USA > New York > Chautauqua County > History of Chautauqua County, New York > Part 47
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50. Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech. Iron-wood. Common.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian bay,
=
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SYLVA.
southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota, south to Cape Mala- bar and Tampa bay, Florida, and Trinity river, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and Poteau river, Indian Territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with trunk sometimes o.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; at the north much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and reaching greatest develop- ment along western slopes of southern Alleghany mountains and in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close- grained, inclined to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; used for levers, handles of tools, etc. Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply double serrate, soon nearly smooth ; bractlets three-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut toothed on one side, acute.
BIRCH FAMILY.
51. Betula papyrifera, Marsh. Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch. Panama.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson bay; northwest to Great Bear lake and Yukon river, Alaska ; south, in Atlantic region to Long Island, New York, mountains of northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northeastern Illinois and central Minnesota ; in Pacific region south to Black Hills of Dakota, Bitter-root mountains and Flathead lake, Montana, northern Washington, and Lower Fraser river, British Columbia. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with trunk o.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woodlands and banks of streams ; very common in northern Atlantic region, and reach- ing a higher latitude than other deciduous tree. Wood light, strong, hard, toughi, very close-grained, compact, medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, tinged with red, the sapwood nearly white ; largely used in making spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc. The very tough, durable bark, easily separated into thin layers, is impervious to water, and largely used for canoes, tents, etc. Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, heart- shaped or abrupt (or, rarely, wedge-shaped) at base, smooth and green above, pale dotted, and a little hairy on the veins beneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, three to four times length of the petiole.
52. Betula lutea, Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Gray Birck. Hanover.
Newfoundland, northern shores of Gulf of Saint Lawrence to western shores of Lake Superior and Rainy lake, south through northern States to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina and Tennessee. The largest and one of the most valuable deciduous trees of northern Atlantic forests, often 21 to 29 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich wood- lands ; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly
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HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
white ; largely used for fuel, in furniture, button and tassel moulds, pill and match boxes, and for hubs of wheels. Bark yellowish or silver-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers ; leaves from three to five inches long, slightly or not at all heart-shaped and often narrowish toward the base, dull green above and usually more downy on the veins beneath.
53. Betula lenta, I .. Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch. Hanover. Newfoundland and Saguenay river, west through Ontario to Lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along Alleghany mountains to western Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Ten- nessee. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; rich woods ; very common in all northern forests. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beauti- ful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow ; now largely used in furniture and for fuel ; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick largely in ship-building. Bark of trunk dark brown, close, very sweet-aromatic, leaves ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, sharply and finely double serrate all around, when mature shining or bright green above and glabrous, except on the veins, beneath.
SALICACEÆE-WILLOW FAMILY.
54. Salix nigra, Marsh. Black Willow. Panama.
Southern New Brunswick and northern shores of Lake Huron and Supe- rior southward through Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and Caloosa river, Florida, and Guadalupe river, Texas ; Pacific region,-valleys of Sacramento river, California, and Colorado river, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with trunk rarely o.60 metre in diameter, in southern Florida reduced to a low shrub ; banks of streams; most common in basin of the Mississippi river, and reaching greatest development on the rich bot- tom-lands of the Colorado and rivers of eastern Texas; varying greatly in size and shape of leaves (vars, angustifolia, longifolia, latifolia, etc., Anders.), length and habit of aments, etc., (vars, marginata and W'rightii, Anders., Var. Wl'ardii, Bebb). Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays obscure ; color, brown, sap-wood nearly white. The tonic and astringent bark is used as a popular febrifuge, containing, in common with all the species of the genus, salicylic acid,-a powerful antipy- retic successfully used in acute cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, very long-attenuate from near the roundish or acute base to the usually curved tip, often downy when young, at length green and glabrons, except the petiole and midrib.
55. Salix amygdaloides, Anders, Willow. Chautauqua.
Shores of the great lakes (New York and Ohio), west to the Saskatche- wan, and southward through Rocky mountain region to southern New Mex-
399
SYLVA. .
ico ; banks of lower Columbia river, Oregon. A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 metres in heighth, with trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate two to four inches long, attennate cuspidate, pale or glaucous beneath, petiole long and slender, stipules minute.
56. Salix longifolia, Muhl. Sund-bar Willow'. Chautauqua.
Valley of the Connecticut and of Potomac river at Washington ; west and northwest along the great lakes to Mackenzie river, in latitude 66º N., through the Mississippi basin, Texas, Rocky mountains and Pacific Coast States. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low dense clumps ; rare cast of Alleghany moun- tains ; very common throughout the Mississippi river basin, and reaching greatest development in the valleys of Oregon and Northern California. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerons, very obscure ; color, brown, tinged with red, the sap-wood brown. Leaves linear-lanceolate two to four inches long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, more or less silky when young, at length smooth and green both sides ; stipules small, lanceolate, deciduous.
57. Populus tremuloides, Michx. Asp. Quaking Asp. Common.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson bay, northwest to Great Bear lake, mouth of Mackenzie river, and Yukon river, Alaska ; south in Atlantic region to mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Indiana and Illinois, and northern Kentucky; in Pacific region south to the Sacramento river, California, and along the Rocky mountains and interior ranges to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada. A small tree, 15 to IS metres in height, with trunk rarely exceeding o.60 metre in diameter ; very com- mon through British America, and spreading over enormous areas stripped by fire of other trees ; in the Pacific region very common upon moist moun- tain slopes and bottoms between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; the most widely distributed North America tree. Wood light, soft, not strong, close- grained, compact, not durable, containing numerous minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable ; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp ; a bitter principle in the bark causes its use as a tonic in intermittent fevers and cases of debility. Bark smooth greenish-white, leaves roundish heart- shaped with a short sharp point and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth on both sides, with downy margins on long slender petioles.
58. Populus grandidentata, Michx. Poplar. Common.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern Minnesota, south through Northern States and along Alleghany mountains
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HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for wood-pulp and occasionally used in turnery, for wooden-ware, etc. Bark smoothish, gray ; leaves roundish- ovate with large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young, densely covered with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides.
59. Populus balsamifera, I .. Balsam. Tacumahac. Balm of Gilead. Ashville.
Straits of Belle Isle to shores of Hudson bay, northwest to shores of Great Bear lake and Yukon river, Alaska, south to northern New England, central Michigan and Minnesota, the Rocky mountains and interior ranges of Mon- tana and Idaho, Washington, and British Columbia. A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with trunk 1.50 to 2. 10 metres in diameter ; very common on islands and shores of northern rivers ; in British Columbia generally con- founded with the allied P. trichocarpa, the range of the two species here still uncertain. A form with broader heart-shaped leaves, white on the under side, rare or unknown in a wild state, very common in cultivation, is var. candicans, Gray. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white. The buds, are covered with a resinous exudation, occasionally used medicinally as a substitute for turpentine and other balms. Buds with fragrant resin ; leaves ovate-lanceolate gradually tapering and pointed, finely crenate, smooth on both sides, whitish beneath.
60. Populus monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood. Necklace. Poplar. Carolina-Poplar. Big Cottomepod. Along Lake Erie.
Shores of Lake Champlain, south through western New England to western Florida, west to base of Rocky mountains of Montana, Colorado and New Mexico. A large tree, 24 to 51 metres Ingh, with trunk 1.20 to 1.40 metres in diameter ; low moist soil, the common cottonwood of the western plains. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; color, dark brown, used in paper-pulp, light packing cases, finer braids and for. fuel.
CONIFERAE-PINE FAMILY.
61. Pinus Strobus, I. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. Occasional.
Newfoundland, Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Lake Nipigon and Winnipeg river, south through northern states to Pennsylvania, southern shores of Lake Michigan ; "Starving Rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa, (very rare and local) ; and along Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A large tree, 24 to 52 metres in height, with trunk 1.20 to 3.50 metres in diameter ; sandy loam, forming extensive forests, or near the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the hardwood forests, here reaching
401
SYLVA.
greatest development ; north of latitude 47º and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much smaller, less common and valuable. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passage small, not numerous nor conspicuous ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, often slightly tinged with red, sap-wood nearly white ; more largely cut into lumber, shingles, lath, etc., than any other North American tree ; the common and most valuable build- ing material of the northern states ; used in cabinet-making, for.interior finish, in making matches, wooden-ware, and for domestic purposes. Leaves very slender, glaucous ; sterile flowers oval, cones narrow, cylindrical `nodding, often curved, seed smooth.
62. Pinus rigida, Mill. Pitch Pine. Fredonia.
New Brunswick to northern shores of Lake Ontario, south through Atlantic States to northern Georgia, extending to western slope of Alleghany mountains in West Virginia and Kentucky. A tree 12 to 24 metres in height, with trunk o.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; dry, sandy, barren soil, or less commonly in deep, cold swamps; very common. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells, broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not large ; medullary rays numerons, obscure ; color, light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yel- low or often nearly white ; used for fuel, charcoal, and occasionally cut into coarse lumber. Leaves three to five inches long, dark green from short sheaths ; cones ovoid-conical or ovate one to 312 inches long, often in clusters. 63. Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock. Common.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, valley of Saint Lawrence to lake Temiscaming, and southwest to western borders of northern Wisconsin ; south through northern states to northern Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama. A tree 21 to 33 inetres in height, with trunk 0.90 to 1.15 metres in diani- eter ; dry, rocky ridges, generally facing the north, and often forming exten- sive forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, or, less commonly, borders of swamps in deep, rich soil ; most common in the north, and reach- ing greatest individual developement in the high mountains of North Caro- lina and Tennessee. Wood light, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, difficult to work ; liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, tinged with red, or often nearly white, the sap-wood some- what darker ; largely used for coarse lumber and in construction for outside finish, railway ties, etc ; two varieties red and white, produced apparently under precisely similar conditions of growth, are recognized by lumbermen. The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the northern states
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HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
in tanning leather, and yields a fluid extract. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse (1/2 inch long,) cones oval, of few thin scales much longer that the bracts.
64. Ables balsamea, Mill. Balsam Fir. Balm-of-Gilead Fir. Cattaraugus creek.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson bay; northwest to Great Bear lake and eastern base of Rocky mountains; south through northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota, and along Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia. A tree 21 to 27 metres in height, with trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, at high eleva- tions reduced to a low prostrate shrub (-1. Hudsonica, Hort.) ; damp woods and mountain swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, com- pact, not durable ; bands of summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, often streaked with yellow, and sap-wood lighter. Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid, oleo-resin, obtained from this and other species of Abies, is used med- icinally, chiefly in treatment of catarrhal affections, and in the arts. Leaves narrowly linear ; cones cylindrical, violet colored ; the bracts obovate, ser- rulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales.
65. Tarix Americana, Michx. Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack Hackmatack. Cassadaga.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to eastern shores of Hudson bay, and northwest to valley of Mackenzie river ; south through northern states to northern Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois and Minnesota. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, trunk o.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; moist uplands or cold, wet swamps. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, compact ; color, light brown ; used for knees of vessels, ship-timbers, fence posts, telegraph poles, etc.
CHAPTER XLII.
THE BIRDS OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. BY JOHN M. EDSON."
C HAUTAUQUA county presents conditions very favorable to bird life,. and the fact has not been overlooked by the winged folk. Indeed, it is asserted that in variety of singing birds no other region of like extent excels western New York. Several years devoted largely to observing Chautauqua birds, as well as some years spent by the writer in other sections of the Union have elicited no contradiction to this statement. We will
* Mr. Edson is a native of Sinclairville, son of Hon. Obed Edson, and now a resident of Whatcom, Wash- ington. He has for many years made a special study of birds.
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BIRDS.
attempt here to present little more than a catalogue of the birds of the county, with comments as to the abundance of the various species. Some of those referred to as rare or of doubtful occurrence are mentioned because the county is within their supposed range. The nomenclature and classification of the American Ornithologists' Union are used, and an attempt is made to roughly describe birds in adult summer plumage of a number of species, which may with a little attention be readily indentified.
Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds.
The species of this and the following two orders belong to the sub-class of Aquatic Birds or Waterfowl. In this order the sexes are alike, the bill pointed and the legs placed far back.
Family PODICIPIDEE. Grebes.
Birds of this family are without tail feathers; front toes lobed, not webbed. Holboel's or the red-necked grebe and the horned grebe reach Chautangna county but are much less common than the
PIED-BILLED GREBE. Podilymbus podiceps.
Blackish brown above, silvery white beneath ; bill whitish, crossed about the middle by a black band ; length 12-15, wing about 5. This species is also known as "dipper " and " hell-diver." Common on our lakes in spring and autumn, and occasionally breeding liere.
FAMILY URINATORIDE. Loons.
It is probable that the black-throated and red-throated loons occasionally visit the county but the most familiar member of the group is the
GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. Urinator imber.
Also called loon. White beneath, otherwise chiefly black, speckled in patches with white ; length 28-36, wing 13-15. A large, handsome fowl ; a few are seen on all our lakes in spring and autumn.
Order LONGIPENNES. Long-winged Swimmers.
Family LARIDIE. Gulls and Ferns.
A number of species reach this section, the variety found on Lake Erie being considerable. The two most common are
AMERICAN HERRING GULL. Larus argentatus smithsonianus.
In adult plumage, upper parts delicate pearl-gray, beneath white ; black and white markings on wings ; head and tail white ; length 23-26, wing 16-171/2. A medium sized gull, common about lakes in spring and autumn.
BONAPARTE'S GULL. Laurus philadelphia.
Mantle pale pearl-gray, head dark plumbeous, tips of wings black, else- where pure white ; length 12-14, wing about 1014. . One of the smallest and most common of the family.
.
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HISTORY OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y.
Order ANSERES. Anserine Birds. Family ANATIDAR. Geese, Ducks and Sivans.
This family comprises all the edible waterfowl sought by gunners, as well as some not valued as food. The bill is rounded at the end, covered wholly or in part by a leathery membrane, the mandibles furnished along their meeting edges with saw-like lamellations, feet webbed. Besides the species more extendedly referred to below, the American widgeon, pin-tail, blue-bill, little blue-bill, ruddy duck, old squaw, white-winged scoter and surf scoter are not uncommon, while the red-breasted merganser, gadwall, can- vas-back, ring-necked duck, and harlequin duck appear less common. The waterfowl are, for the most part, with us only during spring and fall migra- tions and not in such numbers as formerly.
AMERICAN MERGANSER. Merganser americanus.
Also called " shelldrake," "sawbill " and " fish duck." Male, upper parts mainly black, white and gray, lower parts creamy white or salmon color, head and upper neck greenish black, with.crest ; length 25-27, wing 1012-11; bill slender, serrations of mandible tooth-like and inclined backward. Female, head and upper neck tawny brown ; upper parts chiefly ashy gray and whit- ish. Not uncommon, especially about the open water of streams during winter. Not fit for food.
HOODED MERGANSER. Lophodytes cucullatus.
Male, upper parts chiefly black with white markings, beneath white, sides light cinnamon finely waved with black, conspicuous fan-shaped crest white with black border ; length 17-19, wing 71/2-8. Female, above grayish brown, crest dull cinnamon, beneath white. A very handsome little duck, common on all our waters. Scarcely edible.
MALLARD. Anas boschas.
Male, head and neck metallic green, chest dark chestnut, separated from upper neck by a narrow white collar, beneath whitish finely undulated with dusky, upper parts brownish black and light grayish, posteriorly above and below jet black, tail feathers chiefly white, a curl of black feathers above tail, beauty-spot of wing violet ; length 20-25, wing 10-12. Female, mingled dusky and yellowish brown, lightest beneath, beauty-spot same as in male. This attractive and toothsome fowl is the one most prized by sportsmen. Perhaps our most common wild duck.
BLACK DUCK. Anas obscura.
Sexes alike. Everywhere dusky varied with buffy, lighter beneath, speculum violet ; length 21-25, wing 10:2-1112. Scarcely distinguishable from female mallard, though usually darker. Quite common wherever open water is to be found during winter.
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BIRDS.
GREEN-WINGED TRAL. Anas carolinensis.
Male, upper parts and flanks closely waved with blackish and white, under parts chiefly white, black posteriorly, head and upper neck chestnut, with glossy green band on each side uniting and blackening on nape, beauty- spot or speculum rich green, white crescent on sides just in front of wing ; length 121/2-15, wing 6-712. Female differs somewhat, especially in lead markings. This showy little duck is not uncommon.
BLUE-WINGED TEAL. Anas discors.
Male, above varying shades of brown and purplish gray, below pale chest- nut spotted with black, posteriorly black, head and neck dull plumbeous, large crescent-shaped patch of white in front of eye, lesser wing coverts sky- blue ; length 141/2-16, wing 7-71/2. Female, with head and neck different but known by wing markings. More common than the preceding. Though small a favorite with sportsmen.
WOOD DUCK. Anas sponsa.
Male, plumage strikingly variegated with boldly contrasted and brilliant .colors. Above velvety black with varying metallic hues, belly white, head richi metallic green, purple and white, chest purplish chestnut, flanks black, white and buffy delicately waved with black, broad, forked white throat patch, long drooping crest, sides of breast crossed by white and black bars, bill exquisitely colored with black, white, yellow and orange ; length 19-2012, wing 9-912. Female, head plumbeous or brownish gray, varied with white, upper parts not so dark as in male, chiest brownish. One of the gaudiest of birds. The latest duck to arrive in spring and fairly common. It frequently nests in the county.
REDHEAD. Aythya americana.
Male, head and upper half of neck, rich chestnut red, belly white, else- where black, vermiculated with white on middle back and sides. Female, grayish brown, lighter near bill ; length 17-21, wing 83-94. Common and well known.
AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE. Glancionetta clangula americana.
Male, head iridescent black, with round white patch between bill and eye, lower parts white, elsewhere pied black and white. Female, collar, wing markings and lower parts white, elsewhere brownish, grayish or dusky ; lengtli 181/2 -- 23, wing 9-91/2. Quite common ; frequently seen in midwinter.
BUFFLE-HEAD. Charitonetta albeola.
Also called " butter-ball." Male, head puffy and rich iridescent black, large white patch on back of head extending to the eyes ; lower neck, wing markings and under parts white, elsewhere black. Female, white on lower parts, head and wing markings whitish, elsewhere grayish brown; length 12 14-1312, wing about 6. Small but very pretty ; not uncommon.
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