USA > Tennessee > Williamson County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 3
USA > Tennessee > Maury County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 3
USA > Tennessee > Rutherford County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 3
USA > Tennessee > Wilson County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 3
USA > Tennessee > Bedford County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 3
USA > Tennessee > Marshall County > History of Tennessee, from the earliest time to the present; together with an historical and a biographical sketch of Maury, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson, Bedford and Marshall counties, besides a valuable fund of notes, reminiscences, observations, etc., etc. Vol. 1 > Part 3
USA > Tennessee > History of Tennessee from the earliest time to the present , together with an historical and a biographical sketch of from twenty-five to thirty counties of east Tennessee, besides a valuable fund of notes, original observations, reminiscences, etc., etc. V. 1 > Part 3
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The Soils .- The soils owe their characteristics to the underlying rocks, and are best when derived from limestone, dolomites and calcare- ous shales. Sand gives strength to the stocks of plants, renders the soil porous and suitable for the penetration of air and vital plant gases, per- mits surplus water and deleterious substances to escape either upward or downward, and, as a base for the union with acid or alkaline salts, furn- ishes important food for the growth of plants. Clay gives tenacity to the soil, prevents the escape either upward or downward of important gases, retains from rain-water ammonia, nitrogen, carbonic acid and other similar plant foods, and combined with other elements furnishes direct food for the plants. The calcareous or limy soils present many varieties, depending upon the impurities of the rocks, the disintegration of which furnishes the soil. The soil is more or less arenaceous or
1
24
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
sandy and argillaceous, or clavey, with varying quantities of ferric or iron compounds. The soil from the Knox dolomite is calcareous, has a red clay subsoil with chert masses, which is underlaid with rocks of carbonate of lime and magnesia. The soil is very rich but should. be rotated with clover to insure almost infinite durability. The Tren- ton or Lebanon soil rests on blue fosiliferous limestone and covers about half of the Central Basin and is the soil of many valleys of East Tennessee and of the red knobs around Knoxville. It is more friable and fertile but less durable than the soil of the. Knox dolomite, and grows all cereals to great perfection, wheat often weighing seventy pounds to the bushel. Cotton grows luxuriantly, as in Rutherford, Giles, Maury and Williamson Counties. The Nashville limestone soil contains a greater quantity of siliceous or sandy matter. is mellow. porous, highly productive, and well adapted to the cereals and all kinds of vegetables. Marvelous melons are grown. This soil is not so tenacious as those con -. taining less sand or more clay and is more easily handled. It consti- tutes nearly half of the Central Basin and many small valleys of East Tennessee. The subsoil is yellower than that of the Trenton Period. These soils have made their locations famous, and for general excellence are not exceeded by those of any other portion of the State. Their locality is called "the blue-grass region." The Niagara soil is found mainly in the Western Valley of the Tennessee, along Buffalo River, rests upon gray and red limestone, is moderately productive, but not so good for wheat and cotton as those last described, though corn and some of the grasses grow well. This soil must not be confounded with the alluvial soil of those valleys. The Lower Helderberg furnishes a dark gray or chocolate-colored calcareous soil which is mellower than that of the Niagara, but less so than that of the Trenton and the Nashville, and occurs mainly in Benton, Henry, Decatur and Hardin Counties.
The Lower Carboniferous has two soils; the first being characterized by a large fossil coral, Lithostrotion Canadense, and is composed of silica, al- lumina, carbonate of lime, oxide of iron, organic matter, etc., furnishing a distinctly marly soil. It is the best tobacco soil of the State and is as good for wheat as any portion of the Central Basin. Grapes grow to great perfection, and corn, oats, hay and potatoes do well. It is strong. durable, reliable, and is stiffer than many other calcareous soils and less likely. to wash. Under the chert bed is a stratum of tenacious clay, which in periods of dronth, supplies the roots of plants with the retained moist- ure, while the chert bed, in wet seasons, carries off the surplus water, so that the soil is good in either wet or dry seasons. This soil occupies a large portion of the Highland Rim where sink-holes abound. Crops are
25
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
certain, and on this soil are many of the best farms of the State. The soil of the Central Basin is more fertile, but, as the underlying limestone is nearer the surface, is more easily affected by drouth, so that, in the end, it is not more productive than the Lower Carboniferous soil. The latter will not admit of tramping, owing to the clay it contains; while the Nash- ville soil does better with packing, owing to its porous state caused by the presence of considerable sand. Blue-grass does not thrive so well on the clayey soil. The largest orchards of the State are grown on the Lower Carbniferous soil, though many other portions are as valuable in this respect. The second soil of the Lower Carboniferous Period, on the slopes of the tableland, contains less chert, but is highly productive. It is not so red, resembling more the alluvial bottoms, and contains less clay and more sand than the first soil of this period, and is, therefore, more fertile though less durable than the Nashville soil. Heavy forests cover its principal tracts in Overton, White, Warren and Fentress Coun - ties. The green sand soil is a siliceous loam, resting upon mixed sand and clay, containing carbonate of lime and numerous green pebbles of glauconite. Lime is obtained from the numerous shell heaps contained. This constituent renders the soil much more fertile, friable and produc- tive. Cotton and corn, and often wheat, grow well. The green sand giving name to this group, contains gypsum, soluble silica, oxide of iron and carbonate of lime, all fertile ingredients, and may, in the end, as the deposit is eight miles wide and fifty miles long and quite thick, be used extensively as a fertilizer.
The shaly soils of the State are usually cold, clayey, unimportant and unproductive except for grasses. The alluvial soils, in the aggregate, occupy a larger area than any other. Nine hundred square miles lie in one body in the valley of the Mississippi, and to this must be added the immense aggregate of all the creek and river bottoms of the State, a vast though indeterminate expanse. The alluvial soils differ much in charac- ter, some containing much lime, some much sand, some a noticeable Jack of both, depending on the constituents of the surrounding highlands from which the rich washings come. These alluvial soils are the richest, most durable and productive of the State-most durable because of the constant renewal of their fertile elements drained from the adjacent hills. They are especially adapted for wheat-forty bushels not infrequently being raised upon one acre. A sandy soil is usually warm, a clayey one cold ; some are light, heavy, loamy, marly, leachy, limy, sour, sweet, marshy, com- pact, tenacious, porous, fine, coarse, gravelly or rocky, and their product- iveness not only depends upon the fertile elements such as soluble silica, lime, carbon, potash, magnesia, oxide of iron and their compounds and
26
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
other fertile matter such as nitrogen, ammonia, carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, etc., but upon climatic and other allied conditions, such as heat. cold, drouths, drainage, rains, subsoils, manures, pulverization, etc. The best condition of a soil for production is a thorough pulverization, with a subsoil of sufficient tenacity to hold fertilizers and moisture, and yet well drained of its surplus waters. The decomposing vegetable mat- ter called humus, gives wonderful richness to the soil and furnishes car- bonic acid, nitrogen and ammonia, the life-blood of plants.
The sandy soils are found mainly in West Tennessee. They contain a greater or less quantity of iron compounds, clay and calcareous mat- ter, which, in some localities, give them great vigor, but where these ele- mets are lacking leave them comparatively sterile. Level lands, or those approximately so, if well drained, do best, as they are not washed of their plant food elements so readily. The soil of the Orange sand is the most important, and is spread over the greater portion of West Tennessee. The soils of the Ripley and Flatwood groups embrace some fine farming land. and some too much broken into hills and ridges to be convenient to work. In some localities the Flatwood group contains layers of laminated clay. which furnish a stiff soil. The sandy soils, if properly fertilized and cared for, repay the husbandman with a fair harvest.
The bluff loam, or loess, covering all other formations in the belt of high lands extending from the Kentucky line to Memphis, is a fine cal- careo-siliceous earth, often ash colored, sometimes reddish or chocolate colored, and occasionally black. It contains more calcareous matter than - the others, except the green sand. Carbonate of lime is sometimes found in concretions in heaps. This soil is among the best in the State, owing its valuable qualities to the lime, sand, iron, clay, etc., it contains, and to the excellent pulverulent qualities it possesses. Tobacco, cotton. wheat, oats, clover, and the grasses grow luxuriantly, while the forests are very extensive and some of the trees of enormous size.
The siliceous or flinty soils are found in greatest abundance over the counties of Lawrence, Wayne, Lewis, Stewart, Montgomery, DeKalb. Cannon, Coffee, Moore, Hickman, Humphreys, Dickson and Franklin. and are thin and poor. They have a bluish, or pale yellow subsoil so porous that manures are lost after a few years. . The natural vegetation of all kinds is scrubby and coarse, though a rank grass which grows in open woods supplies large herds of stock. Fruit trees do well. These are the "barrens," which are destitute of calcareous matter and have a porous subsoil and a leachy surface soil. Similar lands containing lime and iron and having a tenacious red subsoil are much better.
The soils of the Unaka region are generally thin and unproductive.
27
:
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
though wild grasses grow well, and here and there a spot of surprising fertility appears. The mountain slopes are often covered with heavy tim- ber. The soil of the Chilhowee sandstone occupies mountainous locations, is limited in extent, but in small spots furnishes gardens and vegetable fields. Blue-grass may be grown on this soil. The soil of the Clinch Mountain sandstone is thin, but potatoes and other vegetables, and grass and timber do well. The Dyestone and White Oak Mountain soils are good, though limited in area. The soil of the Cumberland Table-land. which covers over 5,000 square miles of the State, is sandy and thin, though there are areas of moderate fertility at the foot of knobs and ridges, where fertile washings from the slopes are gathered. All the val- leys are fertile, and accordingly productive. No lime appears, all being sand, and compost soon sinks below plant roots. The yellowish red subsoil, with a thin coating of humus, is more valuable than that with less iron and little or no humus. The former, with care and proper composts, may be made highly productive; not so the latter, which is too porous and tender, and, when uncultivated, produces nothing but shrubby trees, hardy, coarse weeds and grass, lichens and mosses. The glades and wet lands along the streams may be made valuable by drainage and by the use of alkalies to neutralize the abundant acid liberated by the decomposition of a superabundance of vegetable remains.
The Coals .- The area of the coal-bearing strata amounts to 5,100 square miles, and over this vast extent of country from one to sixteen seams occur. The coal fields include the counties of Scott, Morgan and Cumberland, the greater portions of Pickett, Fentress, Van Buren, Bled- soe, Grundy, Sequatchie and Marion; considerable portions of Claiborne, Campbell, Anderson, Rhea, Roane, Overton, Hamilton, Putnam, White and Franklin, and small portions of Warren and Coffee. About 1,000 square miles of the northeastern portion of this tract consists of a series of short irregular mountain chains, breaking away from the main Cum- berland Mountain ridge, and casting heavenward numerous peaks of great height. The remainder of the coal tract, except certain portions in the southern part, is the true Cumberland Table-land or plateau. The upper coal measures embrace one or two principal sandstones (one of which may be a conglomerate) and an equal number of coal horizons in which one or more beds of coal may be expected. These and their ac- companying strata compose the upper plateau, and have a thickness of from 200 to 300 feet, but are not typical of the tract of 1,000 square miles, to which reference was made above. The conglomerate sandstone, upon which the upper coal measures rest, usually contains numerous small white quartz pebbles, and is sometimes a double seam, embracing
28
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
an important coal horizon. The lower coal measures consist of a series of sandstones and shales with from one to three or four coal veins, and constitute the most important division of the carboniferous period in the State and over a considerable area the only one available as a source of coal. Excluding the Cliff rock the thickness of this division ranges from a few feet to 300. These characteristics are, in general, typical only of the southern, western and northwestern portions of the table-land, as the northeastern portion and a strip along the eastern side, in the counties of Claiborne, Scott, Campbell, Anderson and Morgan, have a thickness of the upper coal measures, in some places of over 2,000 feet. The coal meas- ures above the conglomerate have been much denuded, particularly on the western side of the table-land, and at points where the formations are much elevated, the reverse being true where the elevations are low. Where the coal measures are thickest the conglomerate is depressed and the waste by denudation is measurably compensated by the superior de- velopment, at many points, of the lower coal measures.
In the Sewanee District, embracing parts of the counties of Franklin. Marion, Sequatchie, Grundy, Warren, Bledsoe and Van Buren, the coal measures are approximately horizontal. The following section, the low- est strata of which are taken from the gulf of Little Gizzard Creek, about two miles south of Tracy City, and the higher in succession in ascending the stream to the plateau or top of the conglomerate, exhibits well the general character of the formations of the coal measures in the Sewanee District:
1
UPPER COAL MEASURES.
Sandstone, the conglomerate or cap rock of the upper plateau and
the uppermost stratum in this region.
50
Coal.
.(a few inches)
Shale
23
Coal, outcrop
1
Shale, dark and clayey.
1
Sandstone
80
Shale, more or less sandy.
45
Coal, main Sewanee seam
3 to 7
Shale, some of it sandy. 33
Coal, outcrop.
1
Shale
3
Sandstone.
17
Conglomerate.
70
LOWER COAL MEASURES.
Feet.
Coal, outcrop.
I to 1
Shale, overlaid with clay 10
Sandstone, cliff rock. 65
Feet.
Shale, sandy
25
.
29
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
Feet.
Coal, outcrop. to 1}
Shale, with clay at top.
S
Sandy shale. 23
Sandstone, hard. 78
Coal, with occasional shale 1 to 3
Sandstone, hard, local. 20
Shale, including a thin sandstone.
20
Mountain limestone with archimedes 20
Below the conglomerate, in the eastern and southeastern part of the 'Sewanee District, there are usually four seams of coal. In Franklin County and in the southern part of Grundy one seam disappears. In the northern part of Grundy and in Warren another seam is missing, and the thickness of the lower coal measure is reduced from 360 to fifty feet, ex- clusive of the conglomerate. The coal beds are very irregular in thick- ness, being often too thin to work profitably and in some places from three to nine feet thick. The aggregate amount of coal is very great and the quality good, and the extent coincides with the Sewanee Dis- trict. The conglomerate is the cover and protector of the lower coal measures, having saved them from denudation in past ages. The Tracy City coals belong to the upper coal measures ; those of Little Fiery Gizzard to the lower measures. On Crow, Battle and Little Sequatchie Creeks are important outcrops of the lower coals. On Cave Creek in Marion County, under the Cliff rock, a coal seam nine feet thick outcrops and near in the "pocket" is five feet thick. At the old Parmelee Bank it is from seven to nine feet thick. North of Tracy City only two coal seams of the lower measures are usually found ; those near McMinnville are thin. In Bledsoe, Van Buren, Warren and Grundy they are thin with occasional thicker spots. The conglomerate is mainly the surface rock from Tracy City to Alabama, and over this expanse only occasional knolls of the upper coal measures occur: one two miles west of Tracy City, an- other about half way between Tracy City and the Nashville & Chattanooga tunnel, and another just south of the lower mines.
Southeast, east and northeast of Tracy City the ridges of the upper measures often appear. The main Sewanee coal in the vicinity of Tracy City is of good quality, semi-bituminous, and contains little pyrites. It is fragile and is usually a four or five foot bed, and is the most reliable one west of the Sequatchie Valley. Other seams of the upper measures are found in the Sewanee District, but are not so valuable.
The Raccoon and Walden's Ridge District embraces the portion of the table-land east of Sequatchie Valley and the Crab Orchard Mountains, and extends from Alabama to the Emery River in Morgan County, compris- ing parts of Marion, Sequatchie, Hamilton, Bledsoe, Rhea, Cumberland,
2
30
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
Roane and Morgan. At the Etna Mines and vicinity the Cliff rock be- comes a conglomerate, and the conglomerate (the cap of the lower meas- ures) becomes a sandstone. The following is the section at Etna Mines :
UPPER COAL MEASURES.
Sandstone, cap rock at Etna
.75
Shale
48
Coal, good block and uniform. 4
Shale with occasional thin coal .30 to 40
Coal with slate or shale. .5 to 6
Shale 44
Coal, good block.
2 to 3
Fire clay 1 to 2
Sandstone (Conglomerate of last table). .75
Coal.
(few inches)
Shale
.30 to 40
Coal. (10 inches)
Sandy shale.
100 to 130
Conglomerate (the cliff rock of the former table where it is
classed with the lower coal measures).
50 to 100
LOWER COAL MEASURES.
Feet.
Shale
.0 to 12
Coal (main Etna or Cliff vein, most important bed in the
Raccoon Mountains) average.
Fire clay with Stigmaria. 1 to 3
Shale .5 to 20
Coal, thin.
4 to 1
Sandstone and sandy shale.
80 to 120
Shale (?)
0 to 5
Coal
¿ to 3
Fire clay
.0 to 2
Sandy shale and sandstone.
20 to 25
Shale
15 to 20
Ccal.
.1% to 3
Fire clay
.0 to 3
Shales and shaly sandstones. 80 to 150
Mountain limestone. not ascertained
The above section is a typical exhibit of the measures of the Raccoon Mountain District. The upper measures are rich in coal, and it will be observed by comparison that there is one more coal seam in the lower measures than on the west slope of Sequatchie Valley, and the volume is much greater. The lower measures are well exhibited where the Ten- nessee River cuts through the Walden Range and are similar to the Etna measures. The four coals below the cliff rock outerop on the slopes. Northward to the Emery River the sections above of the Sewanee and Raccoon Districts may be taken as types of both the upper and lower measures. The main Sewanee is the principal coal, and numerous out- crops of the upper and lower measures occur on the eastern slope of the
Feet.
3
31
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
table-land. The strata are often much disturbed, doubtless by volcanic forces. The following is the section where the Crossville & Kingston Road crosses Crab Orchard Range in Cumberland County:
UPPER COAL MEASURES.
Sandstone, probably.
.100
Shale, doubtless with coal. 25 to 50
Sandstone 100 to 150
Shale, probably with coal. 60
Sandstone .60
Shale 50
Coal, main Sewanee
4
Fire clay
1
Shale
.30 to 40
Conglomerate, caps the mountains. 100 to 150
LOWER COAL MEASURES.
Shale, possibly with coal
15
Sandstone
33
Shale with light coal seams.
Sandstone. 110
50
Shale, with impure coal.
20
Mountain limestone. .not ascertained
In this table the thicknesses are only approximately correct. Here the strata of the coal measures are folded in a great arch, and are missing at the summit, having been denuded by natural agencies.
The northern coal district is made to embrace that part of the table- land lying north of Van Buren and Bledsoe Counties and west of the Crab Orchard range, and a line running through Montgomery and Huntsville, and within its limits are parts of White, Cumberland, Mor- gan, Putnam, Overton, Fentress, Pickett and Scott Counties. Here the top of the table-land is usually a flat surface, and back from the slopes appears an upper plateau. In the eastern portion of this area the Crab Orchard section above may be considered the type. On Clifty Creek in White County the following is the section:
UPPER COAL MEASURES.
Feet.
Sandstone and conglomerate.
.. 65
Shale .. .
.0 to 12
Coal, irregular.
Į to 2
Fire clay .0 to 2
Shale with sandy strata.
.€0
Fire clay with coal traces
(11 inches)
Sandstone
.40
Shale.
20
Fire clay with coal traces
.(11 inches)
Sandy shale or sandstone. 25
Feet.
Feet.
1
32
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
Feet.
Shale. .52
Coal. .3
Shale. 25
Conglomerate.
60
LOWER COAL MEASURES.
Feet.
...
Shale with one or two seams of coal 0 to 18 inches, in all 15
Mountain limestone 40
Calcareous shale. .not ascertained
At other points in White County the lower measures are of greater importance. Generally the lower measures on the western slope of the table-land from Alabama to Kentucky present the same features, com- . prising usually two, sometimes three to seven seams. often too thin for mining, but locally available and valuable. The measures under the con- glomerate in this portion of the table-land are similar to those on the western slope of the Sewanee District. In fact the measures are similar throughout the extent of the western slope and consist of shales and sand- stones and two, sometimes three, rarely more, seams of coal. Though often too thin for mining. they become thicker and valuable locally. In the valley of the Calfkiller, in Putnam County, the coals below the con- glomerate are often valuable and the general features in the counties of Putnam, Overton, Pickett, Fentress, Morgan and Scott are the same as above. Little extensive mining has been done in this part of the district, owing mainly to the lack of transportation. The following section from the mouth of Big Hurricane Creek, in Fentress County, is typical of the coal measures of the northern counties.
UPPER COAL MEASURES.
Feet.
Conglomerate (overhanging cliffs)
40
Shale, doubtless with coal.
51
Sandstone.
6
Shale, doubtless with coal.
21
Sandstone.
46
Shale, doubtless with coal. 50
Conglomerate (lower cliffs, main). 90
LOWER COAL MEASURES.
Feet.
Coal, good block.
.0 to 3
Fire clay, shale and sandstone.
4
Shale with layers of clay ironstones 25 to 30
. Mountain limestone .. .15
Shales, marly and variegated .. 100
The main conglomerate has always a coal horizon below, consisting of shales and sandstones, and, when the cap rock of the upper plateaus is present, has one above. Outcrops of the lower measures at Buffalo Cave,
33
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
Fentress County and near Jamestown show the coal below the conglomer- ate to be three to five feet thick, black, lustrous and excellent. Outerops of the upper coals are not as numerous as of those below the main con- glomerate. Numerous banks of these coals have been opened, one at Little Laurel, Overton County, being four and a half feet thick and excel- lent.
The northeastern district, embracing parts of the counties of Morgan, Anderson, Scott, Campbell and Claiborne, is traversed by numerous high ridges or mountains, in which are heavy developments of the coal depos- its, particularly the upper; and shales, coals and sandstones are piled up high above the conglomerate, which, elsewhere, is the surface rock. The carboniferous formation here is not far from 2,500 feet, and nowhere else in the State are there so many coal beds or such an aggregate mass of coal. The following is an estimated section at Cross Mountain, four miles northwest of Jacksborough.
UPPER COAL MEASURES.
Sandstone, cap of the mountains.
100
Shales and sandstones.
249
Coal, pure block. except a six-inch seam of black shale.
6
Shales and sandstones ..
357
Coal, excellent, possibly 6 feet.
4
Shale and sandstones.
.150 to 190
Coal, outerop.
1
Fire clay, shale and sandstones 262 to 323
1
Shale. 6
Coal, outcrop, may be 6 feet. 3
Shales and sandstones. .323 to 398
Coal outcrop with shale three inches.
3
Shales and sandstones. .260 to 290
Coal.
3
Shales, slate and sandstones. 170
1
Coal, outcrop
Fire clay and shale. 9
Coal with three-inch parting. 5
Fire clay, shale, black slate with Stigmaria, to foot of mountain. 30
Feei.
Coal, outcrop
The entire thickness of this section is about 2,100 feet, and an ag- gregate thickness of twenty-seven feet of coal is found. A section at Tellico Mountain shows about the same aggregate quantity of coal, several seams of which, with the conglomerate, appear in the upper part of Pine Mountain, caused by a fault in the strata. The Cross Moun- tain section above is typical of the measures of this district. Numerous banks have been opened, all presenting, in general, similar characteristics. Scores of banks could be profitably opened on Emery River. The coal of this division is usually very good block and is practicably inexhaust-
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