USA > Arkansas > Faulkner County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 70
USA > Arkansas > Garland County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 70
USA > Arkansas > Grant County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 70
USA > Arkansas > Hot Spring County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 70
USA > Arkansas > Jefferson County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 70
USA > Arkansas > Lonoke County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 70
USA > Arkansas > Perry County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 70
USA > Arkansas > Pulaski County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 70
USA > Arkansas > Saline County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 70
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Monte C. Davies was born in Decatur, Ill., in 1856, being a son of L. and Elizabeth (Carter) Davies, natives of Maryland and Kentucky, re- spectively. Moving to Macon County, Ill., in 1855,
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the senior Davies came to Little Rock in 1871, and was senior member of the book and stationery firm of Davies and Son & Co., in which business he was engaged up to the time of his death, in 1887. He was the father of five children, three of whom are still living: A. A. (who continues in the business), M. C. (our subject) and Leonidas. Mrs. Davies died in 1873. Monte Davies was but fifteen years of age when his parents moved to Little Rock. He then attended school until entering the store with his father and brother, where he remained un - til 1880, being appointed mail carrier at that time, and two years later finance clerk under Postmaster Edgerton; afterward he was made money-order clerk, and finally assistant postmaster. In 1884, while in the postoffice, he entered into partnership with T. B. Rayburn, a photograph artist of Little Rock. In 1889 the firm dissolved partnership, and Mr. Davies has since continued the business alone, and has been very successful. He is probably the only artist in the South who takes life size pictures direct from the camera, having the largest camera west of the Mississippi. Mr. Davies is a member of Bayard Lodge No. 8, A. F. & A. M. He is a prominent Democrat and a highly respected citizen.
Dr. Roderick L. Dodge, one of the earliest citizens of Little Rock, was born in Hartland, Vt., on September 7, 1808, and grew to manhood in that place. He graduated from Dartsmouth College in 1834, after taking a full course in medicine there, and subsequently at the Philadelphia Medical Col- lege. In 1835 he went as a missionary physician to labor among the Indians, under the patronage of the "American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions." After some years spent among the Creeks and Cherokees on our western border, he was induced to enter the United States army as surgeon, at Forts Gibson and Coffee. In 1842 he came to Little Rock, and located here to practice his profession, afterward embarking in the drug business upon the site where Carroll's shoe-store now stands, on East Markham Street. In later years, he was engaged in a private banking busi- ness, and at one time was the only banker in the city. Dr. Dodge remained in the drug business for over thirty years, at the end of which time he
sold out to what is now the C. J. Lincoln Drug Company, and has retired from business for about fifteen years. He was one of the originators of the old Little Rock Gas Company, and was always interested in the upbuilding of his city, several of its finest brick blocks having been erected by him. Dr. Dodge was never a politician, but was called upon by his friends and citizens to act as alderman and mayor. He is a man of sterling worth and honesty, always self-dependent and straightfor- ward. He was made a member of Western Star Lodge No. 2, of Little Rock, in 1843, and from that time to this, has advanced in the fraternity. He is also a member of Union Chapter No. 2, Occidental Council No. 1 and Hugh de Payne Commandery, of which he was Eminent Com- mander at one time, all of Little Rock. In these orders he has held nearly all of the offices at differ- ent times, and for a great many years was Grand Treasurer of all the Masonic grand bodies. In 1878, on account of ill-health, he resigned every office that he was holding at that time, but by a vote of the Grand Lodge, he was made a perma- nent member, and at their request a fine portrait of himself hangs on the wall at their headquarters. Dr. Dodge was also treasurer of St. John's College for several years, and for about forty-four years has been a ruling elder in the First Presbyterian Church of this city, having been largely interested in the development of that congregation, and de- voted to its interests ever since. He was married to Miss Emmeline Bradshaw, a native of New Eng- land, who accompanied him West. They were the parents of two children: Ellen E. (who afterward married the Rev. William A. Sample, of Fort Smith, but who died about two years ago) and Dr. S. D. Dodge, a practicing physician of Little Rock. Some time after his first wife's death, Dr. Dodge married Miss Eliza Bradshaw, by whom he had eight children, six of whom are yet living, viz. : George E. (a prominent attorney of this city), Mary S. (wife of Col. William G. Whipple, mayor of Little Rock), Anna E. (wife of Fred S. Staff, a well-known attorney of Franklin, Ind.), Lucy J. (wife of D. L. Gray, a planter of Pulaski County, residing in Little Rock), Emma J. (widow of
PULASKI COUNTY, ARKANSAS,
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Charles E. Kidder) and Minnie (wife of Gen. B. W. Green, of the treasury department at Wash- ington, D. C.). Dr. Dodge is still living, at the age of eighty-one years, and enjoying comfortable health, as is his estimable wife. They are among the oldest residents of Central Arkansas, and are highly esteemed by every one.
Rev. Dr. John Dye is the efficient superintend- ent of the State blind asylum at Little Rock, of which institution he has been in charge since the year 1842. His early career was not devoid of those hardships and trials which marked the early life of the majority of the prominent men of to- day, but he has nobly surmounted the many ob- stacles strewn in his pathway, and in his present position, as superintendent of the blind asylum at Little Rock, he has shown himself to be eminently fitted to discharge the duties of this responsible place. During the Civil War, he was an active participant on the side of the Confederacy, and served first under Gen. Hardee, and later under Newton. While near Batesville, Ark., he was taken prisoner by the Federals, and remained in captivity until the close of the war. Upon return- ing home he engaged in teaching school, continu- ing for two years, then joined the ministry, having from his earliest boyhood had a desire to become a minister of the Gospel, and in this capacity be- came distinguished. He remained in the White River Conference until 1SS3, then came to Little Rock, and became connected with the Arkansas Methodist, a weekly journal published in the in- terests of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was associated as editor with A. R. Winfield. The name of Dr. Dye has become a very familiar one throughout the State, for he has been an active advocate of all modern reforms, and through the columns of his paper has fearlessly expressed his views of matters and things at all times. He was elected to his present position in the asylum in 1866, and while filling this position has found a useful field for his talents and energies. Upon taking charge of the establishment, there were only fifty-six students, whereas now there are 156 reg- ular attendants. Dr. Dye is an active member of the I. O. O. F., the Royal Arcanum and the K. of
P. His father, Henry C. Dye, was born in Fair- fax County, Va., and came to Arkansas the year before it was admitted into the Union as a State. He was a member of the State legislature at one time, and was instrumental in building the Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad. He also located and classified all the land north of the Little Red River to the Missouri. His wife was Miss Dorma Matthews.
Michael W. Eagan, chief of the Little Rock fire department, was born in Knego County, Ire- land, on March 31, 1850, and is a son of John and Catherine Eagan. The mother died shortly after Michael's birth; and when he was at the age of three years, the father came to America with the balance of his family and located at Memphis, Tenn., where he died in 1859. Michael W. Eagan was reared in Memphis, and educated at the public schools of that city. When eighteen years of age, he moved to St. Louis, in order to better complete his education in the printer's trade, and resided there for ten years, being employed mostly as a pressman. In 1878 he came to Little Rock, and entered into the employ of the Democrat, and later on with the Union Printing Company, in which concern he was a stockholder. He afterward re- turned to the Democrat, and remained with them until the year 18SS, when he was elected chief of the fire department by the "boys," having previous- ly served two and one-half years as volunteer chief of the department without pay. The department now numbers about two hundred men, three en- gines, four hose-carts and two hook-and-ladder trucks, and during the Southwestern Firemen's Association Tournament at Clinton, Mo., the Kramer Hose Company captured the second prize for coupling, over a great number of competitors. Since 1878, the year that Chief Eagan first became a volunteer member, the fire department has been greatly improved, horses being purchased, as well as engines, trucks, etc., and a perfect discipline being maintained. He is considered an efficient officer, a gentleman, and enjoys a widespread pop- ularity. Mr. Eagan was married in St. Louis, in 1873, to Miss Bridget Sullivan, by whom he has had five children, two yet living, Maggie and Nellie.
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His wife and children are members of the Catholic Church. In secret societies Chief Eagan belongs to Missouri Lodge No. 1, A. F. & A. M., at St. Louis, the oldest lodge west of the Mississippi River.
Hon. James Philip Eagle, Governor of Arkan- sas, was born in Maury County, Tenn., August 10, 1837, but has been a resident of Arkansas for half a century. He is a son of James Eagle, whose father, Joseph Eagle, a native of North Carolina, was a son of Philip Eagle, who was the son of Adam Eagle, who was the son of Marcus Eagle, who came to America from Switzerland in 1743 and settled in Pennsylvania. Philip Eagle served as a private soldier in the Continental army. After that event he settled in Rowan County. N. C., where he made his home until the time of his death. His son, Joseph Eagle, grandfather of James P. Eagle, left North Carolina in the year 1829 and located in Maury County, Tenn., where he farmed and also followed his trade of brick- mason. He was united in marriage to Miss Cena Furr, also a native of North Carolina, by whom he had a large family of children. In 1841 Joseph Eagle and his family removed from Tennessee and came to Arkansas, where he resided until his death, in 1844, his estimable wife surviving him until the year 1861. James Eagle, the eldest child of this family and the father of Gov. Eagle, was eighteen years of age when he left North Carolina for Ten- nessee, where he lived ten years. Coming to Arkansas in 1839, he first located in Pulaski Coun- ty, now Lonoke, about twenty miles northeast of Little Rock, and there opened up a farm, which calling he followed all his life with success. Dur- ing the Civil War he went to Texas as a refugee, and died near Austin, in that State, in the fall of 1863. James Eagle was a man of remarkable energy and perseverance, as was illustrated by his career through life. He started as a poor man, but by using good judgment in his financial trans- actions and stock deals, slowly built up a compe- tence and then a fortune. At the opening of the Civil War he owned about thirty slaves, besides valuable farms, stock and other property, and was one of the most substantial men in this section of
country. His wife was, before marriage, a Miss Charity Swaim, of North Carolina, who moved to Tennessee with her parents, William and Polly (Wetherby) Swaim, and whose death occurred in 1880, in Lonoke County. James Philip Eagle was but two years old when his parents moved to Arkansas. He was reared on a farm, and had his full share of the hard work that usually falls to the lot of a farmer's son, such as splitting rails, log rolling, building fences, plowing, etc., and remained with his father pursuing the duties of farm life until the outbreak of the rebellion. He then enlisted in the Confederate army, becoming a member of the Fifth Arkansas State Troops, though shortly afterward he was transferred to the Second Arkansas Mounted Riflemen, commanded by Col. James McIntosh. He entered the ranks as a private soldier, but when a vacancy occurred, in the fall of 1861, he was elected by the members of his company to fill the position of second lieu- tenant, and in the spring of 1862 was promoted to the captaincy. He subsequently obtained the rank of major in recognition of his gallant services, and remained in that position until the Confederate Congress passed a law consolidating the Confeder- ate forces, on account of the ranks being thinned; when Gen. D. H. Reynold's brigade was consoli- dated into one regiment, known as the First Arkan- sas Mounted Regiment, dismounted, of which H. C. Bunn was appointed colonel and James P. Eagle lieutenant colonel. In this position Col. Eagle surrendered with his regiment at Greens- boro, N. C. During his service he was wounded at Peach Tree Creek, near Atlanta, and laid up for over two months by the wound. Previons to this, on December 31, 1862, he was captured at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., and sent to Camp Chase, Ohio, and subsequently to Fort Delaware, where he was exchanged. His actual service cov- ered the period from the battle with Apotholahola, in the Indian Territory, until the surrender, taking part in the battles at Pea Ridge, Richmond, Mur- freesboro, Chickamauga (under Gen. Joe Johnston from Dalton to Atlanta), and (after recovering from his wound), at Franklin, Nashville and Bentonville, N. C., besides a number of others of lesser note.
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After the war he returned to find that his father had died during his absence, that the remainder of the family had gone to Texas, and that his home was broken up. He pluckily went to work, how- ever, to put his former home in some recognizable shape, and built himself a cabin in which to live. He cultivated the land, and fortune seemed to so smile upon him that he was soon enabled to pur- chase more land. As the years went by, his snc- cess increased, and he added to his lands until now he owns several thousand acres. Seeing the neces- sity of a more thorough education, he attended school for one year and a half after the war, part of this time being spent at the Mississippi College (Baptist denomination), at Clinton, Miss., he being thirty-five years of age at that time. In 1867 he united with the Baptist Church, and in 1870 was ordained to preach. Since then his labors have been given to districts where the denomination was not able to pay a minister, and where the Gospel was needed, never asking and never receiv- ing a cent for his ministerial work. He has pre- sided over the Arkansas Baptist State Convention for ten successive years. During his absence in Kentucky. in 1872, he received an unsolicited and unexpected nomination from the Democratic party for the State legislature, and after making a can- vass of the district was elected by that body. He served his term, and also a term in the called leg- islature of 1874, being appointed, with two others, by that body to represent the State and adjust the claims arising out of the Brooks-Baxter war. In 1877 Col. Eagle was again a member of the State legislature, and in 1885 was once more elected to the same position, the last time being elected speaker. In 1888 he received the nomination of his party for the Governorship of Arkansas, after a five days' session of the convention, and on the 137th ballot. He was elected by a good majority. The Governor was married, on January 3, 1882. to Miss Mary Kavanaugh Oldham, of Madison County, Ky. Mrs. Eagle is one of the most culti- vated and charming ladies of Arkansas. Like her sister Kentuckians, her beauty and womanly graces are proverbial, and her gentle, kindly disposition has won her many friends in every nook and corner
of the grand State over which her husband presides. She is well fitted to be the wife of the Governor of Arkansas, whose administration has been just and highly satisfactory to the people.
R. A. Edgerton, postmaster at Little Rock, and a resident of that city since the year 1865, was born in Pawlet, Rutland County, Vt., on Oc- tober 27, 1840, and is the son of Marson Edger- ton, also a native of the same State, as was his father, Reed Edgerton, born in 1790, his father being Jacob Edgerton, born in Norwich, Conn., in 1761, who was a son of Simeon Edgerton, a cap- tain in the Continental army during the Revohi- tion, who fought at the battle of New London, his birth occurring in 1732; he a son of Joseph Ed- gerton, also a native of Norwich, Conn., and in fact the genealogy of this family can be traced back to Puritanical days. Marson Edgerton re- moved from his native State and went to New York City, where he embarked in the tea business. His death occurred in 1876, at the age of sixty years, and he, like all the other male members of the Edgerton family, from Simeon down, who have died, are buried in the little cemetery at Pawlet, Vt. Marson Edgerton was married to Miss Betsy Melissa Brown, by whom he had one son, Rollin A. (the principal in this sketch). His first wife died on July 8, 1847. He subsequently mar- ried Miss Lucy Gregory, by whom he had two children: Edward and Charles, the latter still liv- ing. This wife died in 1861. Rollin A. Edger- ton was reared in his native town, and educated at the public schools at that place, and also at the St. Lawrence Academy at Potsdam, N. Y. After finishing his course of study, at the age of seven- teen years, he went to Fremont, Ohio, where he obtained employment as clerk in a hardware store. He remained with the same firm until the" Civil War commenced, and then, in response to Presi- dent Lincoln's call for 75,000 men for three months' service, he enlisted as a private in Company F, Eighth Ohio Volunteers, and when mustered out held the rank of sergeant. He immediately after- ward was mustered in the three years' service as sergeant in the Seventy-second Ohio, and then promoted to a second lieutenancy, and afterward
Y
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first lieutenant, taking part in the battles at Shi- loh, Siege of Corinth, with Grant at Grand Gulf, the first battle at Jackson, Siege of Vicksburg, second battle at Jackson, besides a number of others. He was granted the first permit to dis- charge army officers to trade at Little Rock, and located here in business shortly after the war had ended, remaining in mercantile life until the year 1870, when he was commissioned receiver of pub- lie moneys for the Little Rock district by President Grant. He creditably filled this office for four years, and was appointed postmaster by President Arthur, on December 31, 1881, serving four years in that office to the satisfaction of the people. Mr. Edgerton was elected secretary of the Little Rock Cooperage Company in 1879, and was connected with the Exchange Bank of that city, serving as its vice-president. He was also president of the Baring-Cross Bridge Company, until its purchase by Jay Gould, and was one of the directors of the Iron Mountain Railroad during the same period. On January 1, 1866, Mr. Edgerton was married to Miss Emma A. Downs, a daughter of James Downs, of Fremont, Ohio. Two sons were born to this marriage, Charles R. and Morgan B. Mrs. Edgerton and her youngest son attend the First Presbyterian Church. Col. Edgerton is a member of the G. A. R., and also the Loyal Legion. He was reappointed by President Harrison to his for- mer position of postmaster at Little Rock, in Au- gust, 1879, and took charge of the office on Sep- tember 1, succeeding Col. Thomas W. Newton.
R. M. Enders, M. D., ranks among the fore- most of the leading physicians of Little Rock, and his career as a physician, no less than as a citi- zen, has been of widespread benefit to the com- munity. He was born in Baton Rouge, La., in 1846, and there, at an early age laid the founda- tion for a good literary education, under Prof. McGruder, one of the most eminent educators of the South. At the age of nineteen years, he com- menced the study of medicine under his father, Dr. P. M. Enders, and later attended medical lect- ures at the University of Louisiana at New Orleans, and upon leaving this institution, in 1869, he bore with honor the title of Doctor. His first location
was made on the Arkansas River, below Pine Bluff, but after a residence there of a few years he re- moved to Dardanelle, remaining in this location four years. He has established an enviable repu- tation over a large portion of the State during his practice here, but at this point in his career, he was obliged to seek a more congenial climate on account of the health of his family. and with this end in view, he went to Orange County, Fla. After remaining here five years and finding his wife's health no better, he removed to Southern Texas, and finally came to Little Rock, where he at once began the practice of his profession. Dr. Enders was married in Arkansas, to Miss Editha Kimbrough, by whom he has the following chil- dren: John K., Samuel M., Ethel B., Eddie N., Robert M., Jr., Griffith and Henry Bennett.
John C. England, private secretary of Gov. J. l'. Eagle, was born in Brownsville, the old county seat of Lonoke County, on January 18, 1850, and is a son of William Harrison England, of Georgia. The father was a prominent merchant in Kosciusko County, Miss., for a number of years before com- ing to Arkansas, and arrived in the latter State in the year 1849, locating at Brownsville, then in Prairie County. He established the first hotel ever opened in that town. and was afterward elect- ed town treasurer, holding that office until his election as county clerk, which position he filled up to the time of his death, in April, 1860, at the age of forty- five years. In politics he was an old-line Whig, but was elected to his last office as an inde- pendent candidate, defeating one of the most pop- ular men in that county, William Goodman. He was three times re-elected, and at the time of his death the office was filled by his former opponent. The elder England was married to Miss Laureva Boyette, a lady of French descent, who was born in Georgia. They were the parents of seven chil- dren, of whom four are yet living, and all residents of Arkansas. The mother is still living, and re- sides in Lonoke County with two of her children. John C. England was reared in Brownsville and educated at the schools of that place and at Hick- ory Plains, but his schooling was interrupted by the Civil War, which proved very disastrous to his
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family. During that event he obtained a position as clerk with the firm of Smart & Chamberlain, at Huntersville (now Argenta), but soon afterward went to Hicks Station and established himself in business, remaining there until the surrender. He then joined his brother in a business venture, but finding that his inclination toward the law was too strong to resist, he determined to make that his calling in life. For several years he studied law in the office of Messrs. Gantt & Bronaugh, the leading law firm in Prairie County, and in 1870 was admitted to the bar, and began to practice his profession at Devall's Bluff, where he remained until 1873. He next came to Lonoke, and prac- ticed with success until the year 1887, being attor- ney for the Little Rock branch of the Cotton Belt Railroad, and during that year moved to Little Rock, where he was shortly afterward appointed private secretary to Gov. Eagle. Mr. England became business manager of the Devall Liberal while at that place, which paper succumbed, after several months of publication, from lack of support, although one of the brightest newspapers in that section. In 1872 he actively assisted in establish- ing the Prairie County Democrat, and was local editor and business manager, and six months later bought out his partner's interest and moved to Lonoke County, where the name was changed to the Lonoke Democrat, and in 1879 was sold to his brother, Mr. J. E. England. Mr. England has been a member of the Masonic fraternity since his twenty-first year, and has passed through several degrees. He also belongs to the Knights Temp- lar, Knights of Pythias and Knights of Honor. In January, 1875, he was married to Miss Nellie Chapline, of Lonoke County, who was born in Greenville, S. C. Five children have been born to this marriage, of whom four are yet living: Wil- helmine, Nellie, Ralph and an infant daughter, Maud. In religious belief Mr. England is a mem- ber of the Baptist Church, and is a liberal con- tributor to all religious and educational enterprises.
Chief Justice E. H. English (deceased) was born March 6, 1816, in Madison County, Ala. His parents moved to Limestone County, near Athens, when he was still young and resided there
until their death, young English being reared on a plantation and attending the public schools of that county until he had attained his fourteenth year. He then completed his academic education, at the town of Athens, but even afterward pursued in private the classics and higher branches of En- glish study. He was greatly aided in this by Mr. James Frazier, a graduate of the famous Univer- sity of Edinburgh, Scotland, and also of the no less noted University of Virginia. When making his choice of a profession, Mr. English unhesitatingly adopted the law and entered the office of the Hon. George H. Houston, who was afterward Governor and United States Senator for Alabama. Mr. English was admitted to the bar in 1839, and when only a little over twenty-one years of age, was elected to the State legislature from Limestone County, Ala. He was afterward re-elected for one term, and at its expiration commenced to practice his profession at Athens, where he remained until the year 1844, then coming to Little Rock, Ark. At this place his career in the law was one of the most brilliant and successful in the legal annals of Arkansas. In the fall of 1844, he was appointed by the supreme court reporter of its decisions, and during his occupancy of this position, published eight volumes of his reports, from the Sixth to the Thirteenth Arkansas, inclusive. In 1846 he was elected by a joint vote of two houses of the Arkansas legislature to digest the laws, and performed this work to the entire satisfaction of every one in eight- een months. In 1848 he was a candidate for associ- ate justice of the supreme court, but was defeated by Judge Walker. In November, 1854, he was elected chief justice for six years, to fill the unexpired term of Chief Justice G. C. Watkins, and until the close of Judge Watkins' term, had the honor of presiding with and over the judge who had defeated him in 1848. In 1860 he was re-elected unanimously for a full term of eight years, but at the close of the war, he resumed his law practice at Little Rock, continuing until 1874, when he was again elected chief justice. In the allotment for classification, under the constitution of 1874, he drew the middle or six years' lot, and that term expired with ISSO. The same year he was re-elected without opposi-
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