USA > New York > Monroe County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 3
USA > New York > Allegany County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming > Part 3
USA > New York > Livingston County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 3
USA > New York > Yates County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 3
USA > New York > Ontario County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 3
USA > New York > Wyoming County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 3
USA > New York > Steuben County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 3
USA > New York > Genesee County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 3
USA > New York > Wayne County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 3
USA > New York > Orleans County > History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve; embracing the counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne and Allegany, and parts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. To which is added, a Supplement, or Extension of the pioneer history of Monroe county > Part 3
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Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67
In 1658, Viscount d'Arguson succeeded M. de Lauson. The commencement of his administration was signalized by a massacre of French allies, the Algonquins, under the very walls and guns of Quebec. A reverse, however - a defeat of a band of Mohawks at Three Rivers, was followed by a suspension of hostilities which was industriously improved by the French in extending their mis- sion and trading stations. But the Iroquois were soon again upon their war-paths, giving the French colony but little repose. At a period when the colonists were desponding. and almost upon the point of abandoning the whole ground, and retiring to France. d'Arguson renewed a treaty with the Iroquois, and an exchange of prisoners.
In 1662, a new Governor came out - the Baron d'Avagour - and the French garrision was reinforced by an importation of 400 soldiers. A Bishop of Quebec had now been appointed -M. de Monts. He found all spiritual and temporal efforts likely to be paralized by the sale of spirituous liquors to the Indians, and the colonists, that d'Avagour had allowed. The Bishop hastened to France, represented the evil to the King, and came back with a new Governor, M. d'Mesy, who had orders to stop the destructive traffic. t The new Governor proved a tyrant, thwarted the mis- sionaries, fell into a general disrepute, and was soon recalled.
* Conquest of Canada.
t This was probably the first temperance movement by other than " moral suasion." on this continent. The Catholic missionaries were from the first, however, each a Fa- ther Matthew.
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In 1663, the company of Associates relinquished all their rights in New France, which were transferred to the West India Compa- ny. In this year, all that is now the Canadas, Western and Central New York, was visited by a tremendous earthquake. *
M. de Tracy came out as Governor under the West India Com- pany in 1665, bringing with him a recruit of soldiers, and soon, with the aid of Indian allies, intimidated the Iroquois. A large number of families, artisans and laborers, were added to the colony, and forts were built at the mouth of the Richlieu. In December, the Senecas, Cayugas, and Onondagas, sent deputations sueing for peace and an exchange of prisoners, which was readily agreed up- on. The Mohawks and Oneidas still holding out, after sending out an expedition against them that principally failed, M. de Tracy, at the head of 1200 French soldiers and 600 Indian allies, encounter- ed all the vicissitudes of a long march through the wilderness ; in which his army suffered for the want of food, and were only saved from starvation by subsisting upon chestnuts. Arriving at the villages of the Mohawks, he found them principally deserted. The finale of the formidable expedition was the burning of the Mohawk cabins, and the killing of a few old men and women.t Little of glory, and much of suffering, loss and disgrace, were the fruits of the expedition. M. de Tracy returned to France, and the government devolved on M. de Courcelles.
Peace with the Iroquois ensued, and a brief season was allowed for the progress of settlement and the promotion of agriculture. The administration of M. de Courcelles was vigorous and well con- ducted. Learning that the Iroquois were endeavoring to persuade the Western Indians to trade with the English, he menaced them with a formidable attack ; to make amends for murders of Iroquois by Frenchmen, he had led out and executed, the offenders, in view of those whose friends had been the victims ; and by other acts of
* [See Appendix, No. 1.] There are strong evidences throughout all this region, of some great convulsion of the earth, as recently as within the last two centuries. There are fissures in our rocks, extensive forests with timber growths of less than two centuries ; mounds and indentations of earth, as if whole forests had suddenly been uprooted ; immense sections of rock and earth detached from their primitive locations upon hill sides, and the banks of our streams; shall we not say that all this dates from 1663 ? Some portions of the account would seem exaggerated ; but in all mat- ters of fact, the Jesuit Relations are accredited by historians.
t The French found corn enough buried in pits to have supplied the Mohawks for two years.
+
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conciliation, preserved peace. A war broke out between the Iroquois and Ottawas, and he interfered and made peace.
About this period, the small pox, always a most frightful scourge with the Indian race,* broke out among all the allies of the French upon the St. Lawrence and the interior of Canada. In some instan- ces, whole tribes were exterminated ; the victims were enumerated by thousands ; in one village near Quebec, they amounted to fifteen hundred.
Near the close of M. de Courcelles administration, in 1671, by sending an indefatigable agent to all the Indian nations around the western Lakes, a grand council was convened at the Falls of St. Mary, when the sovreignty of the King of France was acknowl- edged, and a cross, bearing his arms, was set up.
In 1671, Count Frontenac, a worthy successor of Champlain, his equal in all, and his superior in many respects ; advanced in age, but vigorous, arbitrary, in all his designs and movements ; took the reins of government in New France, and in many respects, created a new era. Following out the plans of his subordinate, M. Talon, an expe- dition was set on foot to explore the " great river," the "Mechasepe," in the dialect of the western tribes, of which but vague and inde- finite ideas had been gained of the natives. Marquette, a Jesuit Missionary, with Joliet, and other attendants, set out from St. Mary's and reaching the Miami, obtained from them two natives as guides. They struck upon the waters of Fox River, and descending them, crossed the short portage, and descended upon the waters of the Wisconsin River to its confluence with the Mississippi. Their guides having returned, the adventurous Frenchmen floated down the river in their frail canoes until they came to a village of the Illinois where they were "kindly and hospitably received." The ex- pedition, falling in with none but friendly natives, went as far down as below the mouth of the Arkansas, where, hearing that the river emptied itself into the Gulf of Mexico, instead of the Pacific, as they had fondly hoped ; and fearing that they might fall into the hands of the Spaniards; they returned ; Marquette commencing missionary
* Whenever the scourge has appeared upon this continent among the aborigines, it has swept off nearly all who were attacked. Their simple remedies succesful in other diseases, have failed them in this. This has been principally attributed to the com- plexion, or rather the texture of the skin, differing from that of our race, in a toughness that prevents the disease breaking out and expending itself upon the surface ; and sends it back to prey upon the vitals of its victims.
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labors among the Miamis, and Joliet carrying the news of their dis- coveries to Quebec. These were the first of our race that saw the upper Mississippi and its vast tributaries. The pages of general his- tory that tell of the hazardous journey ; that recounts the impressions made upon the mind of Marquette, who had a mind to appreciate all he saw in that then vast and hitherto unexplored wilderness of prairie and forest, inland seas, and wide rivers ; is one of peculiar attractions. Few historical readers will fail to peruse it. The name of a county in Illinois, and a village, perpetuates the names, and the memories of Marquette and Joliet.
ADVENTURES OF LA SALLE-THE FIRST SAIL VESSEL UPON THE UPPER LAKES.
Previous to the western advent of Marquette and Joliet, La Salle, a young Frenchman of ample fortune, after completing his educa- tion, with all the religious enthusiasm peculiar to the disciples of Loyola, mixed with a spirit of adventure then so rife in France, had crossed the ocean, pushed on beyond the farthest French settle- ments upon the St. Lawrence, and become the founder of Frontenac, now Kingston, the ownership of which was conferred upon him by his King with the rank of nobility. The grant was in fact, that of a. wide domain, with some exclusive privileges of Indian trade.
When Marquette and Joliet returned, they took Frontenac in their route, and found the young adventurer in the midst of his enterprises, drawing around him missionaries, traders, agriculturalists - the pa- troon of one of the most flourishing settlements of New France. - Listening to their accounts of the vast beautiful region they had seen, its broad Lakes, wide prairies - and with especial interest to their story of the "Great River,"-he resolved upon following up their discoveries, by a new route, and extending French domin- ion across the entire continent. Returning to France, with the information he had obtained from various sources, his earnest impor- tunities inspired the king and his minister, Colbert, with confidence, and a commission of discovery was granted him. The object, as expressed in the commission, was, " to discover the western portion of our country of New France," and the suggestion was made, that through it a passage might be found to Mexico. The expedition
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was to be at his own expense, and that of his associates ; their pros- pective remuneration, a restricted monopoly of trade with the natives.
With an Italian named Tonti, Father Hennepin, a number of mechanics and mariners, naval stores, and goods for the Indian trade, he arrived at Frontenac in the fall of 1678, and soon after a wooden canoe of ten tons, the first craft of European architecture that ever entered the Niagara River, bore a part of his company to the site of Fort Niagara. La Salle, followed soon after with a sail vessel, in which he had a stock of provisions, and materials for ship building ; crossed the Lake, coasted along its southern shore, entered the mouth of the Genesee River or the Irondequoit Bay, and visited some of the villages of the Senecas to reconcile them to his enterprise ; and on his way from the Genesee to the Niagara River, encountered a gale and lost his vessel, saving but a part of his cargo. Arrived at Niagara, he erected some rude defences, established a post, and at Lewiston erected a trading station with pallisades. Late in Janu- ary the business of ship building was commenced at the mouth of Cayuga creek, six miles above the Falls of Niagara. In mid winter, the neccessity occurring, the intrepid adventurer, on foot, made the journey to Frontenac, around the head of the Lake, returning on the ice along the northern shore, with a dog and sledge for the transpor- tation of his baggage.
It was fortunate, perhaps, that during the ship's building, the war- riors of the Senecas were principally drawn off in an expedition against some of the western enemies. Those that remained behind, hung around and watched the operations at Niagara as well as at the place of ship building. In consequence of their remonstrances, what was intended as the commencement of a Fort at Niagara, had to be abandoned, and a "habitation surrounded with pallisades" substitu- ted; and they were almost constantly annoying the ship builders. The missionary, Hennepin, by mild persuasion, and the display of the emblems of the faith he was propagating, would seem to have aided much in reconciling the natives to these strange movements they
NOTE. - It should be observed that hitherto Lake Erie had been unexplored. The route to the Upper Lakes had been via the interior Rivers and Lakes of Canada .- Why the earlier adventurers, missionaries and traders, had failed to follow up the great. body of water that they saw discharging into Lake Ontario, is left to conjecture :- The jealousy with which the Senecas had guarded their territory, and then unwilling- ness, that the French should extend their alliance with their enemies the western na- tions, affords the most reasonable explanation.
2
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were witnessing. Becoming discouraged. surrounded with dangers the ship builders were once upon the point of desertion to the English settlements upon the Hudson. but were encouraged by the pious missionary in "exhortations on holidays and Sundays after divine service." He told them that the enterprise had sole " reference to the promotion of the glory of God, and the welfare of the christian colonies." On one occasion, while the vessel was upon the stocks, a scheme. the Senecas had devised for burning it, was frustrated by the timely warning of a friendly squaw.
All these difficulties were surmounted. and when the River and Lake had become clear of ice, a vessel of sixty tons burthen, was ready for the water. It was " blessed according to our Church of Rome," and launched under the discharge of artillery. accompanied by the chaunting of the Te Deum : the Senecas looking on with amazement, declaring the ship builders to be "Ot-kons," men with " penetrating minds." Some weeks followed of preparation for the voyage: trips by water were made to Frontenac : trading parties went to the principal villages of the Senecas : and the Viagara Riv- er was explored to see how the vessel was to be got into Lake Erie. In the mean time the warriors of the Senecas returned from the westward, and their resentments were absorbed in wonder at all they saw; awe, cr fear perhaps overcame their jealousies. Invited on board the vessel and hospitably entertained, they exclaimed, " ga-nor-ron." how wonderful!
The vessel was named the " Griffin," in honor of Count Fronte- nac. whose armcrial bearing was the representation of two griffins. It was equipped with sails, masts, and every thing ready for naviga- tion, and had on board "five small cannon and two arquebuses." After all was ready several attempts were made to ascend the Via- gara, befor a wind sufficiently favorable occurred to insure success At last. with much severe labor. men being often placed on shore with tow lines to assist the sails-the vessel entered Lake Erie, and on the 7th of August. 1679, accompanied by the discharge of can- non. and the chaunting of the Te Deum, the first sall vessel was careering over its unknown expanse, groping its way with no charts to direct its course.
" He nepin, whose account is principally relied up o. speaks of the great difi aly att n ling the zetting of the vessel's eqipmer's up the . thre: maintain," at Lixi -- un He says " it took i ir men to carry the largest anch r, bat brandy being given to cheer them, the work was soon accomplished.""
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PHELPS AND GORHAMIS FUECHASE.
After a protracted voyage. the Griffin cast ancher in Green Bay, where a trade was opened with the natives and a rich cargo of furs obtained. Late in the season of navigation. it started on its return voyage to the Niagara River. encountered severe coles. and the vessel and all on board were never more heard of - their fate remain- ing a mystery .*
Hennepin describing what they saw of the shores of L kes Erie, St. Clair and Huron, and the banks of the Detroit and St. Clair Riv- ers, observes ;- Those who will have the good fortune some day to possess the beautiful and fertile lands. will be under many obligs- rations to us. who have cleared the way.
Anticipating the return of the IM-fated vessel. La Salle established a trading house at Mackinaw. and proceeding to the mouth of the St. Josephs. added to a small Missionary station, under the care of Al- Jouez, a trading house with pallisades, which he called the " Fort of the Miami." Despairing of the return of the Griffin, leaving ten men to quard the fort, with Hennepin, and two other Missionaries. Thati, and about thirty other followers. the impatient adventurer ascended the St. Joseph and descended the Kankakee to its mouth. From there he descended the Illinois to Lake Peori where he erected a firt amid the murmuring and discontent of his followers, who deemed their leader and his expedition ruined by the loss of the Griffin. Yielding temporarily to despondency. the stout hearted leader. named it Fort Creve Cœur, the "Fort of the Broken hearted."
Recovering his wonted energy. however, he set his men to sawing ship plank. dispatched Hennepin with two followers to explore the Upper Mississippi, and started himself with three companions, for Frontenac, to procure recruits, and sails and cordage for his vessel. The journey was made in the month of March and was one of peril and suffering : the route overland to the Niagara River, and from thence around the head of Lake Ontario to Frontenac. New adventurers
+ Unless the author was right in the e relasion he firmied as to its fate in a previous work. The Jesuit Missionaries c. Landed Lat i wascalled in a gde potte Er the ratives and its crew nunlen l Sash was to }}v the fo -Tu ls 5 s - : of the early settlers in Hamburg. Ene e anty. after a sucre him that had remained a lere: body of sand and gravel upin the lake shore fad where's had been des.ly embedded, an anchor. In later years, near the samespet, there has been four d several hundred pounds of iron, sach as wield seem t hare been taken from a vess.l : and rear the spot. two canren, the whole buried in the earth, and good sized forest trees Er. w. 1 7 wir them. There is no record, ? tradition. of the loss of any vessel her zhan the Griffin, at the early posted in which these rules must have been left where they were found.
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flocked to his standard, supplies were obtained, and he returned to his post upon the Illinois, which he found deserted. In his absence, it had been attacked by the natives; an aged Missionary, Father Ribourde, had been murdered, and Tonti with a few followers, had escaped, and found refuge among the Potawatomies on Lake Mi- chigan.
Returning to Green Bay, he commenced trading and establishing a friendly intercourse with the Indians ; collected his scattered fol- lowers ; built a spacious barge on the Illinois River, and in the early part of 1632, descended the Mississippi to the sea. He planted a cross upon the Gulf of Mexico, claimed the country for France, and called it Louisana.
The sequel of these daring enterprises, that have no parallel even in our day of wondrous achievements - that paved the way for the occupancy of our race in all the vast region drained by the Missis- sippi - is a long chapter of disaster, of successes and reverses, mostly remote from our local region, and belonging to the pages of general history. In all that relates to French occupancy, of the Genesee country, the borders of the western Lakes, of the valley of the 'Mis- sissippi-especially, to the adventures of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Hennepin and Tonti, hitherto the historian has had but uncer- tain guides, and but unsatisfactory, authentic details. Recent dis- coveries in Quebec, and among the archives of the Jesuits, in Rome, afford encouragement that with some future historian these de- ficiencies will be supplied. In anticipation of this, the author leaves the high souled, adventurous La Salle, upon the threshold of adven- tures, that led him over the plains of Texas, to New Mexico; that embraced, voyages to France by sea, shipwrecks, and a series of untoward events; and ended in his murder by one of his followers, on the Trinity River in Texas, on a return, overland, to Frontenac.
Well deserving was he of the eulogy bestowed upon him by our ac- complished national historian, Bancroft :- " For force of will and vast conceptions ; for various knowledge and quick adaption of his genius to untried circumstances ; for a sublime magnanimity that resigned itself to the will of Heaven, and yet triumphed over afflic- tion by energy of purpose and unfaltering hope, - he had no superior among his countrymen."
In a previous work, the author in a brief review of a somewhat more elaborate account of the expeditions of La Salle, has remark-
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ed : One hundred and thirty nine years ago, the Griffin set out upon its voyage, passed up the rapids of the Niagara, and unfurled the first sail upon the waters of the Upper Lakes.
Intrepid navigator and explorer! Iligh as were hopes and ambi- tion that could alone impel him to such an enterprise ; far seeing as he was ; could the curtain that concealed the future from his view, have been raised, his would have been the exclamation : -
" Visions of glory, spare my aching sight ;- Ye unborn ages, rush not on my soul !"
He deemed himself but adding to the nominal dominions of his King ; but opening new avenues to the commerce of his country ; founding a prior claim to increased colonial possessions. He was pioneering the way for an empire of freemen, who in process of time were to fill the valleys he traversed ; the sails of whose commerce were to whiten the vast expanse of waters upon which he was em- barking !
How often, when reflecting upon the triumphs of steam naviga- tion, do we almost wish that it were admitted by the dispensations of Providence that Fulton could be again invested with mortality, and witness the mighty achievements of his genius. Akin to this, would be the wish, that La Salle could rise from his wilderness grave in the far-off South, and look out upon the triumphs of civilization and improvement over the vast region he was the first to explore.
Ours is a country whose whole history is replete with daring en- terprises and bold adventures. Were we prone, as we should be, duly to commemorate the great events that have marked our pro- gress, here and there, in fitting localities, more monuments would be raised as tributes due to our history, and to the memory of those · who have acted a conspicuous part in it. Upon the banks of our noble river, within sight of the Falls, a shaft from our quarries would soon designate the spot where the Griffin was built and launched ; upon its base, the name of La Salle, and a brief inscription that would commemorate the pioneer advent of our vast and increasing Lake commerce.
Frontenac returned to France in consequence of disagreement with other officers of the colony, but to return again in after years. He was succeeded by M. de la Barre, who found the Iroquois dis-
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posed to lean toward the English interests upon the Hudson, and assuming again a hostile attitude toward the French. The Otta- was. who were the allies of the French, had killed a chief of the Iroquois : and from this and other causes, they were again exaspera- ted, and preparing for descents upon the French settlements. Hith- erto. the Senecas, far removed from what had been the seat of war, and almost continually waging war with those of their own race, nad participated but little in the wars with the French. Provoca- tions now began on their part, in the way of endeavoring to divert trade to the English, and in warring upon the French Indian allies : and upon one occasion. they had robbed & French trading party on their way to Illinois.
A long series of provocations were given by the Iroquois, which determined M. de la Barre to go against them with all the forces he could command. He had information that a descent was to be made upon the French settlements upon the St. Lawrence. He assemMed an army of :00 Canadian miltia, 130 regular soldiers, and 200 Indian allies, in July, 1683. While coming up the St. Lawrence, he learned that the more friendly of the Iroquois nations had prevalled upon the Senecas to listen to overtures of peace. The English had offered their mediation, with intimations that they would make common cause with the hostile nations of Iroquois, if the French Governor persevered in his warlike demonstrations. M. de la Barre crossed Lake Ontario, and quartered his army at a Bar in what is now Jefferson county, and awaited the arrival of peace deputies of the Iroquois. While there, the French army suf- fered much for wont of wholesome provisions, and they named the place " La Famine," or Hungry Bay. The Indians met them, with an Ozondiga chief, Garangula, at their head. A speech was made by the French Governor, and replied to by Garangula, in a tone of contemp: and derision, rather than of fear or submission. * He well knew that famine and disease had weakened the french force. and even tantalized them by allusion to their minortunes. De la
+ 14
1
44
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Barre, says the Baron la Hontan, who was present, "returned to his tent much enraged at what he had heard." The interview ended by a stipulation on the part of the Senecas that they would make reparation for some alleged wrongs : * and on the part of the French Governor, that he would immediately withdraw h's army. The ds- comfitted and chagrined la Barre withdrew an army made feesle by disease and hunger. ant upon reaching Montreal learned that a French force had arrived. which would have enabled hin to humble the proud warriors, and provoking orator he had tie: on the wild shores of Lake Ontario.
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