ranges of eastern Arizona. A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, trunk rarely exceeding o.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams in low, rather moist soil ; at the west confined to bottom-lands of large streams and high mountain canons. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained ; color, brown, sap-wood lighter.
30. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Iam. Black AIsh. Hoop Ash. Ground AIsh. Chautauqua lake.
Southern Newfoundland and northern shores of Gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to Lake Winnipeg, south through northern States to northern Delaware, mountains of Virginia, southern Ilinois, and northwestern Arkan- sas. A tree 25 to 30 metres in height, with trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; swamps and low river banks. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable, separating easily into thin layers ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown or often nearly white; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel- hoops, in cabinet-making, and manufacture of baskets. Leaflets 7 to 1I, oblong- lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at base, green and smooth both sides when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib.
LAURACEAE-LAUREL FAMILY.
31. Sassafras officinale, News, Sassafras. Panama.
Eastern Massachusetts to southwestern Vermont, west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to southwestern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and
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Indian Territory ; south to middle Florida, and Brazos river, Texas. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with trunk o.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, excep- tionally, 20 to 27 metres in height, with trunk 1.So to 2.25 metres in diame- ter ; toward its northern limits reduced to a small tree or shrub ; rich, sandy loam, reaching greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and Indian Territory. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dull orange-brown, thin sap-wood light yellow ; used for light skiffs, ox-yokes, etc., fence posts and rails, and in cooperage. The root and bark, enters into commerce, affording a power- ful aromatic stimulant. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, racemes, appear- ing with the leaves. Leaf-buds scaly. Yellowish-green twigs ; leaves ovate, entire or some of them three-lobed, soon glabrous. Grows in rich woods.
URTICACCEÆE-ELM FAMILY.
32. Ulmus fulva. Michx. Red Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm. Hanover.
Valley of lower Saint Lawrence to northern Dakota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and San Antonio river, Texas. A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with trunk 0.45 to o.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and hillsides in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the ground, splitting readily when green ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerons, thin ; color, dark brown or red, the thin sap-wood lighter; largely used for wheel-stock, fence-posts, rails, rail-way ties ; sills, etc. The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, extensively used in medicinal preparations. Buds, before expansion, soft-downy with rusty hairs (large), leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate, four to eight inches long, sweet-scented in drying, soft downy beneath or slightly rough downward.
33. Ulmus Americana. L. White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm. Common.
Southern Newfoundland to northern shores of Lake Superior and eastern slope of Rocky mountains in about latitude 52º N ; south to Cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, extending west to the Black Hills, central Nebraska, Indian Territory, and valley of Rio Concho, Texas.
A large tree, 30 to 35 metres in height, with trunk 1.80 to 2.70 metres in diameter ; rich, moist soil, borders of streams, etc .; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom-lands. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, difficult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; largely used for wheel-stock, saddle-trees, flooring, in cooperage, and in boat and
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HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
ship-building. Branches not corky ; leaves obovate-oblong, or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate, two to four inches long.
34. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. Panama.
Southwestern Vermont, through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to northeastern Iowa ; south through Ohio to central Kentucky. A large tree 20 to 30 metres in height, with trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter ; low, wet clay, rich uplands or rocky declivities and river cliffs ; common, reaching greatest development in southern Ontario and southern peninsula of Michigan. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close- grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth marked with one or two rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light clear brown, often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much lighter ; largely used in heavy agricultural implements, wheel-stock, for railway ties, bridge-timbers, sills, etc.
35. Morus rubra. L. Red Mulberry. Fredonia.
Western New England and Long Island, west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to the Black Hills, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to Florida and the Colorado. A tree IS to 20 metres high, with trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; generally on rich bottom lands. Wood soft, light, not strong, rather tough ; compact, durable in contact with the soil, color light orange yellow ; used in fencing, cooperage, and at the south in ship and boat building. The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible. Branches often with corky ridges ; leaves nearly as in the last, but more simple and straight.
PLANTANACEÆE-PLANE TREE FAMILY.
36. Platanus occidentalis, L. Sycamore. Buttonwood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Chautauqua lake.
Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Vermont and northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, west to eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to northern Florida, central Alabama, and Mississippi, and southwest to Devil's river, Texas. Largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 metres in height, with trunk 2.40 to 4.20 metres in diameter ; bor- ders of streams and bottom-lands, in rich, moist soil ; very common, reaching greatest development in the valleys of Ohio and Mississippi rivers ; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close- grained, compact, difficult to split and work ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands of small ducts ; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, color, brown, tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for tobacco boxes, ox-yokes, butcher's blocks, and, rarely, cheap furni- ture. Leaves mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed.
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INGLANDACEÆE-WALNUT FAMILY.
37. Juglans cinerea, I. Butternut. White Walnut. Lake Erie.
Southern New Brunswick, valley of Saint Lawrence, Ontario and south- thern Michigan to northern Minnesota and central Iowa ; south to Delaware, and along Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and southern Kansas. A tree IS to 244 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woodlands ; rare at the south ; most common and reaching greatest development in Ohio river basin. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beauti- ful polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color, bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc. The inner bark, especially of root, is employed as a mild cathartic, and furnishes a yellow dye. Leaflets five to eight pairs, oblong- lanceolate, pointed, rounded at base, downy, especially beneath ; fruit oblong, pointed.
3S. Juglans nigra, I. Black Walnut. Lake Erie.
Western Massachusetts, along southern shores of Lake Erie through south- ern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, sonth to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, often 30 to 45 metres in height, with trunk 1.8o to 3 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hillsides ; most common and reaching greatest development on western slopes of southern Alleghany mountains and rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and Indian Territory ; less common east of Alleghany mountains ; now everywhere scarce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous large regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerons, thin, not conspicuous ; color, rich dark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter; more used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun-stocks, than any other North American tree. Leaflets seven to eleven pairs, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at base, smooth above, lower surface downy ; fruit spherical. 39. Carya alba, Nutt. Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-bark Hickory. Hanover.
Valley of Saint Lawrence northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie to sonthern Michigan and southeastern Minnesota, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, west to eastern Kansas, Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich hillsides and sandy ridges ; common, and reaching greatest development west of the Alle- ghany mountains ; varying greatly in size and shape of fruit. Wood heavy,
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HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact, flexible ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown, the thin and more valuable sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in agricultural implements, carriages, axe-handles, baskets, etc. The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce. Bark of trunk shaggy in rough strips or plates, leaflets five to seven, when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovate-lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed.
40. Carya porcina, Nutt. Pig Vut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-bud Hickory. Chautauqua.
Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Michigan and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and Indian Territory, south to Cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, and Nueces river, Texas. A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; dry hills and uplands ; common. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many large open ducts ; color, dark or light brown, the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used for same purposes as the shell bark hickory. Leaflets five to seven, oblong or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate; fruit pear-shape, oblong or oval, nut oblong or oval with a thick, horny shell.
41. Carya amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut. Svamp Hickory. Pomfret.
Southern Maine to Saint Lawrence river, west through Ontario, central Michigan and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and Indian Territory, south to western Florida and Trinity river, Texas. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with trunk o.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground often on dry, rich uplands. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough:, close-grained, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numer- ous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white ; largely used for hoops, ox-yokes, etc. Leaflets seven to eleven lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, narrowly six-ridged ; nut globular, white, short-pointed, thin-walled.
CUPULIFERAS-OAK FAMILY.
42. Quercus alba, I .. White Oak. Hanover.
Northern Maine, valley of Saint Lawrence, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan, south to Tampa bay, west to Missouri, Arkansas and Brazos river. A large tree, 24 to 45 metres high, trunk 1.20 to 2.40 metres in diameter, all soils, very common, reaching highest development along western slopes of the Alleghanies and the Ohio river valley, where it forms a large portion of the forest growth. Wood heavy, strong, hard, durable in contact with the
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soil ; color, brown, used in cooperage, carriage-building, cabinets, interior finish, furniture, railway ties, etc.
43. Quercus Stellata, Wang. Post Ook. Hanover.
44. Quercus rubra, Red Oak. Black Ook. Common.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and Indian Territory ; south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and Limpia mountains, western Texas. A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; very common in all soils, extending farther north than any other Atlantic oak. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and for interior finish, chairs, etc. Cup sancer-shaped or flat, leaves rather thin, turning dark red after frost, moderately pinnatifid the lobes acuminate from a broad base, with a few coarse teeth ; bark of trunk gray, smoothish.
45. Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Black Ouk. Yellow Bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yel- low Oak. Bemus Point.
Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario and southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, castern Kansas, and Indian Territory, south to western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas. A large tree, 36 to 40 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.So metres in diameter ; gen- erally on dry or gravelly uplands very common. Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarse-grained, liable to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts ; color, bright brown, tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; used in cooperage, construction, etc. The bark largely used in tanning ; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in decoctions, etc., in hemorrhage. Leaves with broad, undivided lobes, pale, turning brownish, orange or dull red in autumn, bark of trunk dark-colored and rough, thick. 46. Quercus Palustris, Du Roi. Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. Hanover.
Valley of Connecticut, Massachusetts to central New York, south to Del- aware and District of Columbia, southern Wisconsin, eastern Kansas, south- ern Arkansas, and Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 feet high, trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; low rich soil, generally along borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, very strong ; color light brown ; used for shin- gles, cooperage, construction, and clapboards.
47. Castanea vulgaris var. Americana, A. DC. Chestnut. Sheridan.
. Southern Maine to northern Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south through northern states to Delaware and southern Indiana ; along Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. Large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with trunk
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HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
I.So to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and hillsides ; common and reach- ing greatest developement on western slopes of southern Alleghanies. Wood liglit, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and wrap in drying, easily split, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in cabinet-making, . for railway ties, posts, fencing, etc. The fruit sweet and edible. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate with coarse pointed teeth, acute at base, when mature smooth and green both sides.
48. Fagus ferruginea, Ait. Becch. Common.
Nova Scotia and Restigouche river to northern shores of Lake Huron ard northern Wisconsin, south to western Florida, west to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and Trinity river, Texas. A large tree, 24 to 34 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woods, at the south sometimes on bottomlands or borders of swamps ; reaching greatest development upon the " bluff" formations of lower Mississippi basin ; very common. Wood hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, difficult to season, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous; color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark or often very light red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; midrib nearly naked, prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading.
49. Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Fairpoint.
Bay of Chaleur, valleys of Saint Lawrence and lower Ottawa rivers, northern shore of Lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through northern states and along Alleghany mountains to western Florida, through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri and Arkansas, to eastern Kansas, Indian Terri- tory and eastern Texas. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls ; reaching greatest development in southern Arkansas ; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, sus- ceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, tinged with red, or like the sap-wood, often nearly white ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply double serrate, downy beneath with 11 to 15 principal veins ; buds acute, involucre bristly-haired at base.
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