USA > New York > Monroe County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 26
USA > New York > Allegany County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming > Part 26
USA > New York > Livingston County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 26
USA > New York > Yates County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 26
USA > New York > Ontario County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 26
USA > New York > Wyoming County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 26
USA > New York > Steuben County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 26
USA > New York > Genesee County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 26
USA > New York > Wayne County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 26
USA > New York > Orleans County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 26
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In a letter from Mr. Morris to Mr. Colquhoun, dated in June, 1791, he gives a general statement of wild lands in the United States, then in market. Speaking of his own operations he says, he has 50,000 acres in Otsego county, that he had bought of the State of New York; and he mentions that the State of New York has yet
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600,000 acres, but he knows of a " company who intend to buy it. The State asks four shillings per acre, and want cash down, the ap- plicants want credit, and a lower price, and as yet the land remains unsold. On the Mohawk river, lands are worth from £5 to £15 per acre, New England currency." He mentions " that in company with Governeur Morris," (who was then in Europe, endeavoring to . sell lands,) " and his brother-in-law, I have a 190 thousand acres on the river St. Lawrence." " In Pennsylvania the lands belonging to the State are reduced by sales and settlement to an inconsiderable quantity." "The vacant lands in Virginia, from a vicious practice in the land office, and a more vicious practice of the surveyors, are rendered so precarious in title, that people are afraid to buy them, and therefore they are offered at 6d per acre, and no buyers." " Lands west of the Ohio are now out of the question, until the In- dian war is over; they are also too remote from any market." " Lands in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia may be cheap, but the climate is too warm for rapid settlement."
CHARLES WILLIAMSON.
As soon as the London Associates had completed their purchase of Mr. Franklin, the agent of Mr. Morris, they entered upon measures for the sale and settlement of what they had acquired. Sir Wm. Pultney, in the earliest years, was in a great measure a silent partner; the concerns of the Genesee lands seem to have devolved principally upon Mr. Colquhoun. He devoted himself earnestly to the work; availed himself of all the information he could acquire ; projected improvements ; and made himself, by an active correspondence with Mr. Morris and others, in this country, familiar with this region. He was ambitious to make it a lucrative operation for himself and associates, and at the same time to make himself and them the founders of prosperous settlements. His correspondence are perfect specimens of method, and high business
NOTE .- Almost simultaneously with the sale to the English Association, Mr. Morris had purchased of Massachusetts what Messrs. Phelps & Gorham had relinquished, and what afterwards constituted the Holland purchase and " Morris' reserve." His interest. therefore, in this region, did not cease with his sale to Sir Win. Pultucy and associates
16
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qualifications ; exhibit great foresight and prudence ; and touching the interest of those upon whom was to devolve the hard task of subduing the wilderness, there is blended in all of it a spirit of phi- lanthropy, and fair and honest dealing, which would well justify much that has been said of him on the tablet that has been raised to his memory in Canandaigua. And with nothing to judge from but his business letters, instructions to agents, &c., it is impossible to form any other conclusion with regard to Sir Wm. Pultney, but such as are creditable to him, as one whose capital had made his own interests and those of new settlers, mutual.
And here, with a knowledge that the author has acquired by a perusal of masses of correspondence that have passed between the foreign land holders of most of all Western New York and their agents - letters written in all the confidence that would accrue from such a relation -he is constrained to remark, that the country could hardly have fallen into better hands. Both the English and the Dutch companies, under whose auspices, as proprietors, three fourths of the whole country west of Seneca Lake was settled, were composed of capitalists who made investments of large amounts of money, in the infancy of this republic, when its stabil- ity was by no means a settled point ; and they were satisfied with reasonable returns for their vast outlays ; and patient under the de- lays of payment, as all must concede. With reference to both companies, in all their correspondence with their agents, no wish or indication escapes them of a disposition to have the new settlers oppressed, or to have their business conducted in any other than a fair, honest, and liberal manner. If any wrong policy was pursued it was a fixing of too high prices upon land, and in that matter they generally were guided by the advice of their agents; but long, in many instances, almost interminable credits were given ; and that enabled men to possess, and finally pay for land, who could not have done so, if payment at a very low rate had been demanded in hand. There is not in the history of the world a better example of the advantages of credit than is furnished in the settlement of all this region. It has conferred homes and competence upon tens of thousands who would not have had them it pay down had been the order of early days. There was no considerable class of actual settlers when most of the Genesee country was brought into market that could pay down even twenty five cents per acre. The
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present system of selling the wild lands of the United States would not have answered for that day, for there is now twenty settlers who are able to pay before working it out of the soil, where there was one then.
The Association, as a first step after purchase, looked for an agent to manage it. The choice fell upon Charles Williamson; one who was destined to have his name prominently and honorably identified with all the earliest history of settlement and progress in Western New York.
Mr. Williamson was a native of Balgray, in the county of Dum- fries, Scotland. His father, Alexander Williamson, was the Secre- tary of the Earl of Hopeton. At the commencement of the Revo- lution, he held a captain's commission in the British service, and was ordered to this country with his regiment, though as it hap- pened without any service. The ship in which he sailed, when nearing our coast, was captured by a French privateer, carried into Newburyport, and transferred to the depot at Boston, where he re- mained a prisoner until the close of the war, was married and re- turned to Scotland. He improved his stay in the country, by col- lecting much information, and left it with high expectations in re- ference to its destinies, which were fully confirmed by the success- ful termination of the war of the Revolution. After making the tour of the eastern continent, he returned to London, just about the period when the attention of capitalists in Europe was drawn toward the wild lands of the United States; his opinion and infor- mation was much sought after. IIis intelligence, and fine social qualities attracted the attention of Mr. Pitt, and Mr. Colquhoun, then sheriff of Westminster, and with them he became very inti- mate, which was only ended by the death of the parties. Mr. Williamson had a strong desire to return to this country, which was gratified by his appointment as agent of what was at first called " The. Association, " and afterwards the Pultney Estate. Leaving London, he repaired to Scotland, and after arranging his affairs there, sailed for this country, accompanied by his family, and two well educated and intelligent Scotchmen, John Johnstone and Charles Cameron, who came out as his assistants. After a long voyage, the party arrived at Norfolk, and going to Baltimore, Mr. Williamson provided quarters for his family for the winter. From this city he wrote to his principals that all things looked well in the new coun-
1
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try ; that the city was so full of newly arrived emigrants that he found it difficult to get accommodations. Preceding his companions, he went to Philadelphia, made the acquaintance of Mr. Morris, and availed himself of his knowledge of the Genesee country, and his remaining interest in it, in projecting some improvements, the open- ing of a direct road to the purchase, and a general plan of commen- cing the settlements ; at the same time, after having become natural- ized he took from Mr. Morris deeds in his own name, his principals being aliens and non-residents. In a letter to Mr. Colquhoun from Baltimore, Mr. Williamson had foreshadowed some of his ideas of what should be done. He states that he had just met with a gentle- man who had " traversed the Genesee lands in several directions ;" and his account corresponded with their most favorable anticipa- tions : - " He declares that even the worst are superior to any he ever saw." Mr. Williamson adds : - " These disinterested ac- counts, from different people, put the quality of the land in the fairest view. The next object then is to take some liberal and decisive steps to bring them to their value. Want of communications is the great draw back on back settlements distant from the rivers that run into the Atlantic. Remove this difficulty and there can be no doubt that the gentlemen of the Association will reap an advan- tage fifty times their outlay ; and come to their purpose many years sooner. Nothing will draw the attention of the people of America more readily than the idea of their settling under the protection of an association who will take every means to render their farms con- venient and profitable." In the same letter he proposes a plan for advancing £10 to " poor settlers to induce them to settle down on the worst part of the tract where wealthier people might hesitate to make a beginning ..
Mr. Williamson spent the most of the winter of 1791, '2, with his party in Northumberland. Penn. In February, however, he made a flying visit to the Genesee country, going around via New York and Albany. He writes to Mr. Colquhoun that he passed through "an uninhabited wilderness of more than 100 miles before reaching Geneva, which consisted of a few straggling huts." " There is not a road within one hundred miles of the Genesee country, that will admit of any sort of conveyance, otherwise than on horseback, or on a sled, when the ground is covered with snow." " The price of land has, in a few instances, exceeded 2s. per acre ;
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some few farms of first-rate quality have been sold on a credit for 4s. per acre." Returning to Baltimore, he decided upon opening a communication with the Genesee country from the southward. It was from that direction he expected his principal emigration ; and he looked to the Susquehannah and its branches, and Chesapeake Bay, as the prospective avenues of trade from all this region ; and to Baltimore as its great emporium. To the eastward from the Genesee country, every thing had a discouraging look -- a woods road through the wide wilderness that separated the region from the old settlement on the Mohawk, which when improved, would furnish but a long and expensive land carriage ; and the imperfect and expensive water communication afforded by the Mohawk, Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, Oswego, and Seneca Rivers, afforded the best prospects that existed in that direction. Taking care to excite a good deal of interest in Baltimore, by holding out the fine prospects for trade with the Genesee country, he returned to North- umberland and organized a party of road surveyors. Proceeding via Loyalsock, the party went up the Lycoming to the "house of one Kyle," who was then the farthest advanced settler .--- Sending out the hunters to explore ahead, and return and re- port, the party by slow progress, camping and breaking up their camps, proceeded until they had located a road from what was then " Ross Farm," now Williamsport, to the mouth of the Canascraga Creek, on the Genesee river, a distance of about one hundred and fifty miles. * Application was made to the State of Pennsylvania for assistance to open the road ; but little more was obtained than authority to build it through that State. Measures were immediately commenced for opening the road. Before it could be opened, a ship with merchant's goods that Mr. Colquhoun had consigned to Mr. Williamson, arrived at Baltimore. The con- signee informed the consigner that there was no other way to get them to the Genesee country, but by "pack horses and Indian paths, except in freshets ;" but finally concluded to sell off the heavy goods at Baltimore, and send on the lighter ones via New York and Albany. Before the close of 1792, Mr. Williamson had deter-
.
* The route of this primitive road, was via Blossburgh, then called " Peter's Camp," (from the name of a Gerinan whom Mr. Williamson established there, with a depot of provisions ;) thence down the Tioga to Painted Post; up the Canisteo to Hornels- ville; then to Dansville, and down the Canascraga to Genesee river.
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mined upon commencing his first settlement at the termination of his road on the Genesee river, and in pursuance of that decision, had laid out a village, which he called Williamsburg, ploughed 80 acres of flats, and built a long row of dwellings.
The dwellings and ploughed ground were intended for the use of a German colony. As " Williamsburg" and " the Germans," formed a distinct feature of all this region, in an early day, some account of them, their advent, and after hegira, must be given here. It was an untoward commencement of settlement, or rather, of European colonization in the Genesee country.
Soon after the Association had sent out Mr. Williamson, there appeared in London an itinerant picture merchant from Germany, by the name of Berezy. With a good deal of tact and gentlemanly address, he had won the confidence of Mr. Colquhoun, and prevail- ed upon him to let him head an expedition which contemplated the bringing to this country a colony of poor, industrious Saxons -- colonizing them, and holding them here as redemptionists .* In- stead of following his instructions, he went to the city of Ham- burgh and picked up idlers, indifferent mechanics, broken down gamblers and players,-in fact, just about the worst materials that were ever collected for the practical uses of a new settlement.t They consisted of about seventy families. From their very start, they began to be the source of enormous expense. Arriving at London, they were, after a great deal of trouble, put on board two chartered vessels and consigned to Robert Morris. They finally arrived at Northumberland just about the time that Mr. Williamson commenced opening the road. Axes, spades and hoes were provi- ded for them, and they set to work : and bad work enough they made of it. They had to be first taught the use of their tools, and were far from learning easily. An old gentleman who came over the road in an early day, says the trees looked as if they had been "gnawed down by beavers." Their labor, however, made the road
NOTE .- On arriving at Genesee river, Mr. Williamson found that T. 8, R. 7, now Groveland, had been sold to an agent of a Society of Menonists, in Pennsylvania, by Phelps and Gorham. He purchased the townships of the agent, paying the then high price of one dollar per acre.
* Persons held to service to pay all expenses attending their emigration and settle- ment.
t They were, says the French Duke Liancourt, " of the crowd of foreigners, whom poverty, idleness, and necessities of every kind, induce to resort to Hamburgh with a view to emigration."
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principally, to where Blossburgh now is. They were then taken down to Painted Post, and remained there until the spring of '93, when they were located at the home provided for them at Williams- burg. Each family had a house and fifty acres of land appro- priated to its use ; necessary farming tools ; a stock of provisions ; and there were distributed among the whole, 27 yoke of oxen, 40 cows, 80 hogs, 300 sheep. Even their household utensils were provided them. Beside all this, they had their minister and physician.
The city training, and idle habits of the expensive colonists, soon began to be exhibited. They were both idle and improvident, the women made as bad use of the provisions that had been furnished, as the men of the farming implements that were put into their hands. An eye witness informed the author, that they fried their pork and then threw it away, supposing the grease only intended for use ; and he gave other similar specimens of their domestic econo- my. The whole fiddled and danced, and drank whiskey ; even the minister proved a bad specimen of his cloth. It soon turned out that most of them had been deceived. Berezy to swell his num- bers, and gratify his ambition to be the head of a colony, had prom- ised them fine times in America ; had assured them that his patrons being rich, they should want for nothing, and as they were to be the founders of a city, they could each choose such employment as was best suited to their tastes and habits. That they were to dig and delve in the dirty earth, was not in the bond, according to their understanding.
Mr. Williamson soon became convinced, that he had at least one bad job upon his hands, as the founder of new settlements. One stock of provisions was consumed, and another had to be supplied ; the fallows that had been provided for them, lay undisturbed ; the sheep and hogs that were intended as breeders, and the cows that were intended to furnish milk - all obtained at great expense and trouble -one after another disappeared, and were found upon the shambles ; the city appetites of the hopeful colonists craving occa- sional alternations between salted and fresh provisions. The very seeds that Mr. Williamson provided, instead of going into the ground, went into the pot. And what was worse perhaps than all, Berezy, by indulgence and other artful management, had obtain- ed complete control of the colonists, and set himself above Mr.
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Williamson, claiming to have brought his authority directly from head quarters in London. A store had been established at Wil- liamsburg, which was under the care of Mr. John Johnstone, and Berezy and the Germans had used its goods and provisions lavishly ; and besides, Berezy had contracted debts for supplies, especially with the Messrs. Wadsworths, assuming that he was acting for the Association, and not under the authority of Mr. Williamson.
After having humored the whole matter, until some decisive measures became 'necessary, Mr. Williamson visited his refractory colony, taking with him from Canandaigua, his friend Thomas Morris, determined to have some reform. He had a house at Williams- burg, then occupied by James Miller, where he kept a desk contain- ing all his papers that had reference to that locality ; and there he and his friend took up their quarters .* Sending for Berezy he had an interview with him, which ended by displacing him as an agent, and forbidding him to exercise any authority over the Germans. Calling the Germans together, he informed them of their new rela- tions, and proposed measures of further assistance to them, condi- tioned upon their going to work, and trying to help themselves. At first they were disposed to listen to his proposals, but the superior influence of Berezy soon prevailed, and riot and mutiny succeeded.
Sunday intervened, and Mr. Williamson says, "Berczy and the minister were all day pow-wowing in every house in the settlement." Monday came, and Mr. Williamson found the quarters of himself and friends besieged. The Germans had collected in a body, and under the influence of Berezy were making extravagant demands as the terms of peace, and a continuance in the colony. Mr. Wil- liamson retreated into the house with his friends Morris, Johnstone, and several others, in all, a force vastly inferior to the refractory colonists. " Driven into a corner between two writing desks" says Mr. Williamson, " I had luckily some of my own people near me, who were able to keep the most savage and daring of the Germans off, though the cry was to lay hold of me. Nothing could equal my situation, but some of the Parisian scenes. For an hour and a half I was in this situation, every instant expecting to be torn to pieces." Berezy finding the storm he had raised, raging too vio-
* The reader should understand that Williamsburg, the site of this early German colony, is what has since been known as the "Hermitage; " the present farm and res- idence of the Hon. Charles H. Carroll.
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lently, quelled it ; but rapine took the place of personal assault. The cattle upon the premises were driven off, or killed to furnish a feast for a general carousal. The mutiny and plunder lasted for several days ; there being no authority or superior force to quell it. At one time, the physician of the colony, who had taken sides with Mr. Williamson became the object of the fiercest resentment. He was seized, and in attempting to rescue him, Messrs. Morris and Johnstone were assaulted and their lives placed in jeopardy ; but finally made their escape.
Present in all the affray was Mr. Richard Cuyler, then acting as Mr. Williamson's clerk. He was dispatched to Albany with a requisition upon Gov. George Clinton, for a force sufficient to quell the riot and apprehend the rioters. Berezy with a few of the Ger- mans, departed for Philadelphia, for the double purpose of escaping arrest and enlisting Mr. Robert Morris on their side. Gov. Clinton issued an order to Judah Colt, who had been appointed Sheriff of the new county of Ontario, commanding him to summon a posse for the arrest of the rioters. A posse equal in numbers with the German colonists was no easy matter at that early period of settle- ment. But fortunately some boat crews and new settlers, had just arrived at Bath. They made a forced night march through the woods, and joined by others, succeeded in arresting those who had been foremost in the riot. They were taken to Canandaigua and light fines imposed ; the principal object being the assertion of the supremacy of the laws. Unable to pay the fines, they were hired out to new settlers in Canandaigua and the vicinity, to earn the money. Their defence, was some of the earliest practice of the late Gen. Vincent Matthews.
Berezy, going from Philadelphia to New York, put the Germans and himself under the auspices of a German benevolent association, who had made arrangements with Gov. Simcoe, for settling emi- grants at what is now Toronto, and in the townships of Markham. They went down and encamped at the mouth of the Genesee river, and were temporarily the early neighbors of Wmn. Hencher. When the boats came from Canada to take them away, a boatman was drowned in the river. His was the first death and funeral, after settlement commenced, in all of what is now Monroe county.
Another formidable attempt at colonization from Europe, did not progress so far, or rather took another direction. Donald Stewart,
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an enterprising Scotchman, of " Achnaun by Appin, in Argyleshire," soon after the purchase of the Association, had organized a colony in his neighborhood, the destination of which was Cumberland, N. Carolina. He received a proposition from Mr. Colquhoun too late to change their direction, the colonists having embarked and sailed. But following them soon, Mr. Stewart came to explore the Genesee country, with the intention, if suited with it, to bring his colony here. He spent several weeks traveling on horseback, with Mr. Williamson, got a small specimen of the ague and fever; the new country in its primitive roughness, had to him a forbidding look ; he turned his back upon it rather in ill humor .* There were many other schemes of the proprietors in London, and Mr. Williamson, to colonize this region, none of which succeeded, except that of the persevering, and finally eminently successful one, at Caledonia Springs. And here it may well be observed, that in reference gen- erally to founding new settlements in the United States, the Associ- ates in London, and their agent here, had many impracticable views at first, of which they became finally convinced, by a pretty ex- pensive experience.
The getting the Northumberland road through ; the commence- ment of a settlement at Williamsburg, and the building of a saw mill on the Canaseraga creek, near the present town of Ossian, oc- cupied the business season of 1792. Mr. Williamson himself hav- ing settled his family at Northumberland, was upon the move ; visited New York, Baltimore; travelled in the interior of Mary- land and Pennsylvania, beating up for emigrants; and explored pretty thoroughly the whole region over which his agency extended. In the spring of 1793, operations were commenced at Bath.t
* A good anecdote came of it however, which it is said had something to do with his dislike of the country. Threading the forest on horseback, Mr. Williamson and his companion were attracted by the noise of falling water. Approaching it, the water gushing from the rock, and falling over a precipice, the bed of the stream, the rocks and banks covered with sulphur, riveted their attention. It was a feast for the eyes, but not exactly agreeable to their smell. After gazing for a few minutes, Mr. William- son broke the silence by observing, that they had found just the place for a Highland colony. The reader will observe, as the keenly sensitive Highlander did, that the harmless joke had reference to a certain cutaneous infirmity. It came too from a Lowlander, and touched a tender cord; ealled up reminiscences of ancient feuds in their native land; was resented; and is said to be one of the reasons why a large Highland colony, was not early introduced into this region. The reader will have surmized, that the party were viewing Clifton Springs.
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