USA > Tennessee > Williamson County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 2
USA > Tennessee > Maury County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 2
USA > Tennessee > Rutherford County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 2
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USA > Tennessee > Bedford County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 2
USA > Tennessee > Marshall County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 2
USA > Tennessee > History of Tennessee from the earliest time to the present , together with an historical and a biographical sketch of from twenty-five to thirty counties of east Tennessee, besides a valuable fund of notes, original observations, reminiscences, etc., etc. V. 1 > Part 2
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The geological features of Tennessee are so marked and have been so minately and critically examined by competent State authorities, that but little if any improvement can be made to what has already been made: public. The State presents to the geologist eight localities having dis-
15
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
tinct characteristics as follows: 1. The Unaka region. 2. The valley of East Tennessee. 3. The Cumberland Table-land. 4. The Highland Rim. 5. The Central Basin. 6. The Western Valley of the Tennessee River. 7. The Plateau slope of West Tennessee. S. The Mississippi Bottom region. The characteristics of each division will be described somewhat in detail, leaving the more minute particulars to the province of local history. To prepare the reader for a clearer knowledge of the subject, an outline of the science of geology in general is presented. For convenience, students of geology have divided the strata of the earth into clearly defined groups, having uniform distinctions, to which names implying the leading characteristics have been given. as follows:
1. Archæan Period, Archaan Age, Azoic Time.
2. Primordial Period, Lower Silurian Age, Paleozoic Time.
3. Canadian Period, Lower Silurian Age, Paleczic Time.
4. Trenton Period, Lower Silurian Age, Paleozoic Time.
5. Niagara Period, Upper Silurian Age, Paleozoic Time.
6. Salina Period, Upper Silurian Age, Paleozoic Time.
7. Helderberg Period, Upper Silurian Age, Paleozoic Time.
8. Oriskany Period, Upper Silurian Age, Paleozoic Time.
9. Corniferous Period, Devonian Age, Paleozoic Time.
10. Hamilton Period, Devonian Age, Palcozoic Time.
11. Chemung Period, Devonian Age, Paleozoic Time.
12. Catskill Period, Devonian Age, Paleozoic Time.
13. Subcarboniferous Period, Carboniferous Age, Paleozoic Time.
14. Carboniferous Period, Carboniferous Age, Paleozoic Time. '
15. Permian Period, Carboniferous Age, Paleozoic Time.
16. Triassic Period, Reptilian Age, Mesozoic Time.
17. Jurassic Period, Reptilian Age, Mesozoic Time.
1S. Cretaceous Period, Reptilian Age, Mesozoic Time.
19. Lignitic Period, Mammalian Age, Cenozoic Time.
20. Alabama Period, Mammalian Age, Cenozoic Time.
21. Miocene Period, Mammalian Age, Cenozoic Time.
22.
Pliocene Period, Mammalian Age, Cenozoic Time.
23. Glacial Period, Mammalian Age, Cenozoic Time.
24. Champlain Period, Mammalian Age, Cenozoic Time.
25. Recent Period, Mammalian Age, Cenozoic Time.
26. Human Period, Mammalian Age, Cenozoic Time.
Azoic is so called because it is destitute of evidences of the remains of animal, and possibly vegetable, life; Paleozoic because of the appear- ance of both animal and vegetable life; Mesozoic because of its situa- tion between the earlier and present times, and Cenozoic because of the presence of mammals. Of the ages, Silurian represents that when the simpler form of both animal and vegetable life appeared; Devonian when fishes and kindred animal life and a more advanced vegetable life appeared: Carboniferous when a gigantic vegetation enveloped the earth ; Reptilian when the swampy surface of the earth became filled with rep- tiles, some of gigantic size; Mammalian when animals which suckle their
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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
young flourished. The latter age comprises human beings. The periodIs are superimposed upon each other in the order given above, the Archan being the lowest and oldest. and the others being formed in succession since through the lapse of an indeterminate though very long period of years. A stratum is a more or less homogeneous layer of earth, the term earth being used to designate any portion of what is commonly called ground. All strata, whether stone, sand, clay, gravel or other inorganic material, were originally rocks, which are either yet in that state or have been more or less powdered, mainly by the action of the climatic elements, and have become associated with more or less organic matter, thus forming the numerous varieties of soil. As the fertility of soil depends upon its degree of disintegration, the quantity and quality of organic and inorganic matter combined. and the extent and character of chemical union between the constituents, it becomes a question of great value to the husbandman to be able to determine the properties of his soil. its strength under certain continued vegetation, the proper time for a change of crops, for the work of the plow and for the use of manures, and many other important particulars. Each period given above represents a long, indefinite lapse of time, extending into the tens and probably the hundreds of thousands of years, and comprising various strata of different kinds of soil, each of which was formed under the surface of water or by its action, and has been definitely defined and ascertained.
Of the above periods only thirteen are represented in Tennessee, as follows: Primordial .- The metamorphic rocks, the Ocoee slates and conglomerates, and the Chilhowee sandstone. Canadian .- The Knox group of magnesian limestones and shales, and the Lenoir limestone. Trenton .- The Lebanon and Nashville limestones. Niagara .- Clinch Mountain sandstone, the Dyestone or Red Iron ore formation, and the Clifton limestones. Helderberg .- The Linden limestone, Hamilton .-- The Black Shale. Subcarboniferous .- The Barren Group, the St. Louis limestone and the Mountain limestone. Coal Measures. -- The coal form- ation. Cretaceous .- The Coffee sand, the Rotten limestone, and the Ripley Group. Lignitic .- The Flatwood clays and sands, and the La- Grange sand. Glacial .--- The Orange sand. Champlain .-- The Bluff Loam. Recent .- Alluvium.
The Primordial. Period includes the Metamorphic rocks, the Ocoee slates and conglomerates, and the Chilhowee sandstones. These are very thick and massive formations, and embrace the rocks of the great Unaka range. Their strata are hard and pre-eminently mountain-mak- ing, and are not found outside of the Unaka mountain' area. The
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17
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
Jands can never be brought into successful cultivation on account of the ruggedness of the country. Magnetic iron ore, copper ore, roof- ing slate, building material, and some gold are found in these forma- tions. The metamorphic formation is composed of thick and thin-bed- ded granite-like rocks called gneiss, talcose slate and mica slate, the constituents of which are quartz, mica. feldspar, tale and similar minerals. They were originally common sandstones, conglomerates. shales, etc .. which have lost their original character and have become crystalized through the ageney of heat or other means. The soils of this locality are generally thin and poor, with here and there a spot of singular fertil- ity. Wild grasses grow fairly well, and fine walnut. cherry, poplar, beech and oak abound. Buckwheat grows luxuriantly in a few spots. The cop- per mines of Polk County and the magnetic iron ore of Carter County are in this formation. The Ocoee group is a series of changeable rocks having an estimated thickness of 10,000 feet, and composing the greater part of the Unakas. There are heavy beds of conglomerates, sandstones, clay slates, semi-talcose and roofing slates, and dolomite or magnesian limestone. Occasional veins of quartz are gold-bearing. The beds of roofing slates are especially valuable. The soil is similar to that of the metamorphic formation. The Chilhowee sandstone has an estimated maximum thickness of not less than 2,000 feet, and extends to Chilhowec and similar mountains which form the most northwesterly interrupted range of the Unakas. The stone is usually heavy-bedded and grayish white when weathered, but is sometimes whitish quartose and sometimes includes sandy shales.
The Canadian Period includes the Knox group of magnesian lime- stones and shales and the Lenoir limestone. The Knox sandstone of this period forms ridges which present a sort of transition between the moun- tain and valley formations. It comprises variegated sandstones, shales and occasional dolomites, having an aggregate thickness of 800 to 1,000 feet. The formation is of little agricultural importance, but presents marked topographical features, such as sharp roof-like or comby ridges. Webb's, Rosebury's, Bay Mountain, Beaver, Bull Run and Pine Ridges are of this formation. The Knox shale is a brown, reddish. buff or green calcareous shale 2,000 or more feet thick. Occasionally it contains thin layers of oolitic limestone, and as it approaches the Unakas becomes more calcareous, even to a slaty limestone or dolomite. Upon this formation of the Knox group are the principal valleys, especially in the northwest- ern, western and southern portions of the valley of East Tennessee. It contains many long, beautiful and generally rich valleys. Fossil shells and trilobites, about the oldest specimens of animal life found in Tennes-
18
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
see, occur in the limestone layers of this group. The entire valley of East Tennessee was, doubtless, once much higher than at present, but has been denuded by the action of water principally, leaving the strata in variable inclinations. The Knox dolomite outcrops over a large por- tion of East Tennessee Valley, and is the most massive formation in the State. It is estimated to be nearly a mile in thickness, and consists of heavy-bedded strata of blue and gray limestones and dolomites, being often oolitic at the base and crystaline or sparry above, with more or less chert or flint occurring sparsely in thin layers and nodules. It is com- posed of the carbonates of lime and magnesia containing more or less sand, argillaceous and ferruginous matter, with fossils in the lower oolitic strata; and its outcrops are confined to this valley, with the single excep- tion of an exposure in the curious Well's Creek Basin, in Houston County. In several places in the Central Basin it is not far from the surface. Generally the disintegration of the dolomite furnishes rich plant food. and nearly all grains grow well in the better localities.
The Trenton Period, comprising the Lebanon and Nashville lime. stones, is, in general, a great series of blue limestone, rich in fossils and plant food. They are the principal rocks of the Central Basin, lying ap- proximately in a horizontal position, and constitute the surface rocks of many long valley-ranges of East Tennessee, of which the soils are dis- tinguished for their fertility and the ranges for their symmetry and beauty. They are also uncovered in the western valley of the Tennessee. Under denuding and eroding agencies these rocks present the richest valley and lowland depressions. The maximum thickness of the period in East Tennessee is between 2,500 and 3,000 feet. It has two mem- bers-the lower blue limestone on both sides of the valley and the upper calcareous though sandy stone in the southeast half of the valley. The lower member varies in thickness from 200 to 600 feet. Further north it is thin and poor. It is more or less argillaceous, and with the Knox dolomite forms many rich valleys. It often dips at right angles. The upper member is, in the southeast, a great mass of sky-blue calcareous shale more or less sandy. It often contains thin layers of limestone and sandstone and has a maximum thickness of about 2.000 feet. The two great belts where this stone outerops, called the Gray Knobs and the Red Knobs, present distinguishing and important characteristics. In the tract of the Gray Knobs bold, pointed and steep hills. with vales of great strength and fertility winding among them, stand crowded together. Their existence is due to the different erosive effects of water agen- cies upon rocks of varying and widely opposite degrees of hardness, the softer being washed or worn away and the harder slowly left high and
19
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
dry above the subsiding glacial sea. Upon the tract of the Red Knobs are remarkable lines of red hills whose origin is primarily due to a few interpolated plates of a hard ferruginous sandy limestone, which. aided by the strata dip, have partially saved the adjacent softer rocks from erosion and have deeply colored the soil with the liberated red iron oxide. The slopes of the red hills are often very rich. In this tract a few gray knobs appear. Another interpolated rock is the variegated red and white, or grayish-white, marble which occurs in heavy strata and outerops in long lines and in inexhaustible quantity, and in other localities than the red tract. In the northwest half of the valley the upper member loses much of its sandy, shaly character, becomes thin-bedded and blue, is loaded with fossils and yields an excellent soil. The interpolated beds gradually disappear and the mass loses its thickness and the marble is reduced to a minimum. Beaver Creek, Raccoon, Hickory, Big, Powell's, Tennessee, Lookout and Savannah Valleys rest upon these limestones. The Sequatchie Valley is an outlier, very similar in structure. of the Eastern Tennessee Valley. Outcropings of the Knox dolomites and the blue Trenton limestones occur. There is more or less dip to all the strata in these valleys. In the Central Basin, however, they become practically horizontal. The Trenton and Nashville divisions are easily distinguished and constitute the bottom and much of the sides of the basin. The Tren- ton are more argillaceous and the Nashville more silicious, with a darker blue color. Each division is about 500 feet in thickness. The Tren- ton is subdivided into Central, Pierce, Ridley, Glade and Carter's Creek limestones. The Central is a dove-colored, thick-bedded limestone, con- taining much chert or flint, is the lowest stratum of the basin and ex- poses a thickness of about 100 feet. It outcrops over a circular area whose diameter is about thirteen miles, Murfreesboro being within the area. The soil here is rich, containing considerable iron from the decom- posing chert, the red color being due to the oxide of iron. Around this area in a circular belt with a thickness of about twenty-seven feet outerop the beds of the flaggy, Pierce limestone. Around this belt is another called the Ridley stone, consisting of heavy-bedded dove-colored lime- stone, having a thickness of ninety-five feet and furnishing a fine soil. Still another belt encircles the last mentioned and is called Glade limestone, consisting of light blue, flaggy stone with an aggregate thickness of 120 feet. Upon this belt grow the red cedar forests, from which alone could the outerops be traced. This stone constitutes the surface of large por- tions of Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall, and occurs in less ex- tent in Maury, Williamson and Davidson. Lebanon, Shelbyville and Co- lumbia, rest partly upon this belt. Above the Glade stratum appears Car-
20 .
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
ter's Creek limestone with a thickness of 50 to 100 feet. It is heavy-bed- ded and dove-colored and is used for lime on Carter's Creek, being much whiter. The Nashville formation, as a whole, is fairly homogeneous. though about seventy feet near the base contains considerable sand. This stone furnishes the surface-rock of several of the best farming regions of the basin, the country between Columbia and Mount Pleasant being one. In the Well's Creek Basin, Houston County, the Trenton and Nashville rocks outerop around the Knox dolomite and also appear in the Western Valley of the Tennessee, mainly as a hydraulic limestone. These forma- tions furnish the marbles of East Tennessee, the hydraulic limestones of the Eastern and Western Valleys and the basin, the flagstones, lime-rock and building materials so valuable to the State, and much of the most fertile soil.
The Niagara Period includes the Clinch Mountain sandstones, the dyestone or red iron ore formation and the Clifton limestone, with thin subdivisions. Between the Trenton and Nashville rocks and the Clinch sandstone is a stratum of red calcareous shale, which in Hawkins County is 400 feet thick. Resting upon this is the Clinch Mountain Rock, which is a grayish-white, thick-bedded sandstone about 400 feet thick. It forms the southern slope of Clinch Mountain, and below it always appears the red shale. Neither this stone nor the red shale is found outside of the Eastern Valley or south of Knox County. It is associated with high ridges, such as Clinch Mountain, Stone Mountain, Devil's Nose, House Mountain, Bay's Mountain, Newman's Ridge, Powell's and Lone Moul- tains. The sandstone yields a poor soil; the shale a better one. The White Oak Mountain sandstone is a reddish-brown, greenish, buff or other colored rock accompanied with shales, and occurs on White Oak Mountain's eastern slope and summit, and on the eastern slopes of Powell's. and Lone Mountains. It is a mountain formation and is about 500 feet thick. The Dyestone group, enclosing the red iron ore, appears on the northwestern side of the Eastern Valley and comprises a series of varie- gated shales and thin sandstones from 100 to 300 feet thick, which con- tain from one to three or more layers of fossiliferous iron ore, much of the mass being quite calcareous with occasional beds of thin limestone. This formation is found in numerous small but long ridges, one of which ex- tends along the eastern base of the Cumberland Table-land from Virginia to Georgia, representing everywhere more or less iron ore. The Niagara limestone occurs mainly in the Western Valley and is a thick-bedded fossiliferous stone, somewhat argillaceons and often crystalline, and fre- quently weathers into shale-forming glades. At its greatest development this formation is about 200 feet thick and is divided into two members,
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. 21
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
the lower consisting of red and variegated strata, several being fair mar- ble, and the upper of gray rocks. This formation outcrops over the greater portion of the Western Valley. It extends eastward and appears on Duck and Buffalo Rivers, and on the western edge of the basin. On the eastern base of Powell's Mountain and at the base of Newman's Ridge it also outerops.
The Lower Helderberg limestone has its greatest development in the Western Valley, and is a series of blue, thin-bedded fossiliferous rocks. containing cherty layers, and has a maximum thickness of about seventy feet. It furnishes an excellent soil and outcrops on Duck and Buffalo Rivers and on the northwestern slope of the basin.
The Hamilton Period is represented by the black shale, a nearly black. bituminous, rather tough shale or slate which outcrops in East Tennessee. the Central Basin and the Western Valley of the Tennessee. Its average thickness is less than fifty feet, though in the eastern valley it reaches 100 feet, and the outcrops are linear on the slopes of ridges or in narrow straight valleys at the base of ridges. It contains iron pyrites and enough hydrocarbonic oil to support brief combustion, but is not likely to become a source of coal oil, though often mistaken for coal by novices.
The Subcarboniferous Period is represented by the Barren group, the St. Louis limestone and the Mountain limestone. The former consists of heavy strata of flint or chert, interstratified with more or less limestone, and sometimes becomes a blue calcareous shale and includes heavy beds of crinoidal limestone. In the eastern valley it rests upon the black shale and outerops on the Dyestone ridges in linear lines, and in the Cen- tral Basin appears on the edge and interior portion of the Highland Rim. Its thickness is from 250 to 300 feet, becoming less in the southern part. of the State. The coral limestone of this formation is a bluish-gray stone. containing nodules of chert, is fossiliferous, sometimes siliceous and argil- laceous, and is characterized by the presence of the fossil Lithostrotion Canadense. This stratum has a maximum thickness of 250 feet and out- crops in the eastern valley with the Barren group, and is the chief rock of the higher and greater part of the Highland Rim. The iron of the chert colors the soil red. This stone is usually called St. Louis limestone, and is celebrated in this State and elsewhere for its sink-holes and caves. Just above it is the mountain limestone, which outerops on the eastern and western slopes of the Cumberland Table-land, and consists of a heavy group of limestones and shales. It forms the base of the table-land, and is thickest in the southern part of the State, decreasing northward to the Kentucky line, where it is 400 feet thick. About one-fourth of the mass, mostly near the top, is shale, and a part is marly. Usually the
22
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
strata are highly fossiliferous, rich in plant food, furnishing a strong soil and abundant building material. A heavy sandstone stratum forty to fifty thick occurs in the middle of the group in White and Overton Coun- ties, and gives origin to a terrace around the table-land. and furnishes caps for neighboring "small mountains" and ridges.
The Carboniferous Period comprises the strata containing the coal of the State. The formation caps the table-land, with which it is co-exten- sive, having an area of 5.100 square miles. It is a series of conglomer- ates, shales and sandstones, containing beds of coal, and has an average depth of 500 to 600 feet, though in Morgan, Anderson, Scott, Campbell and Claiborne Counties, it reaches 2,000 feet, and contains no less than sixteen beds of coal, one of which, near the base, is from four to seven feet thick. Sandstone lies next under the surface of the table-land, and shale outcrops on the sides of the ridges.
The Cretaceous Period, comprising the Coffee sand, the Rotten lime- stone and the Ripley group, outcrops in Hardin and Decatur Counties and consists of a group of stratified sands usually containing mica, with which are often associated strata of dark clay, often very thin but some- times predominating. Laminated or slaty clay from one to twenty feet thick is occasionally found, and numerous woody fragments and leaves occur, mainly in the form of lignite. The thickness is probably about 200 feet. In Hardin County the river washes the Coffee sand, as at Coffee, Crump's and Pittsburgh Landing. Above and lapping over the Coffee sand is the Rotten limestone or green sand, consisting of fine quar- tose sand mixed with clay, with which there is much calcareous matter and green grains of glauconite. This formation contains many fossil shells, some of which are very large, conspicuous among them being fos- sil oyster shells, which, in some localities, have been burned for lime. Its greatest thickness is in McNairy County --- 350 feet. When dry it is greenish gray; when wet, darker. The Ripley group is mainly stratified sands, often laminated, with strata of clay and an occasional bed of slaty clay. In Hardeman County a bed of limestone two to six feet thick and a bed of green sand containing shells occur. This group is from 400 to 500 feet thick.
The Lignitic Period comprises the Flatwood clays and sand and the LaGrange sand. The Flatwood group is 200 to 300 feet thick and is much similar to the Ripley and the Coffee sands, but contains more Jam- inated or slaty clay. This is called the Porter's Creek group, as a bed of laminated clay of the group, 100 feet thick, outerops on that creek. The LaGrange group is a broad belt about forty miles wide, extending north and south over the central part of West Tennessee and is a stratified mass of
23
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
sands, more or less argillaceous, which. when weathered. are yellow, red and orange. The sands are similar to those above and contain leaves and lignitic beds, and masses of white and colored clays occur. This group is. perhaps, 600 feet thick.
The Glacial Period gives the State the Orange sand or drift. After the formation of the groups above described the entire western portion of the State appears to have been covered with water, which deposited over the surface an irregular layer of unstratified sand and gravel, and to this the term "Orange sand " has been applied. The formation is variegated in color, though mainly orange and red, is of great extent, is of variable thickness, disclosing here and there the underlying formations. The beds of gravel of the western valley, of the highlands and of the iron strata, belong to this group.
The Champlain Period furnishes the Bluff deposit, loam or loess, which caps the uplands of Shelby, Tipton, Lauderdale, Dyer and Obion Counties, and is a stratum of fine siliceous loam, more or less calcareous, and usually colored ashen, yellowish or buff. and contains land and fresh- water shells and numerous calcareous nodules. The group ranges in thickness from a few feet to 100 feet: and the eastern boundary is only partially established, owing to the gradual disappearance of the loam. The various formations above it outcrop on the slopes of the bluffs along the Mississippi-on top the loam, below it the Orange sand and still lower the LaGrange group.
The Recent Period includes the alluvial bottoms of all the larger streams, and consists of inorganic washings from the neighboring high- lands, associated with more or less decomposing organic matter, furnish- ing the richest and most productive soil of the State. The Mississippi bottom is the largest and most important.
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