USA > New York > Monroe County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 12
USA > New York > Allegany County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming > Part 12
USA > New York > Livingston County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 12
USA > New York > Yates County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 12
USA > New York > Ontario County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 12
USA > New York > Wyoming County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 12
USA > New York > Steuben County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 12
USA > New York > Genesee County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 12
USA > New York > Wayne County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 12
USA > New York > Orleans County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 12
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to thwart the objects of the council. Irritated by all he had heard of the machinations of the Lessees, and learning that one of their principals, John Livingston, of "Livingston Manor " was present - with the concurrence of his associates, Gov. Clinton " took the responsibility," as did Gen. Jackson at New Orleans, and ordered him in writing, to "leave in three hours," and "retire to the dis- tance of forty miles from Fort Schuyler.
After this, Governor Clinton organized a species of court, or inquest, and summoning Indians, Indian traders, runners in the interest of both State and Lessees, took affidavits of all that had transpired in procuring the long lease. It exposed a connected scheme of bribery, threats, intimidation and deception, practiced upon the Indians. Finding that the Senecas were holding back from the treaty, and that many of the head men of the Cayugas and Onondagas were absent, and learning that there was a counter gathering at Kanadesaga, messengers were sent there, who found Dr. Benton surrounded by Indians and his agents, dealing out liquor and goods, and delivering speeches, in which he assured the Indians that if they went to Fort Schuyler the Governor of New York would either cheat them out of their lands, or failing in that, would fall upon them with an armed force. Many of the Indians were undeceived, and finally induced to go to Fort Schuyler, when they had recovered from a state of beastly intoxication they had been kept in by Dr. Benton and other agents of the Lessees. Such had been the excesses into which they were betrayed, to keep them away from the treaty, that many of them, when becoming sober were sick and unable to reach Fort Schuyler ; and a Cayuga chief, Spruce Carrier, died on the road. When they were encamped at Scawyace, twelve miles east of Seneca Lake, on the eastern trail, Debartzch, a French trad r at Cashong, in the interest of the Lessees, went there, and by intimidations, the use of rum, and promises of presents, induced them to turn back.
It was not until the 8th of September that the different Nations were so far represented as to warrant the proceeding to the business of the council. Governor Clinton addressed the Onondagas, inform- ing them minutely of the positions in which the Six Nations stood in reference to their lands: that they were theirs to dispose of when they pleased, but that to protect them from frauds, the State had reserved to itself the right to purchase whenever they were
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disposed to sell. He told them that the acts of the Lessees, were the acts of "disobedient children " of the State, and that they were a " cheat," and at the same time informing them that as commis- sioners of the State, he and his associates were there prepared to. purchase. He cautioned them to keep sober, as there were stran- gers present, " who will laugh at us if while this business is in agi- tation, any of us should be found disguised." "After the business is completed," said the Governor, "we can indulge ourselves in innocent mirth and friendship together." Black Cap, in behalf of the Onondagas, replied, assuring the Governor that the Onondagas wholly disapproved of the proceedings with the Lessees, had made up their minds to sell to the State, but wanted a little farther time to talk among themselves. On the 12th, the treaty was concluded, and the deed of cession of the lands of the Onondagas, some res- ervations excepted, was executed. The consideration was $1000 in hand, and an annuity of $500 forever. After the treaty was concluded, additional provisions were distributed, presents of goods made, and congratulatory speeches interchanged. " As the business on which we had met, said the Governor, is now happily accomplish- ed, we shall cover up the council fire at this time and take a drink, and smoke our pipes together, and devote the remainder of the day to decent mirth."
It should be observed, that this council was called for the double purpose of, perpetuating friendship with the Six Nations, and pur- chasing lands. Though New York had ceded the pre-emption right to the lands of the Senecas, to Massachusetts, still. it was de- sirable that the Senecas should be present. Most of their chiefs and head men were kept away, but about eighty young Seneca warriors and women were on the ground, occupying the ruins of the old Fort. The governor addressed them, distributed among them some provisions and liquor, and desired them to go back to their nation and report all they had seen, and warn their people against having any thing to do with the Lessees. A young Seneca warrior in his reply said : - " We had to struggle hard to break through the opposition that was made to our coming down, by some of your disobedient children. We will now tell you how things really are among us. The voice of the birds,* and proud, strong
* Vague rumors, and falsehoods, were called by the Senecas, " the voice of birds."
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words uttered by some of our own people at Kanadesaga, overcome the sachems and turned them back, after they had twice promised to come down with us."
Negotiations with the Oneidas followed : - Gov. Clinton made a speech to them to the same purport of the one he had delivered to the Onondagas. This was replied to by "One-yan-ha, alias Beach Tree, commonly called the " Quarter Master," who said an answer to the speech should be made after his people had counselled to- gether. The next day, just as the council had assembled, word carne that a young warrior was found dead in Wood Creek. It was concluded after some investigation, that he had been drowned ac- cidentally, in a state of intoxication. The commissioners insisted upon going on with the treaty, but the Indians demanded a postpone- ment for funeral observances. At the burial, A-gwel-en-ton-gwas, alias, Domine Peter, or Good Peter, made a pathetic harrangue, eloquent in some of its passages. It was a temperance, but not a total abstinence discourse.
The funeral over, the business of the council was resumed. Good Peter replied to the speech of the Governor : - He reminded him of a remark made by him at Fort Herkimer in 1785, in substance, that he should not ask them for any more lands. The chief recapitula- ted in a long speech, with surprising accuracy, every point in the Governor's speech, and observed that if any thing had been omitted, it was because he had not "the advantage of the use of letters." He then made an apology, that he was fatigued, and wished to sit down and rest; and that in the meantime, according to ancient
NOTE .- The backwoods spiritual and temporal adviser, insisted that his people must abide by the resolution of their chief, which forbid any of them asking the Gov- ernor or commissioners for rum, but only to take it when it was offered and measured out to them. "We are not fit" said he, "to prescribe as to this article. Some who are great drinkers have often given in both women and children in their list, and drawn for the whole company as warriors, and thereby increased the quantity beyond all reasonable bounds. Let the Governor therefore determine, if he sees fit to give a glass in the morning, and at noon, and then at night; and if any remain after each one is served, let it be taken off the ground. This was the ancient custom at Albany in the days of our forefathers, when a great number of Indians were assembled on the hill above the city. The rum was brought there and cach one drank a glass and was satisfied. No true Indian who had the spirit of a man, was ever known at that day to run to a commissioner and demand a bottle of rum, on the ground that he was a great man, and another too, for the same reason, which is the practice now-a-days ; no such great men were known in ancient happy times."
[Good Peter's temperance exhortation, is similar to that of the Scotch divine : - "My dear hearers," said he, "it is a' well to take a drap on getting up of a mornin, a little afore dinner and supper, and a little on ganging to bed; but dinna be "dram, dram, dramming."]
.
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custom, another speaker would arise and raise the spirit of their de- ceased sachem, the Grasshopper. But before he sat down, he in- formed the Governor, that the man bearing the name of Oe-dat-segli- ta, is the first name know in their national council, and had long been publised throughout the confederacy ; that his friend, the Grass- hopper, was the counsellor for the tribe, to whom that name be- longed, and that therefore, they replaced the Grasshopper with this lad, whom you are to call Kan-y-a-dal-i-go ; presenting the young lad to the Governor and Commissioners ; and that until he arrives at an age to qualify him to transact business personally, in council, their friend, Hans Jurio, is to bear the name of O-jis-tal-a-be, alias Grasshopper, and to be counsellor for this young man and his clan, until that period.
The Governor made a speech, in which he disclaimed any desire on the part of the State to purchase their lands ; but strenuously urged upon them that the State would not tolerate the purchase or leasing by individuals. He told them that when they chose to sell the State would buy more for their good than anything else, as the State then had more land than it could occupy with people.
Good Peter followed, said the Governor's speech was excellent, and to their minds. " We comprehend every word of your speech, it is true indeed ; for we see you possessed of an extensive territo- ry, and but here and there a smoke." " But," said he, " we, too, have disorderly people in our nation ; you have a keg here, and they have their eyes upon it, and nothing can divert them from the pursuit of it. While there is any part of it left, they will have their eyes upon it and seek after it, till they die by it; and if one dies, there is another who will not be deterred by it, will still continue to seek after it. It is just so with your people. As long as any spot of our excellent land remains, they will covet it, and will never rest till they possess it." He said it would take him a long time to tell the Governor "all his thoughts and contemplations ; they were extensive ; my mind is perplexed and pained, it labors hard." In a short digression, he spoke of the Tree of Peace, and expressed his fears that, "by-and-by, some twig of this beautiful tree will be broken off. The wind seems always to blow, and shake this belov- ed tree." Before sitting down, Good Peter observed that they had all agreed to place the business of the council, on their part, in the hands of two of their people, Col. Louis and Peter Ot-se-quette,
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who would be their "mouth and their ears." * There was, also, ap- pointed, as their advisers, a committee of principal chiefs.
The negotiation went on for days ; speeches were interchanged ; propositions were made and rejected, until finally a deed of cession was agreed upon and executed by the chiefs. It conveyed all their lands, making reservations for their own residence around the Onei- da castle, or principal village, and a number of other smaller ones for their own people, and such whites as had been their interpret- ers, favorite traders, or belonged to them by adoption. The con sideration was $2,000 in money, $2,000 in clothing and other goods, $1,000 in provisions, $500 in money for the erection of a saw-mill and grist-mill on their reservation, and an annuity of "six hundred dollars in silver," for ever. Congratulatory addresses fol lowed ; the Governor making to the Oneidas a parting address, re- plete with good instruction and fatherly kindness ; the Oneidas re- plying, assuring him of the satisfaction of their people with all that had taken place; and thanking the Governor and his associate commissioners for the fairness of their speeches and their conduct. It would be difficult to find a record of diplomacy between civilized nations more replete throughout with dignity, decorum and ability, than is that of this protracted treaty.
After dispatching the Rev. Mr. Kirkland (who had been present throughout the treaty, and materially aided the commissioners ; thus making full amends for the mischief he had helped to produce in connection with the long lease,) to the Cayugas and Senecas, charged with the mission of informing them of all that had trans- pired, the Governor and his retinue set out on their return to Al- bany. The council had continued for twenty-five days.
The next meeting of the commissioners was convened at Albany, December 15, 1788. Governor Clinton read a letter from Peter Ryckman and Seth Reed, who were then residents at Kanadesaga ; Reed at the Old Castle, and Ryckman upon the Lake shore. The
* Col. Louis was a half blood, French and Oneida. He had held a commission un- der Gov. Clinton, in the Revolution. Peter Ot-se-quette, in a speech he made in the council, said that he had just returned from France, where he had been taken and edu- cated by La Fayette. He said that when he arrived in France, he "was naked, and the Marquis clad him, receiving and treating him with great kindness ;" that for a year, he was restless; and "when the light of knowledge flowed in on his mind, he felt distressed at the miserable situation of his countrymen ;" that after four years' absence, he had returned with the intention of enlightening and reforming them. - See Appendix, No. 4.
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letter was forwarded by "Mr. Lee and Mr. Noble," who had been residing for the summer at Kanadesaga. The writers say to the Governor, that the bearers of the letter will detail to him all that has transpired in their locality ; and add, that if required, they can induce the Cayugas and Senecas to attend a council. The Rev. Mr. Kirkland gave, in writing, an account of his mission. He stated that on arriving at Kanadesaga, he ascertained that to keep the Cayugas back from the treaty at Fort Schuyler, two of the principal lessees and their agents, had "kept them in a continued state of intoxication for three weeks ;" that " Dr. B. and Col. M. had between twenty and thirty riflemen in arms for twenty-four hours ; and gave out severe threats against P. Ryckman and Col. Reed, for being enemies to their party, and friends to the govern- ment, in persuading the Indians to attend the treaty at Fort Schuyler." Mr. Kirkland stated that he had been as far as Nia- gara, and seen Col. Butler ; and that at the Seneca village, on Buf- falo Creek, he had seen Shen-dy-ough-gwat-te, the "second man of influence among the Senecas ;" and Farmer's Brother, alias "Ogh-ne-wi-ge-was;" and that they had become disposed to treat with the State. Before the Board adjourned, it was agreed to ad- dress a letter to Reed and Ryckman, asking them to name a day on which they could procure the attendance of the Cayugas and Senecas, at Albany. Reed and Ryckman, on the reception of the letter, despatched James Manning Reed with an answer, saying that they would be at Albany, with the Indians, on the 23d of January ; and adding, that the lessees kept the Indians "so continu- ally intoxicated with liquor, that it is almost impossible to do any · thing with them."
It was not until the 11th of Febuary however, that Mr. Ryck- man was enabled to collect a sufficient number of Indians, and reach Albany. Several days were spent in some preliminary proceedings, and in waiting for the arrival of delegations that were on the way. On the 14th, James Bryan and Benjamin Birdsall, two of the Lessees appeared before the commissioners and delivered up the "long leases" that had occasioned so much trouble. On the 19th
NOTE .- Gov. Clinton and many of the commissioners resided in New York. As an illustration of the then slow passage down the Hudson, they resolved at Albany to charter a sloop, and thus be enabled to settle their accounts and arrange their papers on their way down the river.
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the council was opened with the Cayugas, many Senecas, Onon- dagas and Oneidas, being present. Good Peter in behalf of the Cayugas, made a speech. He said his brothers, the Cayugas and · Senecas had "requested him to be their mouth." As upon another occasion his speech abounded in some of the finest figures of speech to be found in any preserved specimens of Indian eloquence. In allusion to the conduct of the Lessees, and a long series of precedent difficulties the Indians had had with the whites, he observed : - " Let us notwithstanding, possess our minds in peace ; we can see but a small depth into the heart of man ; we can only discover what comes from his tongue." Speaking of the relations that used to exist between his people and the old colony of New York, he said, they " used to kindle a council fire, the smoke of which reached the heavens, and around which they sat and talked of peace." He said in reference to the blessings'of peace, and the settled state of things that was promised by fixing the Indians upon their Reserva- tions, under the protection of the state : - " Our little ones can now go with leisure to look for fish in the streams, and our warriors to hunt for wild beasts in the woods." Present at the council, was a considerable number of their women, whom Good Peter called "Governesses," and gave the reasons why they were there .- " The Rights of women," found in him an able advocate : - "Our ancestors considered it a great transgression to reject the counsel of the women, particularly the Governesses ; they considered them the mistresses of the soil. They said, who brings us forth ? Who cultivates our lands ? Who kindles our fires, and boils our pots, but the women ? Our women say let not the tradition of the fathers, with respect to women, be disregarded ; let them not be des- pised ; God is their maker."
Several other speeches intervening, the Governor answered the speech of Good Peter ; - He reviewed the bargain the Indians had made with the Lessees, and told them that if carried out it would be to their ruin ; explained the laws of the state, and their tendency to protect them in the enjoyment of a sufficient quantity of land for their use ; and to guard them against peculation and fraud. In re- plying to that part of Good Peter's speech in reference to the women and their rights, the venerable Governor was in a vein of gallantry, eloquently conceding the immunities that belonged to the " mothers of mankind." He told them they should have re-
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servations " large enough however prolific they might be ; even if they should increase their nation to its ancient state and num- bers." He apologised to the dusky sisterhood by saying that he " was advanced in years, unaccustomed to address their sex in pub- lic ;" and therefore they "must excuse the imperfections of his speech."
Other speeches, and days of negotiation followed. On the 25th of February, all the preliminaries being settled, the Cayugas ceded to the state all of their lands, excepting a large reservation of 100 square miles. The consideration was $500 in hand, $1,628 in June following, and an annuity of $500 for ever.
In a congratulatory address, after the treaty was concluded, Gov. Clinton recapitulated all of its terms, and observed : - " Brothers and sisters ! when you reflect that you had parted with the whole of your country, (in allusion to the long lease,) without reserving a spot to lay down, or kindle a fire on ; and that you had disposed of your lands to people whom you had no means to compel to pay what they had promised, you will be persuaded that your brothers and sisters whom you have left at home, and your and their children, will have reason to rejoice at the covenant you have now made, which not only saves you from impending ruin, but restores you to peace and security."
The three treaties, that had thus been concluded, had made the state the owners of the soil of the Military Tract, or the principal amount of territory now included in the counties of Cayuga, Onon- daga, Seneca, Tompkins, Cortland, and parts of Oswego and Wayne. Other cessions followed until the large reservations were either ceded entirely away, or reduced to their present narrow limits.
The deed of cession of the Cayugas stipulated that the state should convey to their "adopted child," Peter Ryckman, " whom they desire shall reside near them and assist them," a tract on the
NOTE. - This tract was bounded on the Lake and extended back to the old pre- emption line, embracing most of the present site of Geneva. By sale, or some after arrangement, the patent was issued to " Reed and Ryckman." It would seem by this cession that the Cayugas claimed west as far as the old pre-emption line, but their ownership, as it was afterwards shewn, did not extend west of Seneca Lake. Their ancient boundary was a line running due south from the head of Great Sodus Bay. Good Peter as the "mouth" of the Cayugas, alluding to the obligations they were under to Peter Ryckman, said they " wanted his dish made large," for they expected "to put their spoons in it when they were hungry." This probably had reference to some promises on the part of Ryckman.
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west side of Seneca Lake, which should contain sixteen thousand acres, the location being designated.
Soon after the treaty of Albany, the superintendency of Indian affairs principally devolved upon John Taylor, as the agent of the board of commissioners. Although the treaty had seemed amica- ble and satisfactory, a pretty strong faction of all three of the na- tions treated with, had kept back, and became instruments for the use of designing whites. Although the Lessees had surrendered their leases, they did not cease, through their agents and Indian traders in their interest to make trouble, by creating dissatisfaction among the Indians ; probably, with the hopes of coercing the State to grant them remuneration. Neither Brant, Red Jacket, Farmer's Brother, and in fact but few of the influential chiefs had attended the treaties. Harrassed for a long period, a bone of contention, first between the French and the English, then between the Eng- lish and colonists of New York during the Revolution, and lastly, between the State of New York and the Lessees, the Six Nations had become cut up into contending factions, and their old land marks of government and laws, the ancient well defined immuni- ties of their chiefs, obliterated. Dissatisfaction, following the trea- ties, found ready and willing promoters in the persons of the gov- ment officers of Canada, and the loyalists who had sought refuge there, during the border wars of the Revolution. When the first at- tempt was made to survey the lands, a message was received by Gov. Clinton, from some of the malcontents, threatening resistance, but an answer from the Governor, stating the consequence of such re- sistance, intimidated them. At an Indian council at Niagara, Col. Butler said the Oneidas were "a poor despicable set of Indians, who had sold all their country to the Governor of New York, and had dealt treacherously with their old friends."
When the period approached for paying the first annuity, the Onondagas through an agent, represented to Gov. Clinton, that they had "received four strings of wampum from the Senecas, for- bidding their going to Fort Stanwix to receive the money ; and in- forming them that the Governor of Quebec, wanted their lands ; Sir John, (Johnson, it is presumed,) wanted it ; Col. Butler wants the Cayuga's lands ; and the commanding officer of Fort Niagara wants the Seneca's lands." The agent in behalf of the Governor, admonished them to " keep their minds in peace," assured them of
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the Governor's protection; and told them the Lessees were the cause of all their trouble.
The Cayugas sent a message to the Governor, informing him that they were "threatened with destruction, even with total exter- mination. The voice comes from the west ; its sound is terrible ; it bespeaks our death. Our brothers the Cayugas, and Onondagas are to share the same fate." They stated that the cause of com- plaint was that they had " sold their lands without consulting the western tribes. This has awakened up their resentment to such a degree, that they determined in full council, at Buffalo creek, that we shall be deprived of our respective reserves, with our lives in the bargain. This determination of the western tribes, our Gov- ernor may depend upon. It has been communicated to the super- intendent of Indian affairs at Quebec, who as we are told, makes no objections to their wicked intentions, but rather countenances them." They appealed to the Governor to fulfill his promises of protection.
Replies were made, in which the Indians were told they should be protected. As one source of complaint was, that some Cayugas who resided at Buffalo creek, had not been paid their share of the purchase money. The Governor advised that they should make a fair distribution ; and warned them against the Lessees, and all other malign influences.
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