USA > Arkansas > Faulkner County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 8
USA > Arkansas > Garland County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 8
USA > Arkansas > Grant County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 8
USA > Arkansas > Hot Spring County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 8
USA > Arkansas > Jefferson County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 8
USA > Arkansas > Lonoke County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 8
USA > Arkansas > Perry County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 8
USA > Arkansas > Pulaski County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 8
USA > Arkansas > Saline County > Biographical and historical memoirs of Pulaski, Jefferson, Lonoke, Faulkner, Grant, Saline, Perry, Garland and Hot Spring counties, Arkansas, comprising a condensed history of the statebiographies of distinguished citizens...[etc.] > Part 8
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Offer premiums to the immigration of well- informed, expert labor, and small farmers, dairy- men, gardeners and horticulturists and small trad- ers. Let the 7,000,000 acres of government and State lands be given in forty-acre tracts to the heads of families, who will come and occupy them. Instead of millions of dollars in donations to great corporations and capitalists, give to that class which will create capital, develop the State, and enrich all the people. Railroads and capitalists will fol- low these as water runs down the hill. Arkansas needs railroads-ten thousand miles yet-it needs great factories, great cities, universities of learn- ing and, forsooth, millionaires. But its first and greatest needs are small farmers, practical toil- ers, skilled mechanics, and scattered all over the State beginnings in each of the various manufac- tures; the beginnings, in short, of that auspicious hour when it ceases to ship any of its raw mate- rials. It is a law of life, that, in a society where there are few millionaires, there are few paupers. Where the capital of a country is gathered in vast aggregations in the possession of a few, there the children cry for bread-the poor constantly in-
49
HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
crease, wages fall, employment too often fails, and the hoarse mutterings of parading mobs and bread riots take the places of the laughter and the songs of the laborers to and from the shops and the fields.
The following from the government official re- ports of the growth and value of the manufactures of the State is to be understood as reaching only to 1880, when it had but commenced to emerge from the old into the new life:
Year.
Establishments.
261
$ 305,045
812
30
$150,876
£ 215,789
$ 537,908
1S60
518
1,316,610
1,831
46
554,240
1,280,503
2,880,578
1870
1,070
1,782,913
3,077
47
82
673,963
2,506,998
4,629,234
1880
1,202
2,953,130
4,307
90
160
925,358
4,392,080
6,756,159
Ideas of values are most easily reached by com- parisons. The following figures, taken from offi- cial government reports, explain themselves:
Value of Farms.
Machinery Live Stock.
Products.
Arkansas ..
$ 74,249,655
$ 4,637,497
$ 20,472,425
$43,796,261
Nebraska
105,932,541
7,820,915
33,440,265
31,708,914
Iowa.
507,430,227
29,371,884
124,715,103
36,103,073
Kansas.
235,178,631
9,734,634
60,907,149
52,240,561
Minnesota
193,724,260
13,089,783
31,904,821
49,468,967
The products are the profits on the capital in- vested. Words can add nothing to these figures in demonstrating the superiority of Arkansas as an agricultural State, except the explanation that Southern farming is yet more or less carried on under the baneful influences of the days of slavery, unintentional indifference and the absence of watchful attention by the proprietor.
Cotton grows finely in all parts of this com- monwealth and heretofore in two-thirds of its terri- tory it has been the main crop. In the fertile bottoms the product per acre has reached as high as 2,000 pounds of seed cotton, while on the uplands it runs from 600 to 1,000 pounds. The census of 1880 shows that Arkansas produces more cotton per acre, and at less expense, than any of the so-called cotton States. In 1880 the yield was 608, 256 bales, grown on 1,042, 970 acres. That
year Georgia raised 814,441 bales, on 2,617,138 acres. The estimated cost per acre of raising cot- ton is $6. It will thus be seen that it cost $9,444,972 in Georgia to raise 256, 185 more bales of cotton than Arkansas had grown-much more than double the land to produce less than one- fourth more cotton. Less than one-twentieth of the cotton land of the latter State has been brought under cultivation,
The superiority of cotton here is attested by the fact that the greatest cotton thread manufact- urers in the world prefer the Arkansas cotton to any other in the market. The product has for years carried off the first prizes over the world's competition.
The extra census bulletin, 1880, gives the yield of corn, oats and wheat products in Arkansas for that year as follows: Corn, 24, 156,517 bushels; oats, 2,219,824 bushels; wheat, 1,269, 730 bushels. Remembering that this is considered almost ex- clusively a cotton State, these figures of the cereals will be a genuine surprise. More wheat is grown by 40,000 bushels and nearly three times as much corn as were raised in all New England, according to the official figures for that year.
From the United States agricultural reports are obtained these interesting statistics concerning the money value of farm crops per acre:
Corn.
Rye.
Oats.
Potatoes.
Hay.
Illinois.
$ 6 77
6 64
$ 6 46
$30 32 $ 7 66
Indiana
8 86
7 30
5 92
30 08.
7 66
Ohio.
11 52
9 08
7 90
34 48
9 85
Kansas
6 44
5 98
6 12
37 40
5 89
Virginia
7 52
5 16
5 34
43 50
17 30
Tennessee
7 91
7 32
5 73
28 08
14 95
Arkansas.
11 51
9 51
11 0%
78 65
22 94
The following is the average cash value per acre on all crops taken together:
Maine. $13 51
North Carolina .. $10 79
New Hampshire 13 56
South Carolina ... 10 09
Vermont ..
11 60
Georgia. 10 35
Massachusetts
26 71
Florida. 8 52
Rhode Island.
29 32
Alabama.
13 49
Connecticut.
16 82
Mississippi.
14 76
New York.
14 15
Louisiana.
22 40
New Jersey
18 05
Arkansas
20 40
Pennsylvania
17 68
Tennessee.
12 39
Delaware
15 80
West Virginia.
12 74
Maryland
17 82
Kentucky
13 58
Virginia
10 91
Ohio 15 58
-
Capital.
Males.
Females.
Children.
Wages.
Val. Materials.
Value Products.
1850 ...
2
-
G
50
HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
Michigan. $18 96
Kansas $ 9 11
Indiana
14 66
Nebraska
8 60
Illinois.
12 47
California
17 18
Wisconsin.
13 80
Oregon. . .
17 11
Minnesota. 10 29
Nevada, Colorado and
Iowa ..
8 88
the Territories.
16 13
Missouri. 10 78
Texas ..
14 69
The advance of horticulture in the past decade in the State has been extraordinary. Twenty years ago its orchard products amounted to very little. By the census reports of 1880, the total yield of fruit was $867,426. This was $100,000 more than the yield of Florida, with all the latter's immense orange groves. As universally as has the State been misunderstood, it is probably in reference to its fruits and berries that the greatest errors have long existed. If one visits the apple and peach regions of the North, it is found to be the gen- eral belief that Arkansas is too far south to pro- duce either, whereas the truth is that, especially in apples, it has no equal either in the United States or in the world. This fact was first brought to public attention at the World's Fair, at New Orleans, 1884-85, where the Arkansas exhibit was by far the finest ever made, and the State was awarded the first premium, receiving the World's medal and a special notice by the awarding com- mittee. Thus encouraged, the State was repre- sented at the meeting of the American Pomological Society, in Boston, in September, 1887. Sixty- eight varieties of Arkansas seedling apples were in the exhibit, to contend with all the champion fruit growers of the globe. The State won the Wilder medal, which is only given by reason of extraor- dinary merit, and in addition to this was awarded the first premium for the largest and best collection of apples, consisting of 128 varieties.
The collection which won the Boston prizes was then shipped to Little Rock, and after being on exhibition there twenty days, was re-packed and shipped to the National Horticultural meeting in California, which met at Riverside, February 7, 1888. Arkansas again won the first prize, invad- ing the very home of Pomona, and bearing off the first honors as it had in eastern and northern sec- tions of the Union. The " Arkansas Shannon" is pronounced by competent judges to be the finest apple now grown anywhere.
Strawberries are another late discovery of the resources of Arkansas. The yield and quality are very superior. So rapidly has the industry grown that, during the fruit season, the Iron Mountain road runs a special daily fruit train, leaving Little Rock late in the afternoon and reaching St. Louis early the next morning. This luscious product, of remarkable size, ripens about the first of April.
Of all cultivated fruit the grape has held its place in poetry and song, in sacred and profane history, as the first. It finds in Arkansas the same conditions and climate of its native countries, between Persia and India. The fruit and its wine produced here are said by native and foreign experts to equal, if not surpass, the most famous of Italy or France. The vines are always healthy and the fruit perfect. The wild muscadine and scuppernong grow vines measuring thirty-eight and one-half inches around, many varieties fruit- ing here to perfection that are not on the open air lists at all further north.
The nativity of the peach is the same as that of the grape, and it, too, therefore, takes as kindly to the soil here as does the vine. Such a thing as budded peach trees are of very recent date, and as a consequence the surprises of the orchardists in re- spect to this fruit are many. Some of the varieties ripen in May, and so far every kind of budded peaches brought from the North, both the tree and the fruit, have improved by the transplanting. The vigor of the trees seems to baffle the borers, and no curled leaves have yet been noticed. In quality and quantity the product is most encourag- ing, and the next few years will see a marked advance in this industry.
For fifty years after the settlement of the State peach seedlings were grown, and from these, as in the case of the apple, new and superior varieties have been started, noted for size, flavor, abundance and never failing crops.
The Chickasaw plum is so far the most suc- cessfully grown, and is the best. It is a perfected fruit easily cultivated, and is free from the curculio, while the trees are healthy and vigorous beyond other localities.
In vegetables and fruits, except the tropical
51
HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
plants, Arkansas is the banner State. In the fruit and vegetable kingdom there is found in luxuriant growth everything in the long list from corn to the fig.
The yield and quality of Arkansas tobacco is remarkable when it is remembered that this indus- try has received so little attention. Thirty years ago State Geologist Owen informed the people that he found here the same, if not better, tobacco soil, than the most favored districts of Cuba. The yield of tobacco, in 1880, was 970,230 pounds. Yet so little attention or experiment has been given the subject that an experimental knowledge of the State's resources in this respect cannot be claimed to have been gained.
In 1880 the State produced: Barley, 1,952 bushels; buckwheat, 548 bushels; rye, 22,387 bushels; hay, 23,295 tons; Irish potatoes, 492,627 bushels; sweet potatoes, 881,260 bushels.
From the census reports of the same year are gleaned the following: Horses, total, 146,333; mules and asses, 87,082; working oxen, 25,444; milch cows, 249,407; other cattle, 433,392; sheep, 246,757; swine, 1,565,098; wool, 557,368 pounds; milk, 316,858 gallons; butter, 7,790,013 pounds; cheese, 26,310 pounds. All parts of the State are finely adapted to stock-raising. The excellence and abundance of pure water, the heavy growth of blue grass, the cane brakes and abundant mast, sustain the animals during most of the winter in marketable condition. In respect to all domes- tic animals here are presented the same conditions as in nearly every line of agriculture-cheapness of growth and excellence of quality.
The improvement in cattle has been retarded by the now conceded fact that the "Texas fever" is asserted by some to be seated in the State. This affects Northern cattle when imported, while it has no effect on native animals. Except for this unfortunate reality there would be but little time lost in developing here the great dairy industry of the country. But good graded cattle are 110W being raised in every portion, and so rich is the locality in this regard that in stock, as in its fruits, care and attention will produce new varieties of unrivaled excellence. Arkansas is the natural home
and breeding ground of animals, all growing to great perfection, with less care and the least cost.
Taxes here are not high. The total taxation in Illinois in 1880, assessed on real and personal property, as per census reports, for State, county and all civil divisions less than counties, was $24,586,018; the same year in Arkansas the total tax was $1,839,090. Farm lands are decreasing in value in Illinois nearly as fast as they are in- creasing in Arkansas. The total taxation in the United States in 1880 was the enormous sum of $312,750,721. Northern cities are growing, while their rural population is lessening. The reverse of this is the best for a State. The source of ruin to past nations and civilizations has all arisen from an abuse of the taxing powers. Excessive taxation can only end in general ruin. This simple but great lesson should be instilled into the minds of all youths, crystallized into the briefest maxim, and written over every threshold in the land; hung in the porches of every institution of learning; imprinted upon every plow handle and emblazoned on the trees and jutting rocks. The State that has taxed its people to build a $25, - 000,000 State house, has given deep shame to the intelligence of this age. Taxes are the insidious destroyer of nations and all liberty, and it is only those freemen who jealously guard against this evil who will for any length of time maintain their independence, equality or manhood.
The grade profile of the Memphis Route shows the elevations of the various cities and towns along that line to be as follows in feet, the datum plane being tide water of the Gulf of Mexico: Kansas City, 765; Rosedale, 825; Merriam, 900; Lenexa, 1,040; Olathe, 1,060; Bonita, 1,125; Ocheltree, 1,080; Spring Hill, 1,020; Hillsdale, 900; Paola, 860; Pendleton, 855; Fontana, 925; La Cygne, 840; Barnard, 810; Pleasanton, 865; Miami, 910; Prescott, 880; Fulton, 820; Ham- mond, 875; Fort Scott, 860; Clarksburg, 885; Garland, 865; all in Kansas; Arcadia, 820; Liberal, 875; Iantha, 990; Lamar, 1,000; Keno- ma, 980; Golden City, 1,025; Lockwood, 1,065; South Greenfield, 1,040; Everton, 1,000: Ash Grove, 1,020; Bois d'Arc, 1,250; Campbells, 1,290;
52
HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
1
Nichols Junction, 1,280; Springfield, 1,300; Tur- ner, 1,210; Rogersville, 1,475; Fordland, 1,600; Seymour, 1,680; Cedar Gap, 1,685; Mansfield, 1,520; Norwood, 1,510; Mountain Grove, 1,525; Cabool, 1,250; Sterling, 1,560; Willow Springs, 1,400; Burnham, 1,360; Olden, 1,280; West Plains, 950: Brandsville, 1,000; Koshkonong, 970; Thayer, last point in Missouri, 575; Mammoth
Spring, Ark., 485; Afton, 410; Hardy, 370; Willi- ford, 330; Ravenden, 310; Imboden, 300; Black Rock, 290; Portia, 285; Hoxie, 295; Sedgwick, 270; Bonnerville, 320; Jonesboro, 275; Nettleton, 250; Big Bay Siding, 250; Hatchie Coon, 250; Marked Tree, 250; Tyronza, 240; Gilmore, 225; Clarketon, 240; Marion, 235; West Memphis, 200; Memphis, 280.
CHAPTER VI.
POLITICS-IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT-THE TWO OLD SCHOOLS OF POLITICIANS-TRIUMPH OF THE JACKSONIANS-EARLY PROMINENT STATE POLITICIANS-THE GREAT QUESTION OF SECESSION -THE STATE VOTES TO JOIN THE CONFEDERACY-HORROR OF THE WAR PERIOD- THE RECONSTRUCTION DISTRESS-THE BAXTER-BROOKS EMBROGLIO.
In knots they stand, or in a rank they walk, Serions in aspect, earnest in their talk; Factious, and favouring this or t'other side, As their weak fancy or strong reason guide .- Dryden.
N one sense there is no portion of the history of Arkansas more instructive than its political history, because in this is the key to the character of many of its institutions, as well as strong indications of the trend of the public mind, and the characteris- tics of those men who shaped public affairs and controlled very largely in the State councils.
Immediately upon the formation of the Territorial government, the Presi- dent of the United States sent to Ar- kansas Post Gov. James Miller, Robert Crittenden, secretary, and C. Jouett, Robert P. Letcher and Andrew Scott, judges, to organize the new Territorial government. Gov. Miller, it seems, gave little attention to his office,
and therefore in all the early steps of formation Crittenden was the acting governor; and from the force of character he possessed, and his superior strength of mind, it is fair to conclude that he dominated almost at will the early public affairs of Arkansas.
This was at the time of the beginning of the political rivalry between Clay and Jackson, two of the most remarkable types of great political lead- ers this country has produced-Henry Clay, the superb; "Old Hickory," the man of iron; the one as polished a gem as ever glittered in the political heavens-the other the great diamond in the rough, who was of the people, and who drew his followers with bands of steel. These opposites were destined to clash. It is well for the country that they did.
Robert Crittenden was a brother of John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, and by some who knew him long and well he was deemed not only his
53
HISTORY OF ARKANSAS
brother's peer, but in many respects his intellect- ual superior. It goes without the saying, he was a born Whig, who, in Kentucky's super-loyal fash- ion, had Clay for his idol, and, to put it mildly, Jackson to dislike.
President Monroe had appointed the first Terri- torial officers, but the fact that Crittenden was secretary is evidence that politics then were not running very high. Monroe was succeeded in 1824 by John Quincy Adams. It would seem that in the early days in Arkansas, the Whigs stood upon the vantage grounds in many important respects. By the time Adams was inaugurated the war political to the death between Clay and Jackson had begun. But no man looked more care- fully after his own interests than Jackson. He had large property possessions just across the line in Tennessee, besides property in Arkansas. He induced, from his ranks in his own State, some young men of promise to come to Arkansas. The prize now was whether this should be a Whig or Democratic State. President Adams turned out Democratic officials and put in Whigs, and Robert Crittenden for a long time seemed to hold the State in his hand. Jackson's superiority as a leader over Clay is manifested in the struggles between the two in Arkansas. Clay's followers here were men after his fashion, as were Jackson's men after his mold. Taking Robert Crittenden as the best type, he was but little inferior to Clay himself in his magnetic oratory and purity of prin- ciples and public life; while Jackson sent here the Seviers, Conways and Rectors, men of the people, but of matchless resolution and personal force of character. No two great commanders ever had more faithful or able lieutenants than were the respective champions of Old Hickory and Harry of the West, in the formative days of the State of Arkansas. The results were, like those thoughout the Union, that Jackson triumphed in the hard strife, and Arkansas entered the Union, by virtue of a bill introduced by James Buchanan, as a Jackson State, and has never wavered in its political integrity.
As an evidence of the similarity of the con- tests and respective leaders of the two parties
here to those throughout the country, it is only necessary to point out that Crittenden drew to his following such men as Albert Pike, a genius of the loftiest and most versatile gifts the country has so far produced, while Jackson, ever supplying reinforcements to his captains, sent among others, as secretary of the Territory, Lewis Randolph, grandson of Thomas Jefferson, and whose wife was pretty Betty Martin, of the White House, a niece of Jackson's. Randolph settled in Hemp- stead County when it was an unbroken wilder- ness, and his remains are now resting there in an unknown grave.
Clay, it seems, could dispatch but little addi- tional force to his followers, even when he saw they were the hardest pressed by the triumphant enemy. There was not much by which one could draw comparisons between Clay and Jackson-unless it was their radical difference. As a great ora- tor, Clay has never been excelled, and he lived in a day when the open sesame to the world's de- lights lay in the silver tongue; but Jackson was a hero, a great one, who inspired other born heroes to follow him even to the death.
Arkansas was thus started permanently along the road of triumphant democracy, from which it never would have varied, except for the war times that brought to the whole country such con- fusion and political chaos. Being a Jackson State, dominated by the blood of the first governor of Tennessee-Gen. John Sevier, a man little in- ferior to Jackson himself-it was only the most cruel circumstance that could force the State into secession. When the convention met on the 4th of March, 1861, "on the state of the Union," its voice was practically unanimous for the Union, and that body passed a series of as loyal resolu- tions as were ever penned, then adjourning to meet again in the May following. The conven- tion met May 6, but the war was upon the coun- try, and most of the Gulf States had seceded. Every one knew that war was inevitable: it was already going on, but very few realized its immen- sity. The convention did not rush hastily into secession. An ordinance of secession was intro- duced, and for days. and into the nights, run-
×
54
HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.
ning into the small hours, the matter was delib- erated upon-no preliminary test vote was forced to an issue. Delegates were present in anxious attendance from the Carolinas, Alabama and Georgia. They knew that the fate of their action largely depended upon the attitude of Arkansas. If Arkansas voted no, then the whole secession movement would receive a severe blow. The after- noon before the final vote, which was to take place in the evening, these commissioners from other States had made up their minds that Arkansas might possibly vote down secession. When the con- vention adjourned for supper, they held a hurried consultation, and freely expressed their anxiety at the outlook. It was understood that the dis- cussion was closed, and the night session was wholly for the purpose of taking a vote. All was uncertainty and intense excitement. Expressions of deepest attachment to the Union and the old flag were heard. The most fiery and vehement of the secessionists in the body were cautious and deliberative. There was but little even of vehe- ment detestation of the abolitionists-a thing as natural then for a Southern man to despise as hatred is natural to a heated brain.
At a late hour in the evening, amid the most solemn silence of the crowded hall, an informal vote was taken. All except six members voted to secede. A suppressed applause followed the announcement of the vote. A hurried, whispered conference went on, and the effort was made to have the result unanimous. Now came the final vote. When the name of Isaac Murphy, afterward the military governor, was reached, it was passed and the roll call continued. It was so far unani- mous, with Mr. Murphy's name still to call. The clerk called it. Mr. Murphy arose and in an earnest and impressive manner in a few words ex- plained the dilemma he was in, but said, " I cannot violate my honest convictions of duty. I vote ' No.'""
When the day of reconstruction began, at first it was under the supervision of the military, and it is yet the greatest pity that Congress did not let the military alone to rehabilitate the States they had conquered. Isaac Murphy was made governor.
No truer Union man lived than he. He knew the people, and his two years of government were fast curing the wounds of war. But he was turned out of office.
The right to vote compels, if it is to be other than an evil, some correct and intelligent under- standing of the form of government prevailing in the United States, and of the elementary prin- ciples of political economy. The ability to read and write, own property, go to Congress or edit a political paper, has nothing to do with it, no more than the color of the skin, eyes or hair of the voter. The act of voting itself is the sovereign act in the economic affairs of the State; but if the govern- ment under its existing form is to endure, the average voter must understand and appreciate the fundamental principles which, in the providence of God, have made the United States the admira- tion of the world.
Arkansas, the Democratic State, was in political disquiet from 1861 to 1874-the beginning of the war and the end of reconstruction. When in the hands of Congress it was returned at every regular election as a Republican party State. The brief story of the political Moses who led it out of the wilderness is of itself a strange and interesting commentary on self-government.
When the war came there lived in Batesville Elisha Baxter, a young lawyer who had been breasting only financial misfortunes all his life. Utterly failing as a farmer and merchant, he had been driven to study law and enter the practice to make a living. An honest, kind-hearted, good man, loving his neighbor as himself, but a patriot every inch of him, and loving the Union above all else, his heart was deeply grieved when he saw his adopted State had declared for secession. He could not be a disunionist, no more than he could turn upon his neighbors, friends and fellow-citi- zens of Arkansas. He determined to wash his hands of it all and remain quietly at home. Like all others he knew nothing of civil war. His neighbors soon drove him from his home and family, and, to save his life, he went to the North- ern army, then in Southern Missouri. He was welcomed and offered a commission in the Federal
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