A history of Cleveland, Ohio, Volume I, Part 80

Author: Orth, Samuel Peter, 1873-1922; Clarke, S.J., publishing company
Publication date: 1910
Publisher: Chicago-Cleveland : The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co.
Number of Pages: 1262


USA > Ohio > Cuyahoga County > Cleveland > A history of Cleveland, Ohio, Volume I > Part 80


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The directory of 1837 enumerates the following: "There are four very extensive iron foundries and steam engine manufactories in this city, also three soap and candle manufactories, two breweries, one sash factory, two rope walks, one stoneware pottery, two carriage manufactories and two French burr mill- stone manufactories, all of which are in full operation."


"The flouring mill now being erected by Mr. Ford will, when finished, be the largest and most complete establishment of the kind in the state of Ohio." This was the first steam flouring mill in Cleveland. It stood on River street and was destroyed by fire a year after its completion. A few years later Younglove & Hoyt built a paper mill on the canal near Pittsburg street.


One of the earliest industries for supplying distant markets was the making of candles and potash. It assumed considerable proportions in the '40s and '50s.


In 1840 the federal census gives the following view of the manufactures in the county. As Cleveland was the leading town, we may assume that the fig- ures apply approximately to the city. There were two cast iron furnaces, pro- ducing 200 tons, consuming 1,310 tons of fuel, employing 102 men and using a capital of $130,000. The annual value of the stone product was $18,822; twenty- eight men were employed and $2,000 of capital invested. Of pot or pearl ashes, 113 tons were made during the year. The value of machinery made was $43,600; the value of hardware and cutlery $25,000, and of metals refined $31,500. In the manufacture of brick and lime $12,500 was invested; twenty-six men employed, and the value of the product $8,540. There were four woolen manufactories, with a capital of $12,400 and an annual product of $14,400, and eighteen men employed. In the thirteen tanneries twenty-one men were employed ; capital, $6,800, 845 sides of sole leather and 3,680 sides of uppers were tanned. There were manufactured I13,000 pounds of soap and 82,000 pounds of tallow candles, ten men employed and $4,000 of capital. Two distilleries produced 80,000 gallons of whiskey, and one brewery 50,000 gallons of beer. There were six flour mills, fifteen grist mills, seventy sawmills, one oil mill, and all of these combined made $183,875 worth of product and employed 104 men.


The "value of goods made at home" was given at $24,200. The county was still agricultural, its farm products were worth many times the value of its factory products.


630


HISTORY OF CLEVELAND


Here we have the picture of a town with the beginnings of iron and machine shop manufacturing, but whose principal industries were the transforming of the raw products of the farm into marketable commodities, such as soap, potash, candles, leather, woolen goods, whiskey and flour.


In 1845 there were in the city three breweries with an annual output of 117,000 gallons; four soap and candle manufactories, making 450,000 pounds of soap; and 30,000 pounds of candles; one flouring mill, grinding 36,000 barrels per year ; six iron foundries, four lard oil factories, making 25,420 gallons of oil and 89,800 pounds of stearine candles; several saleratus factories, making 300 tons per year, and a linseed oil factory producing 11,000 gallons per year. There was considerable diversity of industry ; a chair factory, rope walk, spar and block factory, millstone factory, umbrella factory, scale factory and plane factory. Slaughtering was assuming large proportions. Two thousand one hundred head of beef were slaughtered and packed for the distant market, and ten thousand sheep .*


In 1850 there were three soap and candle factories, two breweries, six carriage and wagon works, fourteen copper, tin and sheet iron shops, three saleratus works, two looking glass manufactories, two lard and oil plants, two piano forte manu- factories, five foundries and machine shops, two plane factories and one each of pump, boiler, millstone, umbrella, trunk factories, one wig maker, one gold pen manufactory, one brass foundry, one silk and wool dye works and one light- ning rod establishment.


In 1860 the federal census enumerates the principal industries in the county as follows :


Manufactures


No. of


Estabs.


Capital


Invested


Cost of Raw


Material


No. Male


& Employed


: Employed


o Cost of


Labor


Value of


Products


Agricultural implements. .


$ 28,800


$ 130,500


Boots and shoes


19


66,189


86,979


217


77,952


222,830


Brass foundries


2


6,400


18,000


I9


. .


5,376


28,000


Brick


8


12,450


10,285


88


10,710


42,650


Bridges


I


15,000


50,340


50


.


36,000


104,000


Chemicals


I


1,000


13,807


2


.


624


15,032


Clothing


27


235,000


367,892


452


506


180,000


621, 133


Cooperage


2I


16,750


12,457


66


17,820


37,431


Copper smelting Flour


2I


220,200


859,448


74


. .


24,396


1,008,126


Furniture


I3


81,400


29,278


138


4


52,692


III,500


Chairs


4


56,500


17,950


180


. .


54,840


99,000


Grindstones


6


77,000


10,900


II5


34,680


58,000


Gunpowder


I


42,000


71,500


II


5,100


80,000


Hardware


I


1,500


1,000


IO


3,600


5,000


Hosiery


I


800


1,000


2


480


2,000


Iron, bar and sheet.


3


280,000


735,000


374


153,600


1,209,500


Iron castings


5


77,800


35,150


55


20,200


74,170


Iron stoves


I


50,000


38,000


65


30,000


100,000


Iron railing


I


800


1,225


4


600


2,400


Lumber


50


108,700


66,420


167


. .


41,448


158,657


Machinery and engines.


17


151,400


142,854


274


105,696


318,947


Coal oil


I


2,000


5,000


3


1,800


8,000


Paper-printing


3


I 32,000


98,800


88


6


29,544


193,250


Sewing machines


I


7,000


1,500


IO


.


3,600


6,000


Soap and candles


9


55,500


181,683


52


. .


17,596


230,540


White lead .


2


17,500


39,630


I3


. .


4,560


50,200


Woolen goods


I


2,500


1,300


4


I


1,632


3,000


Woodenware


5 53,000


85,795


155


36,024


172,719


. .


I


10,000


252,500


15


. .


6,000


266,500


$ 19,400


$ 53,000


No. Female


. .


* "City Directory," 1845.


C. G. King


S. H. Sheldon


B. W. Jenness


James MeDermott Building stone and quarry interests


PIONEER LUMBERMEN


631


HISTORY OF CLEVELAND


This table indicates that most of the industries that have since developed into greatness had their beginning about 1860. Here, then, is the real starting point of industrial Cleveland. The older industries of making burr stones, pot and pearl ashes, of saleratus and of candle and lard oil, were yielding to the newer indus- tries that dealt with iron, oil and clothing. The town has 43,417 inhabitants. The next decade was to see it started on its way toward a great manufacturing center. Before passing to the census of 1870, it will not be out of place to briefly mention some of the leading manufactories that were organized at this period:


In 1839 Whittaker & Wells built a furnace near the pier. In 1846 M. C. Younglove set up the first power press in Cleveland in the Merchants Exchange building on Superior street, where Luetkemeyer's hardware store now stands. The manufacture of saleratus in 1850 was conducted by Charles A. Dean on St. Clair street, W. A. Otis & Company, near the hill below the light house, D. H. Lamb and A. A. Wheeler on the flats near Center street. In 1849 the gas works were built and Cleveland provided with its first illuminating gas. In 1850 Sizer's Foundry was established and continued under that name until 1866, when S. Merchant succeeded in the proprietorship. The Lake Shore foundry was in- corporated about this time, with buildings at the foot of Alabama street. The company made a specialty of car and bridge castings and water and gas pipe.


In 1852 Cleveland & Bishop began the manufacture of organs. In August, 1856, the first hydraulic press for making brick was installed in the yards of A. W. Duty, in East Cleveland. The machine had a capacity of ten bricks a minute, thirty-six thousand a day.


In 1856 began a public movement for making Cleveland an important iron cen- ter. A committee of citizens was appointed at a mass meeting called to "boom the city." The committee reported that iron was the destined industry for Cleve- land, because the ore and the fuel could meet here cheap and in abundance. A subcommittee was appointed to negotiate further and a charter was secured for a blast furnace a site donated and sixty thousand dollars subscribed.1


In 1849 Michigan granted a charter to the Cleveland Iron Co. But little busi- ness was done until in 1853 when it was reorganized under the laws of Ohio as the Cleveland Iron Mining Co. with a capital of $500,000. The officers were: J. W. Gordon, president; Samuel Mather, vice president ; and H. B. Tuttle, secretary. The ore was largely shipped to Pittsburg. In 1854, 4,000 tons were mined.


In 1852 Henry Chisholm founded the firm of Chisholm, Jones & Company, for the manufacture of railway and bar iron. Later the firm was merged into a corporation, the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, which expanded into one of the largest steel manufactories in the United States. It is of interest to know that Bessemer steel was first blown in the Newburg plant, October 15, 1868, which was some years prior to the making of Bessemer steel in Pittsburg.


In 1852 William A. Otis with J. M. Ford formed a partnership for the man- ufacture of iron castings, with a foundry on Whiskey Island. From this devel- oped the firm of Otis & Company and subsequently the Lake Erie Iron Company


1 "Daily Herald," 1856, Wol. 22, No. 48.


632


HISTORY OF CLEVELAND


and the Otis Iron & Steel Company. In 1859 Mr. Otis built the first rolling mill in the city.


In 1858 the following firms were manufacturing iron in Cleveland: Ford & Otis, furnaces; Cleveland Boiler Plate Company; Cleveland & Erie Railway Works; the Railroad Iron Mill Company; Morrill & Bowers Car Factory; Sizer Car Wheel Manufacturing Company ; Cleveland Agricultural Works ; Chapman's Foundry ; Boat Machine Shop; and the Cuyahoga Steam Furnaces.


In 1860 Thomas A. Reeve began the Novelty Iron Works, for the manu- facture of iron bridges, frogs and crossings and general machine work.


In 1861 the Lake Superior Iron Company was incorporated, S. P. Ely and H. B. Tuttle were active in its organization. The Jackson Iron Company was organ- ized the same year. It was composed largely of New York capitalists. The Cleve- land agent was Samuel H. Kimball.


In 1863 the list of new corporations increased to sixteen and from that year forward they have multiplied rapidly. Among the largest developed within the succeeding decade are the following : The Cleveland Foundry, established in 1864 by Bowler & Maher, joined later by C. A. Brayton. In 1864 Sherman, Damon & Company began the manufacture of both hot and cold pressed nuts, washers, chain links and rivets. At this time the Union Steel Screw Company was incor- porated by Amasa Stone, Jr., William Chisholm, Henry Chisholm, A. B. Stone and H. B. Payne, with a capital of $1,000,000.


In 1866 Hovey Taylor & Son began a foundry business on Central place. This developed later into the successful Taylor & Boggis Foundry. In 1868 the Cleveland Spring Company was organized, with $200,000 capital, for the manu- facture of steel springs for locomotives, cars, wagons and carriages. Among its early directors were E. H. Bourne, William Corlett, John Corlett, H. M. Knowles and S. Bourne.


The King Iron Bridge & Manufacturing Company was organized in 1871, by Zenas King, Thomas A. Reeve, A. B. Stone, Charles' E. Barnard, Charles A. Crumb, Dan P. Eells and Henry Chisholm. The business had been founded by Zenas King in 1858, when he manufactured the first iron arch and swing bridges made in this part of Ohio.


A number of small oil refineries had early located in Cleveland. In 1861 John D. Rockefeller and Henry M. Flagler formed a partnership, amalgamated many of the refineries and in 1870 expanded into the Standard Oil Company, with Cleveland as headquarters. The first directors were : John D. Rockefeller, Henry M. Flagler, Samuel Andrews, Stephen D. Harkness and William Rockefeller. The capital stock was $1,000,000 and the refineries were established in Kingsbury Run. From Cleveland this remarkable business organization has spread to every state in the Union and to every land in the world.


In 1839 E. Grasselli commenced the manufacture of chemicals in Cincinnati. In 1866 he came to Cleveland and established a plant for the manufacture of acids to be used in connection with oil refineries. These works have expanded into enormous plants located on Broadway and Independence road, with many fac- tories in other cities and other lands, under the management of Caesar A. Grasselli.


Charles A. Otis, Sr.


W. A. Otis


Thomas Jopling


William Chisholm


A, B. Stone


Henry Chisholm


Charles Hickox


Fayette Brown


James Pickands


PIONEER IRON MASTERS


633


HISTORY OF CLEVELAND


In 1870 the White Manufacturing Company was organized for making sewing machines. 2 Its incorporators were Thomas H. White, Rollin C. White, George W. Baker, Henry W. White, and D'Arcy Porter. The works were located on Canal street. Their development has been one of the features of industrial Cleve- land. The Wilson Sewing Machine Company established a factory here. Some years later the Standard Sewing Machine Company was organized and built a plant on Cedar avenue near the Cleveland & Pittsburg crossing.


The development of the iron industry would have been impossible without cheap coal. The first coal was brought to Cleveland in 1828 by Henry Newberry, father of Dr. John Newberry, by canal from the Tallmadge banks. It was novel to the villagers and they refused to buy, although a wagon load was taken from door to door and its virtues carefully explained. "No one wanted it. Wood was plenty and cheap and the neat housewives of Cleveland, especially objected to the dismal appearance and dirt creating qualities of the new fuel. Once in a while a man would take a little as a gift, but after the wagon had been driven around Cleveland all day not a single purchaser had been found. At length after nightfall Philo Scovill, who was then keeping the hotel known as the Franklin house, was per- suaded to buy somne, for which he found use by putting grates in his bar room stove. Such was the beginning of the coal business in Cleveland. The new fuel found favor for the small manufacturing and mechanical industries of the period but it was long before the matrons of Cleveland would tolerate it in private residences." 3


In 1829 "Ohio mineral coal" was offered for sale at the wood-yard of George Fisher. In 1851 "Tallmadge coal" was sold for $2.50 a ton. It was brought to Cleveland on the canal. In 1845 the Brier Hill mines were opened by David Tod, Dan P. Rhodes and C. H. Andrews. This coal was shipped on the Ohio & Pennsyl- vania canal to Akron, thence to Cleveland. The Cleveland & Mahoning Railroad offered better transportation and Mahoning coal came in abundance. In 1852 the Cleveland & Pittsburg railroad opened the coal fields of Columbiana county, the Salineville vein and "Pittsburg No. 8." In 1860 Dan P. Rhodes began the mining of coal in the Massillon district and its tonnage was brought to Cleveland by canal, until the Valley railroad was completed. Later the building of the Wheeling & Lake Erie opened the fields farther south. In 1865 Cleveland's coal receipts were 465,560 tons ; in 1884, 1,831,112 tons; in 1908, 6,581,879 tons.


1870.


The following table exhibits the leading industries in 1870 in the county (U. S. Census Reports ) :


Kind of Industry


No. of


Estab.


Hands


Employed


Capital


Wages


Value of


Material


Value of


Products


Agricultural implements.


3


115


$ 259,000


$ 66,500


$ 54,900


$ 145,500


Boots and shoes.


9


123


67,200


69,372


58,157


202,290


Brass


3


34


64,520


10,900


29,510


63,200


Brick


23


188


42,800


44,870


31,938


II3,700


Bridges


2


105


175,000


70,000


246,555


5.36,000


2 The first sewing machine shown in Cleveland was exhibited in August, 1851, at the Weddell House, where "its wonderful performance can be seen," recites the alluring notice. The exhibiter wanted to sell the rights for Ohio. It caused great wonderment but many ob- jected to the new contrivance, because it would throw many men out of work. Within a few decades the city led in the manufacturing of sewing machines.


3 Quoted by Kennedy, "History of Cleveland," p. 230.


634


HISTORY OF CLEVELAND


Clothing, men's


53


412


195,800


125,883


Clothing, women's


24


yII


15,255


13,000


Coal oil


16


200


520,000


120,759


3,611,046


Cooperage


63


606


233,700


280,769


678,001


1,051,785


Flour


13


84


744,500


44,387


1,647,015


1,903,155


Furniture


25


203


194,400


105,624


127,022


376,475


Chairs


4


98


97,000


45,500


50,000


129,500


Iron, forged and rolled.


8


578


1,190,000


390,500


1,544,265


2,290,784


Iron nails and spikes.


3


46


65,150


15,100


100,705


127,480


Iron pipe


2


32


47,500


10,500


84,749


169,000


Iron, pig


2


86


I20,000


50,000


315,200


398,000


Iron castings


12


320


808,000


232,950


614,421


1,097,000


Iron stoves


4


156


355,000


80,000


100,002


270,000


Lumber


41


189


153,400


54,000


315,500


486,212


Machinery


14


145


150,100


68,250


42,465


178,445


Machinery, R. R. repairing. .


3


960


1,225,000


482,675


514,395


997,070


Engines and boilers


II


252


159,300


141,554


173,707


406,300


Packing (meat)


5


98


205,800


53,500


1,160,435


1,261,870


Paints, lead, and zinc.


4


33


185,000


21,000


132,100


244,400


Paper


3


172


390,000


56,466


347,70I


531,175


Sewing machines


2


I38


46,000


91,800


37,790


290,000


Steel Springs Varnish


I


5


20,000


2,000


8,000


23,000


Woodenware


3


300


354,000


127,000


202,900


397,500


Woolen goods


5


124


251,000


35,000


118,512


211,100


In this decade the marvelous development of the oil industry has driven out the candle and lard oil business. A collateral business, cooperage, was developed. The iron business continued to develop faster than the others. The making of bridges, stoves, paper, woodenware and woolen goods continued to increase, while the sewing machine and paint industries grew with great rapidity. The meat cur- ing and packing business began in this decade and at once assumed important pro- portions. The making of machinery and engines on the other hand did not in- crease rapidly nor did the making of clothing, boots and shoes, agricultural imple- ments and furniture. These industries were stationary. Of the indutsries devel- oped in the decade, the following are the largest.


The packing business received its greatest stimulus with the organizing of the Cleveland Provision Company by W. G. Rose, one of Cleveland's great business men, interested who was also in all good charities. The varnish business was be- gun by Francis H. Glidden, who came to Cleveland in 1867. In 1875 he began to manufacture varnish in a small factory. Other factories followed. The paint business had its beginning when Henry A. Sherwin about 1870 formed a partner- ship with Edwin P. Williams and started a small paint factory on the banks of the canal near Seneca street. This was the beginning of a business that now has factories in many other cities and "covers the earth" with its products. The woman's clothing business began in 1874, when D. Black & Company, wholesale dry goods merchants began the manufacture of cloaks. They made a few linen dusters and a small number of evening coats. This business also has assumed an important place among the industries of Cleveland. The manufacture of tackle blocks was developed in this period. This has grown into an important industry, its products are sold all over the United States and large numbers are exported.


1880.


In 1880 the status of manufactories is indicated as follows (United States Census Reports) :


65,000


100,000


I


56


70,000


25,000


251,415 38,560


510,745 77,644 4,283,065


Peter Thatcher


William Bowler


Zenas King


R. P. Myers


David A. Dangler PIONEER MANUFACTURERS OF IRON AND MACHINERY


635


HISTORY OF CLEVELAND


Kind of Industry


No. of


Capital


Hands


& Employed


Wages


Value of


Material


p Value of


Products


Brass


37,500


83


35,200


60,000


118,140


Brick and tile.


21


89,100


278


74,914


37,169


159,450


Bridges


4


347,000


577


180,122


504,348


925,063


Cars, R. R., St. car, & rep'r.


4


144,500


216


103,925


461,000


661,000


Clothing, men's.


73


1,086,600


2,057


634,319


1,488,780


2,687,409


Drugs and chemicals.


6


563,000


207


63,400


323,875


557,500


Flour .


6


120,000


71


34,200


988,659


1,105,768


Furniture and chairs.


28


326,600


427


167,25I


183,199


470,835


Hardware and cutlery. ...


II


146,000


196


76,081


114,201


275,500


Knit goods and hosiery ...


5


27,000


200


21,960


421,000


97,550


Iron and steel ...


IO


2,839,042


2,999


1,960,237


6,491,506 -


9,435,432


Foundry and machine shop


53


1,961,038


2,539


946,877


1,786,420


3,820,685


Bolts, nuts, etc.


5


307,500


364


153,923


482,926


68,074


Iron forging


3


305,000


206


86,500


323,000


523,000


Iron railing


4


28,200


33


8,884


23,800


45,500


Architectural iron work ..


3


11,500


37


18,844


42,274


84,354


Malt liquors


23


1,286,200


330


162,325


699,666


1,249,502


Lithographing


4


100,700


157


70,600


124,100


223,000


Paints


IO


423,500


234


113,214


801,334


1,202,480


Printing and publishing. ..


12


447,000


406


192,892


4,886,771


5,427,938


Varnish


4


432,500


53


32,695


563,939


691,245


Wire work


4


118,500


105


200,500


287,000


Woodenware


3


108,500


208


52,500


158,000


232,500


Several items are lacking in this table. The development in this decade was strictly along the lines of the previous decade. The industries that developed most rapidly are iron, paint, clothing, hosiery and knit goods, lithographing and car building.


1900.


The census of 1890 does not provide adequate tables for comparison, so that the data of 1900 must next be used. This shows the following development :


Kind of Industry


No. of


Estab.


Capital


Employed


Wages


Cost of


Material


Value of


Product


Bicycle


12


$ 817,204


9 No.


$ 258,803


$ 419,917


$ 862,024


Boots and shoes


5


229,597


459


135,766


336,272


552,335


Boxes


9


403,902


361


158,961


503,845


817,592


Brass


9


117,097


168


82,432


143,863


276,647


Brass ware


3


478,519


299


199,131


217,965


654,800


Bridges


3


1,131,158


55I


331,044


1,041,898


2,416,595


Carriages and wagons.


43


481,147


497


277,066


277,971


729,292


Cars and repairs ..


7


564,01 I


1,229


663,671


513,764


1,209,947


Chemicals


6


2,156,143


370


342,423


909,722


1,729,313


Clothing, men's


118


1,815,369


1,567


600,028


1,871,254


3,410,299


Confectionery


24


432,405


549


1,063,834 182,834


669,999


1,705,31I


Electrical appliances


26


3,884,076


2,041


1,009,191


1,601,653


3,357,923 776,326


Furniture


18


968,884


479


277,218


510,50I


1,029,569


Hardware


7


1,457,340


1,709


789,77 I


483,422


1,653,347


Hosiery and knit goods


5


239,439


548


141,704


387,215


748,012


Iron and steel


15


14,616,917


7,128


4,245,557


13,490,450


24,276,197


Foundry and machine shop 127


1,688,326


9,377


5,280,926


6,698,074


15,428,053


Stoves .. .


4


1,867,307


1,198


1,053,234


1,905,391


Bolts and nuts.


7


712,045


1,355


619,685 623,233


1,555,760


2,405,856


5


655,850


128


56,123


850,102


1,163,174


693,300


426


258,590


236,947


666,509


Slaughtering & meat p'k'g


77


1,598,155


2,580


2,444,826


4,213,298


Flour


4


396,500


75


51,650


683,535


Agricultural implements. .


3 6 How Estab.


$ 101,200


47


$ 16,006


$ 53,930


$ 85,420


Cooperage


42,575


194


88,625


334,315


474,050


Oil, lubricating


Clothing, women's


636


HISTORY OF CLEVELAND


Forgings


5


1,906,496


938


518,259


964,599


1,874,029 875,908


Malt liquor


IO


3,788,202


572


555,334


840,394


4,033,915


Oil


13


664,509


223


178,228


831,769


1,421,089


Paints


9


1,346,195


564


417,096


1,303,492


2,192,253


Petroleum refining


4


5,893,718


618


369,890


1,973,473


2,963,169


Printing and publishing.


69


1,107,409


1,03I


637,625


700,052


1,759,320


Rubber goods


3


1,230,079


741


299,374


1,045,927


1,494,369


Sewing machines


3


2,575,208


839


560,973


860,832


1,759,320


Shoddy


4


1,244,896


421


191,314


945,318


1,308,167


Slaughtering & Meat p'k'g Tools


8


984,053


627


316,894


264,504


890,342


Varnish


7


485,770


II5


128,760


433,900


710,218


Wire work and cables ..


12


895,129


821


329,187


562,126


1,137,416


Here is graphically shown the enormous development of all the leading indus- tries during the two decades. The demand for the bicycle made Cleveland the leading center for its manufacture, the Lozier Company being especially active in that direction. With the invention of the arc light by Charles F. Brush and the development of electricity came the establishment of large electric plants. The de- velopment of the rubber industry brought several factories to Cleveland and the growth of the manufacture of clothing brought the collateral industry, the manu- facture of shoddy.


1905.


The census of 1905 indicates the leading industries as follows :


Salaried Officers and Clerks


Wage Earners


Industries


Estabs.


Capital


Invested


Av.


$8,308,099 64,095 $33,471,513 $172,115,10I


Automobile bodies and parts


$


441,445


19


$ 18,359


296


$ 158,974


$ 367,10I


Automobiles


7


2,653,837


127


175,749


1,504


868,399


4,256,979


Boots and shoes


5


326,944


27


22,862


541


194,912


786,376


Boxes, wooden packing.


IO


609,433


30


35,968


448


211,712


1,074,769


Brass castings and brass fin- ishing


12


263,875


15


19,260


253


155,914


756,250


Brassware


4


1,198,702


30


42,085


296


146,917


641,569


products


.138


1,880,506


91


80,573


1,230


611,276


8


362,750


5


9,000


252


140,681


2,982,284 345,700


Cars, and general shop con- struction and repairs by steam R. R. companies. . . .


6


490,15I


95


75,670


1,313


757,420


1,681,287


Clothing, men's


70


1,594,58I


84


122,36I


1,482


641,612


2,978,547


Clothing, women's


78


2,583,04I


368


389,666


3,394


1,682,248




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