History of Westchester county : New York, including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which have been annexed to New York City, Vol. I, Part 96

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898, ed
Publication date: 1886
Publisher: Philadelphia : L.E. Preston & Co.
Number of Pages: 1354

USA > New York > Westchester County > History of Westchester county : New York, including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which have been annexed to New York City, Vol. I > Part 96

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11 General Washington to General William Livingstm, " HEAD-QUARTERS, " NEW-YORK, 6 July, 5 o'clock, P. M., 1776;" the same to General George Clinton, " HEAD-QUARTERS, NEW YORK, 12 July, 1776 ;" the same to the "Secret Committee of the Convention of the State of New York," "HEAD- "QUARTERS, 13 July, 1776;" the same to the President of the Provincial Congress of New York, "NEW-YORK HEAD-QUARTERS, July 14, 1776 ;" and many others.

12 General Washington to Governor Trumbull, "NEW-YORK, 11 August, "1776 ;" the same to the Convention, " HEAD-QUARTERS, NEW-YORK, 12 "August, 1776 ;" etc.

13 General Washington to the Convention, " HEAD-QUARTERS, NEW-YORK, "12 August, 1776."

14 Parole of Frederic Philipse, " HARTFORD, Ange. 28, 1776 ; " Petition of Frederic Philipse, " MIDDLETOWN, 29th Novr. 1776."

13 Frederic Philipse was taken into custody by an order from General Washington, on the ninth of August, and taken from his own house, at Yonkers, to New Rochelle, "where he was closely confined, under " guard, for eleven days," when he was removed to Connecticut, and gave his Parole that he would not go beyond the limits of the Town of Middletown, which no one pretends he attempted to violate. Ile re- mained there, until he was officially permitted to go into the City of New York, also on Parole. In the trick which was subsequently played on those who had been thus favored, by ordering them to return to Con- necticut, but in such a manner that it was evident the Order would not

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HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY.

stated that all these were "apprehended only on sus- " picion,"1 and that not on the personal knowledge of the General himself, but on information conveyed to him, unquestionably, by the notorious " Committee to " detect Conspiracies," who was then sitting in the City in which Head-quarters then were,2 the same hands directed the movement which had previously directed the similar movements with which the reader is already acquainted; and the Convention was con- sistent when it thankfully acknowledged the great favor which it then enjoyed, in having received so welcome and so powerful an accession to its power for persecution, as General Washington and the Army of the Continent.3

Like the three Congressss who had preceded it, the Convention was kept busy, with matters pertaining to the Army. It authorized and superintended the enlistment of men, in the service of the State, for local purposes ; $ it attended to that of men for the reinforcement of the Continental Army ; 5 and it pro- vided for the payment of Bounties, in addition to the stipulated pay, to those who thus enlisted.6 It resorted to Drafts, in order to fill the requisitions for men, when enlistments were tardy ; 7 and where resistance was made to the Draft, force was authorized, to compel men to fill the ranks.8 It appointed Officers of both

reach them, in the distant City, Mr. Philipse was included umong the victims of somebody's official misconduct ; and, as the world knows, that unintentional failure to return to his place of confinement, in Counecti- cut, was made the ostensible reason for the confiscation of his great estate, in Westchester-county and elsewhere.

There is not the slightest evidence that Frederic Philipse was any- thing else than au honest friend of his native country; that he cver spoke or wrote or did anything whatever which could be justly cou- strued as inimical to his country or favorable to the obnoxious mneas- ures of the Ilome Government ; or that he ever purposed doing so. Ile was almost totally blind ; and that and his unusual corpulency unfitted him for the slightest personal opposition to or support of any political or military movements; while his fondness for gardening, in all its branches, to which the grounds of his Manor-houses, at Yonkers and Sleepy Ilollow, bore ample testimony, und his domestic ties, and his un- usual love of home, led him to prefer the quiet and retired life for which he was distinguished, instead of that more uctive and more pub- lic life to which, from his rank and standing and purity of character, he was so completely entitled.

1 General Washington to Governor Trumbull, "NEW-YORK, 11 August, " 1776."

2 The Convention it-elf was, then, sitting in the old Dutch Church at Harlem ; but the General's correspondence, on the subject under consid- eration, had been, undoubtedly, with the Committee, who was nearer.

See, also, General Washington to General William Livingston, "ILEAD- " QUARTERS, NEW- YORK, July 6, 1776, Five o'clock, P. M."

3 The Courention to General Washington, "Tuesday, A.M., Augt. 13, "1776."

4 Journal of the Convention, "Die Luna, 8 ho., A.M., July 22, 1776 ; " the same, " Die Martis, S ho., A.M., July 23, 1776;" the Convention to the Deputation in the Continental Congress, " HARLEM, 7 Augt., 1776 ;" etc.

G Journal of the Convention, "Friday afternoon, July 19, 1776;" the same, "Die Sabhati, 4 ho., P.M., Augt. 24, 1776 ; " the same, "Saturday "morning, September 28, 1776 ;" etc.

6 Journal of the Convention, "Die Luna, 9 ho., A. M., July 22, 1776 ;" Journal of the Committee of Safety, "AT THE HOUSE OF MR. ODELL, PHIL- "IPSE'S MANOR, Augt. 31, 1776 ;" etc.

7 Journal of the Convention, "Friday morning, July 16, 1776;" the same, "Die Luna, 9 ho., A. )I., July 22, 1776 ; " the same, " Die Mercurii, "9 ho., A.M .. July 31, 1776 ; " etc.

& Journal of the Convention, "Saturday morning. September 28, 1776."

the Militia and the troops in the field ;9 it passed on the qualifications of the Surgical Staff ; 10 and it gave em- ployment to Chaplains for the Army.11 Bargains were made with favored Officers, when they entered the service, conditioned that they should serve nowhere else than in the City of New York ; 12 and the settle- ment of disputes among Officers, concerning Rank, occupied much of its time and attention.13 It exempt- ed the Cavalry from the operations of a general Draft for men; 14 and those who were employed in furnaces for smelting iron, in forges for making bar-iron, in steel-manufactories, in the anchor forge in Orange- county, in saltworks, in paper-mills, and in powder- mills,15 as well as those in a flaxseed-mill, in Duchess- county,16 and in the workshops of a gunsmith,17 were, also, exempted from every kind of military duty.

The Militia, of course, was the sole dependence of the Convention, in every emergency ; 18 and, whether well- disposed or "disaffected" 19-it seemed to be equally

" Journal of the Convention, "Friday morning, July 16, 1776 ; " the same, "Die Sabbati 9 ho., A.M., July 27, 1776 ; " the same, " Die Sabbati, "9 ho., A. M., Angt. 17, 1776;" ctc.

10 Journal of the Convention, "Tuesday, P.M., WHITE PLAINS, July 9, " 1776 ; " the same, "Die Sabbati, 3 ho., P.M., July 27, 1776 ; " the same, "Tuesday afternoon, Augt. 20, 1776 ;" etc. 11 Journal of the Convention, " Monday morning, Augt. 26, 1776."

12 Journal of the Convention, " Die Mercurii, 4 ho., P.)1., July 31, 1776." 13 Journal of the Convention, " Tuesday, P.M., WHITE PLAINS, July 9, " 1776;" the same, "Die Luna', 9 ho., A.M., July 22, 1776-the case of "Colonel Drake against Colonel Thomas ;" the same, "Tuesday morning, "Angt. 13, 1776;" etc. 14 Journal of the Convention, " Die Mercurii, 9 ho , A.M., Augt. 7, 1776." 15 Journal of the Convention, "Die Mercurii. 9 ho., A.M., August 14, " 1776."

16 Journal of the Convention, "Monday morning, August 26, 1776." 1; Journal of the Committee of Safety, "Wednesday morning, Septr. 25, "1776."

18 The authorities are so numerous, that no attempt will be made to cite any of theu.

19 The following, in addition to what has heen already stated concerning the disaffection in the Continental Army, presents the subject, very clearly. The Militia of Westchester-county contained, of course, all who were friends of the Convention and who lived within the County ; but the number of efficient men in the entire Brigade did not exceed the strength of a single Regiment and these were so generally " disaffected, " either with the service or with the General commanding them, or with hoth, that the latter regarded his own life as in danger, among them ; and, therefore, when he was ordered to take the command of his Brigade, personally. in New York, he preferred to remain in Philadelphia, where he would he less exposed : "The situation of my Brigade I was con- "vinced was well known to the Convention," were his words. "1 ap- " prehend that not more than a Colonel's command was left in it ; and "as such did not think my presence was so absolutely necessary. 1 have " thought that the existence of such a Brigade, in which were so many "disaffected persons, was dangerous to the cause as well as to my own " life ; but heing desirous to participate in the virtuous opposition to tlie "British tyrant, 1 had determined, as soon as possible, to join General "Washington, and contribute my assistance to him." (General Lewis Morris to the Convention "PHILADELPHIA, Septr. 24, 1776.")

The reader inay learn from this how very little the Morrises were re- spected, cven among those who were under legal obligations to respect them, in and throughout Westchester-county, in the Summer of 1776.

The following will further illustrate the "disaffection " of the Militia of Westchester-county, a reasonable result of the outrages which had been officially perpetrated throughout that County, during many months preceding: "We suppose your Excellency has taken the necessary steps " to prevent their landing of any men from the ships, should they be so ' inclined, as no reliance at all can be placed on the Militia of West- "chester-couuty." (The Committee of Safety to Grueral Washington, "FISHKILL, 10th Octr., 1776.")

381

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1774-1783.

relied on, no matter what its temper might be-it was drawn into the service, while the other States were delinquent,1 until no more could be taken, for auy, except for the most temporary, purposes.2 It was called ont to guard the banks of the Hudson-river3 and those of Long Island Sound.4 Reinforcements of the Continental Army were taken from it, whenever reinforcements were called for; 5 the passes in the Highlands were constant sourecs of anxiety ; 6 and the northern borders of the State7 and Long Island 8 also enjoying its protection. Sometimes it was em- ployed to drive Cattle to places of supposed safety : 9 sometimes it was employed in repairing roads : 10 some-

1 " We can with pleasure assure you, that by far the greater part of " the levies ordered by the Congress to be raised from our Militia, are " completed, aud at their several stations ; that almost the whole of those "drafted in consequence of the enclosed Resolution, will, by the time " this reaclics you, be at posts which is thought necessary to occupy, " least the enemy should cut off the communication between the Army ut

" New York and the country." * " It gives ns great pain to in- " form you that the aid received from our sister States is very inadequate

* "to our expectations, none of them having yet completed the levies di- "rected by Congress, which leaves us reason to fear that instead of using "cvery means that human wisdom dictates for ensuring success, we shall, " with inferior numbers, on the doubtful issuc of a single battle, hazard " the glorious canse for which we have struggled." (The Convention to the Delegation of the State in the Continental Congress, "HARLEM, 7th Au- " gust, 1776, A.M.")

2 The Convention to General Washington, "FISHKILL, 10th Octr., 1776." 3The entire body of Westchester-county Militia was ordered to the month of the Croton-river, to oppose any movements, iu that County, from tho enemy's shipping, (Journal of the Convention, "Thursday morn- "ing, July 25, 1776 ; ") to which the local Company, commanded by Cap- tain Micah Townsend, was added, on the following day, (the same, " Die " Veneris, 9 ho., A. M., July 26, 1776.") The entire body of the Militia of Westchester-county was ngain called out, for the same purpose, with five days' provisions, a fortnight afterwards, (the same, "Dic Sabbati, 4 "ho., P.M., Angt. 10, 1776.") The Militia of Orange-county, below the Highlands-now Rockland-county- was ordered out for the protection of the western shore of the river, early in the Autumn, (the same, " Thursday afternoon, October 10, 1776.")

+ General Morris was instructed to guard the Sound-shore of Westches- ter-county, at the same time that be guarded the left bank of the llud- 8011. (Journal of thel'onrention, " Die Sabbati, 4 ho., P.M., Augt. 10, 1776.") See, also, Colonel Joseph Drake to the Convention, "Wednesday morn- "ing, Angt. 28, 1776;" the Convention's reply, "Thursday morning, " Angt. 29, 1776."

5 One-fourth of the entire body of the Militia of Westchester, Duch- ess, U'lster, and Orange-counties, to serve until the last day of the fol- lowing December, was ordered out for general service, in July, (Jour- nal of the Convention, " Friday morning, July 16, 1776 ; " the same, " Die "Jovis, 4 bo., P.M., Augt. 8, 1776 ;") one-fifth of the entire body of tho Militia of Albany-county, to serve for one month, and one-half of that of Kings and Queens counties, to serve until the first of September, were added to these, very soon after, (the sume, " Die Sablati, 4 ho .. P. M., " Augt. 10, 1776;") and, a few days later, the entire body of the Militia of Orange, Ulster, Westchester, and Duchess-counties was ordered to hold itself in readiness to march, at a moment's warning, with five days' provisions and as much ammmunition as possible, (Journal of the Committee of Safety. " llARLEM, Augt. 29, 1776.")

6 The entries on this subject are so very numicrons that we can pretend to cite no more than two or three of them, (Jouraal of the Convention, ' 'Friday morning, July 16, 1776 ;" the same, "Die Jovis, 4 ho., P. M., "Augt. 8, 1776 ; " etc.)

" The Conceation to the Delegation from the State, in the Continental Con- gress, " IIARLEM, 7th Angust, 1776, A.M .; " Journal of Committee of Safety, "Tuesday morning, Octor. 22, 1776 ; " etc.

& Instructions to General Woodhull-Journal of the Conreution, " Monday " morning, Angt. 26, 1776."

9 General Woodhull to the C'onrention, "JAMAICA, August 27, 1776;" etc.

10 The road from the North side of the llighlands to Kingsbridge and

times, very frequently, it was called from its homes and its necessary labors on the farms, when there was not theslightest appearance of danger, to throw up the defences on which ordinary day-laborers, then suffering from want of employment, had better been employed.

The vessels of war which the Provincial Congresses had equipped and sent to sea, were duly cared for ; 11 and it continued to give authority for the equipment of privateers.12

As the Convention was largely composed of the same persons as those who had been members of the Provincial Congresses, unto whom the exercise of des- potic power has become not only familiar but agreea- ble and, sometimes, profitable, the same range of authority which those Congresses had usurped was exercised by the Convention, without any other Laws than the promptings of their own will«, as their respective rules of action. It continued, therefore, to provide, as best it could, for the wants of the Army, by manufacturing and by purchasing and distributing among the Powder-mills, all the Saltpeter which it could secure; 13 by making or buying or bor- rowing Gunpowder, and by distributing it or giving it away ; 14 by searching for Lead, and opening Mines, and stripping Window-sashes, in Tryon and Albany- counties, and distributing it or giving it away ; 13 and it attended to the search for Sulphur and Flints and Lead, and to the testing of those discovered.16 It busied itself, also, with the details of distributing Car- tridges 17 and Gunflints.18 Like the Congresses who had preceded it, it engaged, directly, in the manufac- ture of Arms and Equipments, including that of Lances, with which somebody induced the Conven - tion to attempt to arm the Militia who had been called into the service ; 19 and it also bought Arms,

"a certain other small road which leads from the Post-road aforcsaid to "tbe dock, at Dobbs's ferry," were ordered to be repaired ; and requisi- tions on the Militia of Duchess and Westchester-counties, were wade for that particular purpose, (Journal of the Provincial Convention, "9 ho., "A.MI., Octor. 5, 1776.")

11 Journal of the Convention, "Saturday morning, September 28, 1776;" Jouraal of the Committee of Safety, " Die Luna, 9 bo., A.M., October 7, "1776 ;" the same, " Wednesday afternoon, Octor. 16, 1776;" etc. 12 Journal of the Convention, " Die Veneris, 4 ho., P. M., Augt. 2, 1776." 13 Journal of the Convention, " Die Mercurii, 9 ho., A.M., Augt. 14, " 1776;" the same, " Die Sabbati, 9 ho., A.M., Septr 14, 1776 ; " etc. 14 Journal of the Convention, "Friday morning, July 19, 1776; " Order from General Washington to John Livingston, in furor of the Couroution, "NEW YORK, July 19, 1776 ; " Journal of the Convention, " Die Sabbati, "4 ho., P.M., Augt. 10, 1776;" the ame, " Die Mercurii, 9 ho., A.M., "July 24, 1776;" etc.

16 Journal of the Committee of Safety, " Die Luha, 9 ho., A. M., Angt. 19, "1776;" Journal of the Convention, "Thursday afternoon, July 11, "1776 ; " the sone, " Thursday morning, July 18, 1776 ; " the same, " Die "Sabbati, 9 ho , A M., Octor. 5, 1776; " the same, " Die Sabbati, 9 ho., " A.M., July 27, 1776 ;" etc.

16 Journal of the Courention, "Die Jovis, 9 ho., A.M., Septr. 19, 1776." 17 Journal of the Convention, " Saturday morning, July 13, 1776."

18 Journal of the Convention, " Thursday morning, July 18, 1776 ; " the smae, " Die Sabbati, 9 ho., A.M., July 27, 1776 ;" the sarac, "Die Luua, "9 ho., A.M., Augt. 5, 1776 ; " etc.

19 Journal of the Conreutioa, " Die Mercurii, 9 ho., A. M., July 31, 1776 ;" the same, " Friday morning, August 2, 1776 ;" Journal of the Committee of Safety, " Die Mercurii, 4 ho., P. M., Sept. 4, 1776 ;" etc.

The manufacture of four thousand Lances was assigned to the Coun-

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HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY.

when it could do so,1 and, sometimes, it hired Arms, when it could not in other way procure them.2 In short, there seemed to be nothing left, in all which related to the raising, the equipment of, and the fur- nishing of supplies for, the troops, which was permit- ted to be done by any other agency; and it affords subjects for thought and inquiry, as one reads of its uninvited interference with the instructions of the Quartermaster-general of the Continental Army to his subordinates, concerning purchases of Timber and Oak-plank and old Vessels, for the obstruction of the Hudson-river ; 3 of its direct participation in the pur- chase of Lime, Brick, Oak-plank, Cordwood, Grain, and Clothing for the Continental Army, although the Quartermaster-general's officers were present and engaged in the same work ;4 and when it also found em- ployment in attending to the Cooperage of leaky Oil- casks belonging to the Continent.5

The establishment of a new form of Government

ties of Alhany, Ulster, Orange, Duchess, and Westchester, eight hundred to each ; and, in the last-named County, Stephen Ward, William Millar, and Thaddeus Crane were appointed "to procure tho proportion " of Lances affixed to their respective names." (Journal of Committee of Safety, " Die Mercurii, 4 ho., P.M., Sept. 4, 1776.") Models were made from Spears procured in New York, (the same, " Die Luna, 11 ho., A M., " Sept. 9, 1776 ; ") and, including the long handles, five shillings and six- pence was paid for those which were not steeled, and six shillings and six-pence for those which were steeled, (Journal of the Convention, "Die " Jovis, 9 ho., A.M., Octor. 3, 1776.'')

We have not niet the slightest notice of the use of those four thousand Lances, in the service or elsewhere ; and it is more than probable that they were never nsed, hy any one.

1 Journal of the Convention, " Die Mercurii, 9 ho., A.M., Aug. 21, 1776 ; " etc.

2 Journal of the Convention, " Die Mercurii, 9 ho., A.M., August 14, 1776." 3 Journal of the Convention, " Die Sabhati, 9 ho., A.M., Septr. 21, 1776." 4 Journal of the Convention, " Monday morning. September 30, 1776 ;" Journal of the Committee of Safety, "Dio Luna, 9 ho., A. M., October 7, " 1776 ;" the same, "Die Mercurii, 9 ho., A.M., Octr. 9, 1776 ; the same, " Thursday morning, Octor. 17, 1776 ; " etc.

Stephen Ward, Gilbert Strang, and Phil. Leake were appointed to pur- chase coarse woollen Cloth, Linsey-woolsey, Blankets, woollen llose, Mittens, coarse Linen, felt IIats, aud Shoes, for the soldiers, and to have the Liuen made up into Shirts, all in Westchester county ; and three hun- dred pounds-seven hundred and fifty dollars-were appropriated for that purpose. (Journal of the Committee of Safety, "Die Mercurii, 9 ho., A. M., "Octr. 9, 1776.") Although there were supplies of Grain much nearer to the Army, and vastly more exposed to the enemy's foraging parties, no Grain was purchased elsewhere than in the Livingston Manor, from which three thousand bushels of Oats, at four shillings per bushel, and four thousand bushels of old Corn and one thousand bushels of Rye, the two latter at five shillings per bushel, were drawn, at one time ; but Peter R. Livingston was President of the Convention, and Gilbert Liv. ingston and James Livingston and Philip Livingston and Robert R. Liv- ingston and James Duane and John Jay and Pierre Van Cortlandt-the last. named three having been Livingstons by their marriages-were members of that Convention; and six of them were present when the order was given. (Journal of the Convention, " Monday morning, Septem- " ber 30, 1776.")

Need there be any surprise that, with such an array of strong men in its favor, that he niore distant and less exposed Manor of Livingston should he chosen, especially since the purchasing agent of the Quarter- master-general of the Continental Army was at Fishkill, with funds to meet the drafts of Dirck Jansen, who was selected hy the Convention, to gather the grain from the farmers or from the manorial storehouses, and, also, especially since no inspection of either the quantity or the quality of what was to be thus purchased, was provided for.

5 Journal of the Committee of Safety, " Friday morning, September 27, ' ' 1776."

received the dilatory and half-hearted attention of the Convention-au abridgement of their existing des- potic authority was opposed by the Deputies who then exercised it; 6 and there was a lingering, longing de- sire, among the master-spirits of the Convention, for a reconciliation with the Mother Country and a restora- tion of the former form of Colonial Government, evidently with themselves and their friends adminis- tering it.7

The subject was introduced into the Convention, very properly, on the day after that body had approved and accepted the Declaration of Independence ; but the consideration of it was postponed, from time to time, until the first of August, when a Committee was appointed for the purpose of taking into cousid- eration and reporting a plan for instituting and fram- ing a Form of Government, together with a Bill of Rights, ascertaining and declaring the essential Rights and Privileges of "the good people of this State," as a foundation for such Form of Government, with instruc- tions to report to the Convention, on the twenty-sixth

6 As late in the year as the early days of October, the attempt of the County-clerk of Duchess-county to continue the old practice of holding a County Court for that County was formally forhidden by the Conven- tion, John Jay, James Duane, and Robert R. Livingston having been present in the Convention, 'Journal of the Convention, " Die Sabhati, 9 ho., "A.M., Octor. 5, 1776.")

7 There need be no hetter evidence of that fact, although there is an abundance, elsewhere, than in the successive orders for the issue of Bills of Credit, by the Convention. It continued to issue such Bills, in the name of the Colony, long after it had professed to accept the Declaration of Independence, by which it had ceased to be a Colony, (Journal of the Convention, " Die Mercurii, 9 ho., A.M., Augt. 7, 1776") and, suhse- quently, when a uew issue of such Bills of Credit was ordered to be printed, (Journal of the Convention, "Die Martis, 5 bo., P.M , August 13, " 1776 ") it was ordered to be printed with the insignia of the Corpora- tion of the City of New York, (Ibid ;) and the engravers of the several plates were instructed to leave a blank space where the name of the maker of the obligation should be, on those plates, in order that such name as should be subsequently found to be most useful-the Colony, the State, the City, or something else-might be inserted, with type, after the sheets should have been printed on the plate-press-conclusive evidence that the permanence of the new-formed State was regarded by even the master spirits of the Convention, as very questionable.

In the same connection, it may be well to inquire and to consider what the Earl of Coventry meant, when, in his place in the House of Lords, on the twenty-fifth of November, 1779, he said, " He lamented that a " War so fatal to Great Britain should ever have been begun, much more " that it should be continued with so much ohstinacy; and declared that, "had the Ifonse paid attention to the propositions which he, the last "Sessions, informed them he was authorized to make from two persons "of anthority and influence, in America, and which, had they heen " listened to, by Parliament, and agreed to, would have heen ratified by "Congress, we should have been, at this hour, iu peace with America." -Specch of the Earl of Coventry, in the House of Lords, in Almnon's Purlia- mentary Register, xv., 17.

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History of Westchester county : New York, including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which have been annexed to New York City, Vol. I, Part 96

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898, ed Publication date: 1886 Publisher: Philadelphia : L.E. Preston & Co. Number of Pages: 1354

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898, ed
Publication date: 1886
Publisher: Philadelphia : L.E. Preston & Co.
Number of Pages: 1354