USA > Idaho > History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana : 1845-1889 > Part 1
USA > Montana > History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana : 1845-1889 > Part 1
USA > Washington > History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana : 1845-1889 > Part 1
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M 9
GENERAL LIBRARY -OF THE-
PARK CHURCH -IN- ELMIRA, N. Y. No. 1 7 /3-
GEN
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01714 6710
Gc 979.7 B22hi Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832- 1918. History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana
1 3 F3
REFERENCE
1
THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT
THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT
VOLUME XXXI
HISTORY OF WASHINGTON, IDAHO, AND MONTANA 1845-1889
SAN FRANCISCO THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1890
Allen County Public Library 900 Webster Street PO Box 2270 Fort Wayne, IN 46801-2270
Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1890, by HUBERT H. BANCROFT, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. All Rights Reserved.
PREFACE.
1216705
IN my History of the Northwest Coast I have brought down the annals of Washington, Idaho, and Montana to the end of the fur company régime, in 1846, at which time the question of boundary between the possessions of Great Britain and those of the United States was determined, the subjects of the former power thereupon retiring from the banks of the Columbia northward beyond the line of latitude 49°. In the History of Oregon I have likewise given much of the early affairs of the territory treated of in this volume, that territory for a time being a part of Oregon; just as in the history of Washington much is given of the history of Idaho, and in the history of Idaho much of Montana.
Under the term Northwest Coast I originally included all that vast region of North America north of the 42d parallel and west of the Rocky Mountains, Alaska alone excepted. When, in 1846, the south- ern line of British Columbia was determined, all that remained was called Oregon. Later, from Oregon was set off Washington; from Washington was set off Idaho; and from Idaho, for the most part, was set off Montana. Thus for some part of the history of Montana we look to the annals of Idaho, Wash- ington, Oregon, and the Northwest Coast; for part
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Bartfield - $375, 25
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PREFACE.
of the history of Idaho we look to the annals of Washington and the rest; and for the history of Washington we must have also the histories of Ore- gon and the Northwest Coast. I have been thus explicit on this point, in order that the people of Washington, Idaho, and Montana might thoroughly understand how the histories of their respective sec- tions are distributed in this series-histories which if segregated from the series and issued separately would each fill a space equal to two of my volumes.
There were those among the early pioneers who came to the Northwest Coast some who deter- mined, while securing to themselves such homes as they might choose out of a broad expanse, to serve their government by taking possession of the terri- tory north of the Columbia River, not as Vancouver had done fifty-seven years before, by stepping on shore to eat luncheon and recite some ceremonies to the winds, nor as Robert Gray had done, a few years later, by entering and naming the great River of the West after his ship; but by actual settlement and oc- cupation. I need not repeat here the narrative of those bold measures by which these men of destiny achieved what they aimed at. I wish only to declare that they no more knew what was before them than did the first immigrants to the Willamette Valley. Nevertheless, it fell out that they had found one of the choicest portions of the great unknown north- west; with a value measured not alone by its fertile soil, but also by its wonderful inland sea, with its salt- water canals branching off in all directions, deep, safe from storms, always open to navigation, abounding in
vii
PREFACE.
fish, bordered many miles wide with the most magnifi- cent forests on earth. It did not require the im- agination of a poet to picture a glowing future for Puget Sound, albeit far away in the dim reaches of time. To be in some measure connected with that future, to lay ever so humbly the corner-stone, was worth all the toil and privation, the danger and the isolation, incident to its achievement.
Not only was there this inland sea, with its treas- ures inexhaustible of food for the world, and its fif- teen hundred miles of shore covered with pine forests to the water's edge, but surrounding it were many small valleys of the richest soils, watered by streams fed by the pure snows of the Cascade and Coast ranges, half prairie and half forest, warm, sheltered from winds, enticing the weary pilgrim from the eastern side of the continent to rest in their calm solitudes. It was true that the native wild man still in- habited these valleys and roamed the encircling moun- tains, to the number of thirty thousand; but in so vast a country three times as many would have seemed few; and the incomers were the sons of sires who had met and subdued the savage tribes of America as they pushed their way westward from Plymouth Rock to the Missouri and beyond; therefore they had no hesitation now in settling in their midst. They had been bred to the belief that "the British and Ind- ians" would melt before them.
The sources of material for writing this volume are similar to those which have enabled me to write all my volumes; namely, all existing printed matter, books, public documents, and newspapers, together
viii
PREFACE.
with many valuable manuscripts, the results of hun- dreds of dictations, containing the experiences of those first upon the ground in the various localities, or who have in any manner achieved distinction in organiz- ing society and government in these domains.
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
CHAPTER I.
THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 1845-1853. PAGE
Attitude of the Hudson's Bay Company-Michael T. Simmons and Asso- ciates Proceed Northward-Settle at Budd Iulet-Puget Sound- Highlands-Tumwater-Bush Prairie-Chambers Prairie-Neah Bay -Marriages and Births-The Indians Pronounce against the White Man-Effect of California Gold Discovery-The Timber Trade- Towns Laid out-Whidbey Islaud Settled-Occupation of the Coast Country 1
CHAPTER II. POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. 1845-1853.
Public Meetings-Settlers versus the Puget Sound Agricultural Com- pany-Representation in the Oregon Legislature-Movements toward the Foundation of the New Territory of Columbia-Memo- rial to Congress-If not a Territory, then a State-Queen Charlotte Island Expedition-The Oregon Legislature Petition Congress for a Division of Territory-Congress Grants the Petition-But instead of Columbia, the New Territory is Called Washington-Officers Ap- pointed-Roads Constructed-Immigration
39
CHAPTER III. ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. 1853-1855.
Governor Isaac Ingalls Stevens-His Life and Character-Railroad Sur- veys-Political Parties-Election-First Legislative Assembly-Its Personnel and Acts-Early Newspapers-County Organizations- Federal Courts-Land Claims and Land Titles-Roads, Mails, and Express Companies-San Juan Island-Indian Troubles-Treaties and Reservations-Stevens in Eastern Washington
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70
x
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
INDIAN WARS. 1855-1856. PAGE
Causes of the Indian Outbreak-Discovery of Gold near Fort Colville- Yakimas Hostile-Expeditions of Major O. G. Haller into the Snake and Yakima Countries-Yakima Campaign of 1855-Movement of Troops on the Sound-Attack on Seattle-War Vessels on the Sound -Walla Walla Campaign of the Oregon Volunteers-Operations of the Second Oregon Regiment-Attack on the Cascades-Colonel Cornelius Returns to Portland. 108
CHAPTER V.
INDIAN WARS. 1856-1858.
Action of the Governor-Disposition of Forces-New Battalions-Plan of Campaign-Battle of White River-On the Sound-Martial Law -Fighting at John Day River and Grand Rond-East of the Cas- cade Range-Stevens in the Hostile Country -- Failure of his Council -Lechi's Betrayal, Arrest, Trials, and Execution-Assassination of Quiemuth- Termination of Hostilities on the Sound-Result-War Debt-Clarke and Wright's Campaign-Defeat of Steptoe-Battles of Four Lakes and Spokane Plains in the Yakima Country-Walla Walla Country Reopened.
157
CHAPTER VI. THROUGH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 1855-1867.
Party Politics-Election of Delegate-Martial Law-Stevens Chosen Delegate-Death of Stevens-His Character-Governor MeMullin- Fraser River Mining Excitement-Its Effect on Washington-Ser- vices of Secretary Mason-Governor Gholson-Henry M. McGill- The Capital Question-The University-Governor Wallace-Gover- nor Pickering-The Custom-house Controversy-Inundation of Port Angeles 201
CHAPTER VII.
MINING AND TOWN-MAKING. 1861-1863.
Organization of the First Washington Infantry-Companies from Califor- nia-Gold Discoveries-Military Road-Fraser River Travel-Col- ville Mines-The Malheur Country-The Similkameen Mines --- American Miners in British Columbia-Gold Discoveries on the Clearwater-On Snake River-Protest of the Nez Percés-Pierce City
xi
CONTENTS.
PAGE
-Oro Fino-Lewiston-Very Rich Diggings-California Eclipsed- Salmon River Mines-Political Effect-Winter Sufferings-Powder and John Day Rivers-Florence and Warren Diggings-Boisé Mines -Organization of the Territory of Idaho. 227
CHAPTER VIII.
GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT.
1863-IS86.
Effect of Territorial Division-Election of Delegate-Negro Suffrage- Party Politics-The Legislature-Peace and Progress-Steamboating -Navigation Companies-Clearing Rivers-Public Buildings-In- sane Asylum and Penitentiary-Legislative Divorces-Government Reservations-Judicial Affairs-Another Delegate-Governor Flan- ders- Governor Salomon-Governor Ferry-Governor Newell-Era of Railways-More Elections-Political Platforms-Convention --- Woman's Rights-Legislature.
264
CHAPTER IX.
PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD.
Remarkable Growth of the Territory-Demand for Statehood-Enabling Act-State Convention-Character of the Delegates-Constitution Ratified-Waiting for a Proclamation-Meeting of First State Legislature-Character of Members-Unexpected Delay of the Presi- dential Proclamation-Election of Senators. 301
HISTORY OF IDAHO.
CHAPTER I.
PHYSICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL WEALTH.
Territorial Limits-The World's Wonder-land-Rivers, Mountains, and Valleys-Phenomenal Features-Lava-fields-Mineral Springs- Climate-Scores of Limpid Lakes-Origin of the Name ' Idaho'-In- difference of Early Immigrants-Natural Productions-Game-Food Supply-Fur-bearing Animals-First Mormon Settlement-County Divisions of Idaho as Part of Washington 393
CHAPTER II. EARLY SETTLEMENT.
1862-1866.
Mineral Discoveries-Counties and Towns-Immigration-Routes to the Mines-Indian Wars-Forts-Quartz-mining-Companies and Claims-More Town-building-Stage-roads-Sliding Clubs-Traffic and Travel-Oregon versus California-Mail Contracts-Prospecting and Mining-New Districts-Output of Precious Metals .. . .. ... 406
xii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER III. POLITICAL AFFAIRS. 1863-1885. PAGE
Governor Wallace-Territorial Organization-Judicial and Legislative Matters-Acting Governor Daniels-Governor Lyon-Secession Sen- timents-Crimes and Punishments-The Magruder Massacre -- Vigi- lance Committees-Political and Highway Robberies-Acting Gov- ernor Smith-The Capital Question-Legislatures-Character of Lyon-Acting Governor Howlett-Governor Ballard-Gibbs-Mars- ton-Curtis - Bowen - Bennet - Judges - Governor Thompson- Brayman-Neil-Bunn-Politics-Territorial Limits-Federal and Territorial Officers. 442
CHAPTER IV. THREATENING ASPECT OF AFFAIRS. 1861-1874.
Tribal and Territorial Divisions of the Aborigines-Attitude of the Nez Percé Nation-Gold Discovery on the Nez Perce Reservation- Council at Lapwai-Terms of Treaty Disregarded by the White Men-Aboriginal Diplomacy-Big Thunder and the Missionaries- Terms of the New Treaty-Claim of Eagle-from-the-light-Speech of Lawyer-Conference with Joseph 481
CHAPTER V. INDIAN WARS. 1874-1878.
March of the Cavalry-Attitude of Joseph-His Opinion of Indian Res- ervations-Indian Outbreaks-Military Companies in the Field- The Governors of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho-Battle of Cotton- wood-Jealousies between Regulars and Volunteers-Battle of Clear- water-Flight of Joseph-Battle of Ruby Creek-On Snake Creek -Surrender of Joseph-Another Indian Treaty-Disaffection of the Bannacks-Further Fighting-End of Hostilities. 497
CHAPTER VI. NATURAL WEALTH. 1865-1885.
Mining Prosperity and Reverses-Early and Later Developments-The Several Gold and Silver Mining Districts -- The Snake River Region -Production-Base Metals-Iron Veins-Salt-Sulphur-Soda- Mica-Stone-Agriculture-Soil-Grasses and Grazing-Forests- Climate-Health-Boundless Possibilities 527
xiii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII. MATERIAL AND SOCIAL PROGRESS. 1864-1886. PAGE
Ada County-Creation of the Capital of Idaho-Origin and Development of Towns-Farming Settlements-Orchards-Stock-raising - Pio- neers-Alturas County-Mineral and Agricultural Lands and Settle- ment-Bear Lake County-Boisé, Cassia, Custer, Idaho, Kootenai, Lemhi, Nez Perce, Oneida, Owyhee, Shoshone, and Washington Counties-Public Lands in Idaho-Social Condition-Education- Religion-Benevolent Societies-Public Improvements-Railroads and Telegraphs. 541
HISTORY OF MONTANA.
CHAPTER I.
NATURAL WEALTH AND SETTLEMENT. 1728-1862.
The Name-Configuration and Climate-Game-Stock-raising Advan- tages-Minerals and Metals-Catacombs-Mauvaises Terres-Early Explorations-Fur-hunters and Forts-Missionaries and Missions- Overland Explorations - Railroad Survey - Wagon-roads - Early Steamboats-Gold Discoveries-The Cattle Business-First Settlers -New Counties of Washington 589
CHAPTER II.
TOWN-BUILDING AND SOCIETY. 1862-1864.
Exploring Expeditions-Pioneers of Montana-Prospecting Parties-Or- ganization of Districts-Stuart and Bozeman-De Lacy-Biograph- ical Sketches of Settlers-Freights and Freight Trains-Early Soci- ety of the Mines-Road-agents and Vigilance Committees-Legally Organized Banditti-The Sheriff Highwayman and his Deputies-A Typical Trial-Wholesale Assassination and Retribution. . ... 621
CHAPTER III. POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL. 1864-1866.
Organization of the Territory-Boundaries Established-Governor Edger- ton-Judges Appointed-First Legislature-Seat of Government- Seal-Map-Meagher, Acting Governor-Party Issues-Convention -Election-Early Newspapers-Vigilance Committee Influence-
xiv
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Eastern Solons-Difficulties Encountered by the Early Judges- Beidler-More Legislation-Governor Smith-Education-Assay Office-Surveyor-general-Removal of Capital. 642
CHAPTER IV. POLITICAL HISTORY.
1866-1886.
Special Legislation-All Made Null by Congress-Useful Laws-The Cap- ital Question-Party Issues-The Several Legislatures-Governor Ashley-Governor Potts-Newspapers-Railway Legislation-The Right-of-way Question-Territorial Extravagance-Northern Pacific Railway-Local Issues-Retrenchment and Reform. 666
CHAPTER V.
INDIAN WARS. 1855-1882.
The Blackfoot Nation-Crows and Sioux-Their Lands and their Charac- ters-The Old, Old Issue-Treaty-making-Treaty-breaking, Fight- ing, and Finishing-Movements of Troops-Montana Militia Com- panies-Establishing Forts-Expeditions for Prospecting and Dis- covery-Reservations-Long-continued Hostilities-Decisive Meas- ures 690
CHAPTER VI. MINING AND CATTLE-RAISINO. IS64-1SS0.
Influx of Prospectors-Continued Mineral Discoveries-Alder and Last Chance Gulches-Mining Adventures-Some Notable Discoveries- Hydraulic Machinery -Quartz-mining - Transportation - Routes and Freights-The Business of Cattle-growing-Ranges-Brands- Round-up-Product and Profit-Further Mining Developments- Condition of Agriculture and Horticulture. 720
CHAPTER VII. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT. 1870-1888.
Condition of Montana from 1870 to 1880-Countries Compared-Total Production in 1888-Price of Labor-Railroad Era-Agriculture- Lumbering-Wages-Transportation Companies-Coal-Looses in Cattle-Mining Development-Butte-Phillipsburg-Deer Lodge- Helena-Great Falls-Benton-Eastern Montana-Moral and Social Condition 750
xV
CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. 1884-1889.
Convention of 1884-Election of Delegate and Legislature-Republican and Democratic Conventions-Territorial Officers-Governor Leslie Appointed-Legislative Sessions and Enactments-Memorials con- cerning Mineral Lands-The Northern Pacific Railroad-Laws to Guard Elections-Thomas H. Carter, Delegate-B. F. White, Gov- ernor-Enabling Act Passed by Congress-Constitutional Convention -Features of the Constitution-Political Troubles.
781
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED
IN THE
HISTORY OF WASHINGTON, IDAHO, AND MONTANA
Absaraka, or Home of the Crows. Philadelphia, 1868. Adams (W. L.), Oregon and the Pacific Coast. Boston, 1869; Portland, Oregon, 1873. Albany (Or.), Register; State Rights Democrat.
Addey (Markfield), George Brinton Mcclellan, from Cadet to Major-general. New York, 1864.
Alameda Encinal.
Alvord (B.), The Cause of Learning on the Pacific Coast, in Evans' Washing- ton Territory. MS.
American Almanac. Boston and New York, 1830 et seq.
American Mining Index.
American Missionary. New York, 1862 et seq. Anaheim (Cal.), Gazette.
Anderson (Alex. C.), History of the Northwest Coast. MS Angelo (C. Aubrey), Idaho. San Francisco, 1865
Autioch (Cal.), Ledger.
Applegate (Jesse), Views of Oregon History. MS.
Appleton (D. & Co.), Journal. New York, 1868 et seq.
Armstrong (A. N.), Oregon. Chicago, 1857. Army and Navy Journal. Ashland (Or.), Tidings. Astoria (Or.), Astorian. Atlantic Monthly. Boston, 1858 et seq. Austin (Nev.), Reese River Reveille.
Bagley (V. I.), The San Juan Affair. MS. Baker City (Or.), Reveille.
Balch (Wm R.), The Mines, Miners, etc., of the U. S. Philadelphia, 1882. Ballou (Wm T.), Adventures. MS. Bancroft (A. L.), Journey to Oregon in 1862. MS. Bancroft (A. L. & Co.), Pacific Coast Guide. San Francisco, 1882. Bancroft (Hubert H.), History of Oregon. San Francisco, 1886. 2 vols. . Barkerville (B. C.), Cariboo Sentinel.
Barnes (G. A.), Oregon and California. MS. Barret (Leonard), Travels in British Columbia. London, 1862. Barrows (William), Twelve Nights in a Hunter's Camp. Boston, 1869. ( xvii )
xviii
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED
Battle Mountain (Nev.), Messenger.
Bear River City (Utah), Index.
Belcher (Edward), Narrative of a Voyage Round the World in 1836-42. London, 1843. 2 vols.
Bell (Wm A.), Settlement of Seattle. MS.
Bellevue (Id.), Wood River News.
Benton (Thos H.), Speech in U. S. Senate, 1847.
Berlin Arbitration, Papers Relating to the Treaty of Washington (N. W. Boundary), vol. v. Washington, 1872. Blackfoot (Id.), Register.
Blake (W. P.), Production of the Precious Metals. New York and London, 1869.
Blanchet (F. N.), Catholic Missionaries of Oregon. MS .; Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in Oregon. Portland, 1878.
Boisé City (Id.), Newspapers: Chronicle; Democrat; Idahoan; Idaho States- man; News.
Boller (Henry A.), Among the Indians. Philadelphia, 1868.
Bonanza City (Id.), Yankee Fork Herald.
Bond (N. T.), Early History of Colorado, Montana, and Idaho. MS
Bonnemaine (Baron de), Stock-raising in Montana. MS.
Boston (Mass.), Advertiser.
Bowles (Saml), Our New West. Hartford, New York, and Chicago, 1869. Bowman, Oregon and Washington. MS.
Bozeman (Mont.), Avant Courier.
Bradshaw (Chas M.), in Sketches of Washington Territory. MS.
Briefe aus den Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika. Leipzig, 1853. Briggs (Albert), Port Townsend. MS.
Bristol (S.), Idaho Nomenclature. MS.
Bristow (E. L.), Rencounters. MS.
British Columbia Sketches. MS.
Brooks (Chas W.), Japanese Wrecks, Stranded and Picked up Adrift, in the North Pacific Ocean. San Francisco, 1876.
Brown (B. F.), Narrative. MS.
Browne (J. H.), Autobiography. MS.
Browne (J. Ross), Report on the Mineral Resources of the States and Terri- tories West of the Rocky Mountains. Washington, 186S.
Burchard (H. C.), Reports of the Director of the Mint upon the Productions of the Precious Metals in the U. S. Washington, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884.
Burnett (Peter H.), Recollections of the Past. MS. 2 vols.
Butler (J. S.), Life and Times in Idaho. MS.
Butte (Mont.), Miner.
Campbell (J. L.), Idaho; Six Months in the Gold Diggings. Chicago, 1864; Western Railroad and Emigrant Guide. Chicago, 1867.
Camp (David W.), American Year Book and National Register. Hartford (Conn.), 1869 et seq.
Carr (Ezra S.), The Patrons of Husbandry on the Pacific Coast. San Fran- cisco, 1875.
Carson (Nev.), State Register.
Cheyenne (Wyom.), Leader.
Clark (Jos. G.), Lights and Shadows of Sailor Life. Boston, 1848.
Clyman (Jas), Note Book, 1844-6. MS.
Codman (Jolin), The Round Trip. New York, 1879.
Coffin (C. C.), The Seat of Empire. Boston, 1870.
Coghanour (D.), Boisé Basin. MS.
Coke (Henry J.), A Ride over the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and Cal. London, 1852.
Colfax (Wash.), Palouse Gazette.
Colorado Mining Review, in S. F. Coast Review, Apr. 1873.
xix
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.
Columbia (Mo.), Pastoral Address, etc. n. pl., 1864.
Congressional Globe. Washington (D. C.), 1840 et seq. Contemporary Biography, etc. San Francisco, 1881.
Cooper (Jas), Maritime Matters. MS.
Cooper and Suckley, Natural History of Wash. Ty. New York, 1859. Corinne (Utalı), Reporter.
Cornwallis (Kinahan), New Eldorado, etc. London, 1858. Corvallis (Or.), Gazette.
Cox (Ross), Adventures on the Columbia River. London, 1831; New York, 1832. 2 vols.
Cram (T. J.), Topog. Memoir on the Dept of the Pacific. Washington, 1859. Cyclopedia of Missions. New York, 1860.
Dallas (Or.), Republican.
Daly's Address Amer. Geog. Soc., 1873.
Davidson (George), Coast Pilot of Cal., etc. Washington, 1869.
Davis (Jeff. C.), in Mil. Repts Dept Columbia, Sept. 1, 1874.
Dayton (Or.), Columbia Chronicle; Dem. State Journal; Weekly News.
Deady (M. P.), Hist. Oregon. MS .; Scrap-Book.
Deans (Jas), Vancouver Island. MS.
De Bow (J. D. B.), Encyclopedia of Trade, etc. London, 1854. 2 vols.
De Cosmos (Amor), Br. Col. Government. MS.
Deer Lodge (Mont.), Independent; New Northwest.
De Groot (Henry), British Columbia, etc. San Francisco, 1859.
Denny (A. A.), Snoqualmie Iron Mountain. MS .; in Wash. Ter. Sketches. MS.
De Smet (P. J.), Letters and Sketches. Philadelphia, 1843; Voyages aux Montagnes Rocheuses. Lille (Fr.), 1859; Western Missions and Mis- sionaries. New York, 1868.
Des Moines (Iowa), Register.
Desmond (R. E.), in S. F. Alta California, Apr. 1, 1880.
Dickinson (Danl S.), Speeches, Correspondence, etc. New York, 1867. 2 vols.
Dimsdale (Thos J.), Vigilantes of Montana. Virginia City (Mont.), 1866. Dix (John A.), Speeches, etc. New York, 1864. 2 vols.
Dowell's Scrap-Book.
Drew (C. S.), Owyhee Reconnois. Jacksonville (Or.), 1865.
Dunlop (Jas), Digest of Genl Laws of U. S. Philadelphia, 1856.
Dunn (John), Hist. of the Or. Territory. London, 1844.
Dutch Flat (Cal.), Forum.
Eastwick (Phil. G.), Puget Sound Coal Mines. MS.
Ebey (Geo. W.), Journal. MS .; Letter in Enos' Collection. MS.
Edinburgh Review, 1859 et seq.
Edwards (P. L.), Sketches of Oregon. MS.
Eldridge (Edward), Sketch of Washington Ty. MS .; in Vancouver Regis- ter, Apr. 2, 1875. Elko (Nev.), Independent.
Ellice (E.), in Rept Hudson's Bay Co., Aug. 1857.
Ellicott (Eugene), Puget Sound Nomenclature. MS.
Esmeralda (Nev.), Herald, Dec. 21, 1879.
Eureka (Nev.), Humboldt Times; Sentinel.
Evans (Elwood), Address, Jan. 5, 1869; July 9, 1880; Division of the Terri- tory, MS .; Documents, MS., lettered as follows: H; LL; N; PP; R T; V; ZZ; Exploration of Vancouver Island, MS .; Fraser River Excite- ment, MS .; Hist. Mem., MS .; Letter to Mrs Victor, MS .; Martial Law in Wash. Ty, MS .: Northwest Boundary, MS .; Northwest Coast Hist., MS., in Olympia Club Conversations, MS .; Oregon, MS .; Puyallup Ad- dress, MS .; Reannexation of B. C. to the U. S., Olympia (Wash.), 1870; Scrap-Book; Trial of Leschi, MS .; Trial of Yellow Jim, MS .; Washing- ton, Past and Future, Olympia, 1877; Washington Records, No. 11, MS.
XX
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.
Farmer (E. J.), Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Cleveland (O.), 1883. Farnham (J. T.), Hist. of Oregon Territory. New York, 1844.
Ferry (Elisha P.), Message to Legislative Assembly (Wash.), 1873.
Findlay (Alex. G.), Directory for the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean. Lon- don, 1851. 2 parts.
Finlayson (R.), Vancouver Island and N. W. Coast. MS.
Fisher (L. P.), Advertiser's Guide. San Francisco, 1870 et seq.
Fisher (R. S.) and Colby (Chas), Amer. Statis. Annual. New York, 1854.
Fitzgerald (Jas E.), Charter and Proceedings of H. B. Co. with Reference to Vancouver Island. London, 1849.
Flanders (Alvan), Speech on Puget Sound and Columbia River R. R. Bill. n. pl., 1868.
Folsom (Cal.), Telegraph.
Ford (N.), Pioneer Road Makers.
Fort Benton (Mont.), New Northwest; Record; River Press.
Fort Langly Journal. MS.
Fremont (J. C.), Exploring Expedition, etc., 1843-4. Washington, 1845.
Fresno (Cal.), Expositor.
Fry (F.), Fry's Traveller's Guide. Cincinnati, 1865.
Gannett (Henry), Lists of Elevations. Washington, 1877.
Garfielde (S.), Climates of the Northwest. Philadelphia, 1872.
Garnett (Louis A.), Outlines of a Scheme for Controlling the Coal Trade. New York, 1865.
Gass (Patrick), Journal of Lewis and Clarke's Expedition, etc. London, 1808.
General Orders Hdqrs Dept of the Columbia, June 22, 1874; Sept. 20, Dec. 31, 1875.
Gibbs (A. C.), Notes on Or. History. MS.
Gibbs (George), in Pacific R. R. Reports, i.
Gibbs (O. J.), Treaty with Great Britain. MS.
Gilbert (J. J.), Logging and R. R. Building. MS .; Puget Sound. MS.
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