USA > Idaho > History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana : 1845-1889 > Part 9
USA > Montana > History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana : 1845-1889 > Part 9
USA > Washington > History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana : 1845-1889 > Part 9
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61
WASHINGTON, NOT COLUMBIA.
of the Monticello convention, which was about the beginning of the second session of the thirty-second congress, he presented it in the house by a resolution requesting the committee on territories to inquire into the expediency of dividing Oregon, and framing a new territory north of the Columbia, by the name of Co- lumbia Territory, which resolution was adopted. On the 8th of February, 1853, the house proceeded to the consideration of the bill prepared by the committee. The bill did not confine the new territory to the lim- its described in the memorial, but continued the line of partition from a point near Fort Walla Walla, along the 46th parallel, to the Rocky Mountains, making a nearly equal division of the whole of Oregon. The arguments used by Lane in favor of the bill were the same as those given in the memorial, with the addi- tion of some explanations and statements more effect- ive than veracious, but which may have been necessary to success; as, for instance, the statement that the pop- ulation of the proposed territory was as great as that of the whole of Oregon at the time of its organization into a territory,36 whereas it was about one third.
Stanton of Kentucky moved to substitute the name of Washington for that of Columbia, to which Lane agreed, notwithstanding it was an ill-advised change. The vote of the house was taken on the 10th, the bill passing by a majority of 128 to 29. The senate passed it on the 2d of March without amendment, the president signing it the same day.37 Thus painlessly was severed from the real Oregon that northern portion over which statesmen and pio- neers had at one time so hotly contended with Great Britain.
Information of this act did not reach those inter- ested until near the last of April. About the middle of May it became known that I. I. Stevens of An-
36 The census of Washington, taken in 1853, and finished in Nov., fixed the white population at 3,965. Swan's N. W. Coast, 401.
37 Hlouse Jour., 8, 210, 32d cong. 2d sess .: Cong. G'obe, vol. 26, 555, 1020, 32d cong. 2d sess .; Olympia Columbiun, April 23, 1853.
62
POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT.
dover, Massachusetts, had been appointed governor, Edward Lander of Indiana chief justice, John R. Miller of Ohio and Victor Monroe of Kentucky associate justices, and J. S. Clendenin, of Louisiana United States district attorney. Miller falling ill, Moses Hoagland of Millersburg, Ohio, was appointed in his place, but did not accept, O. B. McFadden of Oregon being subsequently appointed to his district. J. Patten Anderson of Mississippi was appointed United States marshal, and directed to take the census.38 I. N. Ebey was appointed col- lector of Puget Sound, in place of S. P. Moses, re- moved; 39 and not long afterward A. B. Moses was appointed surveyor of the port of Nisqually, in place of Miller, removed.
The marshal was the first of the federal officers to arrive, reaching Puget Sound early in July, accom- panied by his family. He was soon followed by Judge Monroe, and in September by Judge Lander, C. H. Mason, secretary of the territory, and District Attorney Clendenin and family. Governor Stevens did not reach Olympia until about the last of Novem- ber, his proclamation organizing the government being made on the 28th of that month. Before pro- ceeding to discuss his administration, the rapid
88 According to the census completed in the autumn of 1853 by the mar- shal, the several counties were populated as follows: Name. Voters.
Population.
Island .
193
80
Jefferson
IS9
68
King
170
111
Pierce.
513
276
Thurston
996
3S1
Pacific
152
61
Lewis
616
239
Clarke
1,134
466
Total.
3,965
1,682
W. T. House Jour., 1854-5, 185; Olympia Columbian, Nov. 26, 1853.
89 Moses was accused of retaining a lady's private wardrobe, of shielding a mutinous crew, and conniving at smuggling by the H. B. Co.'s servants. Or. Statesman, Dec. 4, 1852. None of the charges I think could be sustained; but the secretary of the treasury instituted a suit against him for $7,608.70, balance due the United States, and caused his indictment as a defaulter. Id., Jan. 17, 1860.
63
ATTRACTING IMMIGRANTS.
changes taking place in the territory compel a brief review of its progress in a material point of view.
The most important thing to be done for a new country is the laying-out and improvement of roads. No country ever suffered more from the absence of good roads than Oregon, and the pioneers of the Puget Sound region realized fully the drawback they had to contend against to induce immigrants from the border states to come to the shores of their new Mediterranean after having reached the settled Valley Willamette. The only way in which they could hope to secure large families of agricultural people and nu- merous herds of cattle, with work-oxen and horses, was to have a road over the Cascade Mountains on the north side of the Columbia as good as the one around the base of Mount Hood on the south side. As early as 1850 it was determined at a public meet- ing to make the effort to open a road over the mountains and down the Yakima River to Fort Walla Walla, to intersect the immigrant road from
Grand Rond. A sum of money was raised among the few settlers, and a company of young men, headed by M. T. Simmons, was organized to hew out a high- way for the passage of wagons to the Sound.40 Another incentive to this labor was the alleged dis- covery of gold on the Yakima and Spokane rivers by J. L. Parrish and W. H. Gray, while making a tour through the eastern division of Oregon. The under- taking of opening a road through the dense forests and up and down the fearfully steep ridges proved too great for the means and strength of Simmons' company, and only served to fix the resolve to com- plete the work at some future time.
There was, previous to 1852, no road between Olympia and Tumwater, or between Tumwater and
40 According to Gray, Pierre C. Pambrun of Fort Walla Walla, and Cornelius Rogers, first explored the Nachess pass at the head of the Yakima. Or. Spectator, May 12, 1849.
64
POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT.
Cowlitz landing. The first mail contract over this route was let July 11, 1851, and the mail carried on horseback, in the pockets of A. B. Rabbeson,41 Sim- mons being postmaster at Olympia, and Warbass at the Cowlitz, or Warbassport. The road was so much improved in 1852 that a mail-wagon was driven over it that year,42 yet with great difficulty, being avoided as much as possible by passengers.43 In 1853 an express line was established over the route by John G. Parker and Henry D. Colter carrying mail and light packages on horseback,44 nor was there much improvement in this route for another two or three years.
In 1853 it was again resolved to open the road for
41 Rabbeson's Growth of Towns, MS., 15.
42 Id .; Puget Sound Dir., 1872.
43 The mail carrier in 1853 was James H. Yantis, son of B. F. Yantis of Mound Prairie, who died August 7th of that year. Olympia Columbian, Au- gust 13, 1853. B. F. Yantis was a Kentuckian, born March 19, 1807. He removed to Mo. in 1835, and to the Pacific coast in 1852. He occupied many positions of trust in Wash., and served as justice of the peace and legislator. After the creation of Idaho territory he resided there for some time and served in the legislature, but finally returned to Puget Sound, where he died in 1879. Olympia Standard, Fcb. 15, 1879.
" John G. Parker, long a resident of Olympia, and later capt. of the steam- boat Messenger, came to S. F. in 1851 as messenger for Gregory & Co., and to Puget Sound in 1853 as an agent to close the affairs of a trading-house kept ly Wright & Colter at Olympia. Finding that there was no way of carry- iug money between Puget Sound and S. F. except by lumber vessels, which were irregular and often went to the S. I., he decided to remain in Wash., in view of which he bought out the interest of his employers, and established Parker & Colter's express, carrying the mail through to the Cowlitz in a single day by relays of horses, a distance of 70 miles, to connect with Adams' express at Portland. At the end of 18 months Colter absconded with several thousand dollars belonging to the firm, which put an end to the first express company. The second express enterprise was by A. B. Stuart, who began business in 1854, followed by Wells, Fargo & Co. in Feb. 1856, and by Charles E. Williams of Olympia in April 1858, who continued in the business for 10 years, during which mail facilities were greatly increased throughout the territory. The first passenger line to the Cowlitz, to connect with boats to Portland, was started in Dec. 1834, by W. B. Goodell, who furnished passage by stage or riding horses for $10 from Olympia to Warbassport. The contract for carrying the mail was not then let to an express company. Ward & Robinson of Olympia had the contract from 1854 to 1858, when Henry Winsor took it. He carried passengers to and from Olympia to Rainier on the Columbia for $15; by wagon to Cowlitz landing, and from there to Monti- cello either by canoe or horses as preferred. The cause was used a good deal until about 1868. The wagon-road was not then, nor many years later, a good one, but in summer it compensated for the discomforts of the ride by giving the traveller a view of the most magnificent fir forest in the world, the boles of the trees towering 100 or 150 feet without a limb; while 100 feet above, their tapering tops seem to pierce the sky.
65
A NEW ROAD.
the immigration to come into the new territory over the Cascade Mountains. A general meeting of citizens was held at Olympia May 14th to discuss the subject in all its bearings, when G. N. McConaha, Whitfield Kirtley, Charles Eaton, John Edgar, and E. J. Allen were chosen road-viewers to report upon the practi- cability of the undertaking.45 At the end of three weeks a report was made of the route from Olympia to the summit of the Cascade Range, and by the middle of July volunteers were at work upon the sur- vey, who so far succeeded in their design as to cut a way by which thirty-five wagons reached the shores of the Sound that autumn,46 bringing between one and two hundred men, women, and children, to populate the rich valleys of White and Puyallup rivers.47
45 At this meeting was read a statement furnished by Blanchet, catholic bishop of Walla Walla in 1847, who had a knowledge, gained from the Ind- ians, of the passes of the mountains. The priests were in the habit of visiting the Sound with the Indians for guides.
45 This enterprise will receive further mention hereafter. The men who labored for it were, besides those before mentioned, George Shazer, B. F. Yantis, William Packwood, B. F. Shaw, John Alexander, B. Close, A. W. Moore, E. Sylvester, James Hurd, and W. W. Plumb. The men who worked upon the eastern end of the road were Whitfield Kirtley, Edwin Marsh, Nel- son Sargent, Paul Ruddell, Edward Miller, J. W. Fouts, John L. Perkins, Isaac M. Brown, James Alverson, Nathaniel G. Stewart, William Carpenter, E. L. Allen, A. C. Burge, Thomas Dixon, Ephraim Allyn, James H. Allyn, George Githers, John Walker, John H. Mills, R. S. More, R. Forman, Ed. Crofts, James Boise, Robert Patterson, Edward Miller, Edward Wallace, Lewis Wallace, James R. Smith, John Barrow, and James Meek.
47 Among them were John W. Lane and wife, Samuel Ray, William Ray, Henry Mitchell, H. Rockeufield, James Barr, J. A. Sperry, William Claflin, Evan Watts, J. J. Ragan, William McCreary, G. Miller, John Nelson, J. Lang- myre, wife and 5 children, E. A. Light, wife and child, William M. Kincaid, wife and 6 children, Isaac Woolery, wife and 4 children, Abram H. Woolery, wife and 3 children, and Peter Judson, wife and 2 children, composing the first train of 47 persons. This train had 62 work-oxen, 20 cows, and 7 mares. There were, besides, J. W. Woodward, John B. Moyer, Z. Gotzan, Aaron Rockenfield, Norman Kilborn, Isaac Lemmon, P .. A. Finnell, William R. Downey, wife and children, John James Downey and daughter, Abiel Mor- rison, Charlotte his wife, and family, George Haywood, James Bell, John Bell, W. H. Brannon and family, John Carson and wife, Israel Wright, Byrd Wright, Frank Wright, Van Ogle, and Addison S. Persham, most of whoni crossed by the Nachess pass. Many of them had families and friends who are not named here. Other immigrants of this year were William H. Wallace, Elijah E. Baker, David C. Forbes, J. H. Cleale, John L. Clarke, Mason Guess (married Miss Downey), William H. Williams, G. F. Whitworth and family, Mrs Sarah Thompson, J. Stillman, Peter Stiles (died in 1877, aged 91 years), W. B. Sinclair (marrried a daughter of J. N. Low), J. R. Roundtree, James H. Roundtree, William Ryan, A. H. Robie, E. G.Price, W. H. Pearson, Wil- liam Newton, Mrs Rebecca Maddox and children (Joseph, Michael, Stephen, HIST. WASE .- 5
66
POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT.
John Thomas and John Nelson 48 founded the White River settlement. Owing to the peculiar system of drainage of these rivers, to which I have referred, by which the same stream has several names, it is neces- sary to remark in this place that White River settle- ment means that portion of the common valley be- tween the Dwamish and Black sections. Above the junction of Black and White rivers is what is known as the Slaughter settlement, which was founded by C. E. King, W. H. Brannan, Joseph Brannan, Joseph Lake, Donald Lake, H. Meter, E. Cooper, W. A. Cox, D. A. Neely, M. Kirkland, and S. W. Russell.
The Black River Valley was settled in 1854 by O. M. Eaton, H. H. Tobin, and Mr Fanjoy, who built a saw-mill at the entrance of Cedar River,49 which was burned by Indians the following year. William N. Kincaid 50 settled in the Puyallup 51 Valley, together with Isaac Woolery, A. H. Woolery, W. Boatman, J. H. Bell, T. R. Wright, I. H. Wright, G. Hayward, A. Benson, I. McCarty, I. Lemmon, Thomas Owen, Daniel Lane, Thomas Hadley, H. Whitesell, R. More, R. Nix, A. S. Persham, and D. Warner. A settlement had been commenced at the mouth of the Puyallup River in the spring of 1852,
and 2 others), J. Mowerman, wife and children, H. Meter, Christopher Ken- nedy, Franklin Kennedy, W. Krice, B. F. Kendall, James Kymes, Joel Knight, Michael Luark and family, Joseph Lake, Donald Lake, Lenark, J. B. Ladee, Lambert, William Lane and family, Henry Ivens, Tyrus Himes, James Biles, Martin V. Harper, Baily Gatzert, Alonzo B. Dillenbaugh, J. C. Davis, Perry Dunfield, Simeon Cooper, E. Cooper, John Dickenson, W. C. Briggs, Joseph N. Baker, John E. Burns, Rev. C. Biles and family, P. Aheru, H. Patterson, M. Kirkland, and W. A. Cox.
48 Nelson was a native of Norway. The Seattle Intelligencer, in Olympia Transcript of Feb. 1, 1873, states that Nelson settled first on White River in 1852. If so, he did not come with the immigration named above, though he is set down as one of them in the Olympia Columbian, Oct. 15, 1853, a good authority.
19 None of these men were living in 1857. Tobin died and his widow mar- ried E. M. Smithers, who had settled between Smith's Cove and Salmon Bay, but who went to reside on the Tobin place after his marriage with Mrs Tobin. Eaton and Fanjoy were murdered by the Indians while en route to the Colville mines in 1855. Morse's Wash. Ter., ii., MS. 8-10.
60 Kincaid died in Feb. 1870, at his home in the Puyallup Valley, aged 75 years. Seattle Intelligencer, Feb. 2, 1870.
51 Puyallup signifies, in the Indian tongue, shadow, from the dense shade of its forest. Evans' Puyallup Address, in New Tacoma Ledger, July 9, 1880.
67
PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENT.
when Nicholas Delin took a claim at the head of Com- mencement Bay, just east of the present town site of New Tacoma.62 In October Peter Judson of the immigration settled on the town site, which had been previously taken and abandoned by Jacob Barnhart.
James Biles settled at Tumwater. Tyrus Himes 53 took a claim six miles east of Olympia. James Allen settled in Thurston county.54 John L. Clarke and J. H. Cleale 55 took up their residence in Olympia. Most of the immigration chose claims in the fall of 1853. Those who followed the next year also immediately selected land, these two immigrations being the last that were permitted to take donation claims. The Indian war of 1855-6, and the insecurity of life in iso- lated settlements for a number of years, caused the abandonment of the greater part of the farms just opened, and it was not until 1859 that settlement was reestablished in the valleys where the first direct over- land immigration made their choice.56
Owing to the many hinderances to growth which
52 It was taken for a mill site, and in 1853 M. T. Simmons and Smith Hays went in partnership with Delin to put up two saw-mills, one ou his claim and one on Skookum Bay. One mill was completed that spring, and two cargoes of lumber shipped on the George Emory, Captain Alden Y. Trask, but that was all. The site was unfavorable, the lumber having to be rafted a mile to the vessel.
53 These two worthy pioneers were united by more than the usual bonds of fellowship in trials, Himes having been rescued from short rations for himself and family of wife and four children, at the Rocky Mountains, and brought through to Puget Sound by the warm-hearted Kentuckian who led the first train through the Nachess pass. Himes was born in Troy, Pa, April 14, 1818. He married, in May 1843, Emmeline Holcomb of Le Roy, Pa. After making several removes, he settled in Lafayette, Ill., where he was in comfortable circumstances, when he was seized with the Oregon fever, and started for Polk co .; but having miscalculated the requirements of the jour- ney, and being thrown upon the hospitality of Mr. Biles, he was led to Wash- ington. He died in April 1879, at his home in Thurston co. George H. Himes, job printer of Portland, Or., is the eldest son of Tyrus Himes. Evans, in Trans. Or. Pioneer Asso., 1879, 49-53.
54 Allen was born in Pa, Nov. 3, 1798, and removed while young to Ohio. He married in 1815, and lost his wife in 1836, after which he remained un- married, accompanying his children to Puget Sound in 1853, and residing there until his death in 1868. Olympia Transcript, Nov. 2, 1868.
55 Clarke and Cleale both died in 1873. Olympia Courier, Oct. 4, 1873; Olympia Transcript, May 17, 1873.
56 Evans says that Arthur Miller returned to the Puyallup in 1859, fol- lowed in 1860 by J. V. Meeker, and in 1861 by a sufficient number of families to justify the establishment of a post-office, of which J. P. Stewart was post- master for 12 years. New Tacoma Ledger, July 9, 1880.
68 .
POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT.
the territory encountered, and which I shall attempt to set forth in this volume, the Pioneer Association of Washington 57 set its limit of pioneer settle- ment at 1860, at about which time these difficulties began finally to disappear. It will be observed that there were no large annual accessions to this territory as there had been south of the Columbia, and that although it commenced its existence after the other had conquered many obstacles, and with seemingly superior advantages, its situation proved unfavorable to rapid development.
In November 1853 a steam-packet, the Fairy, was placed upon the Sound by her owner and master, D. J. Gove, to ply between the settlements; 53 and the first of a line of clipper-built lumbermen, the Live Yankee, for the trade between the Sound and San Francisco, was being constructed at Bath, Maine, during the summer, while a constantly increasing fleet of American vessels visited these waters. Schools had been opened in several neighborhoods, but for ob- vious reasons there was no system of education estab- lished. Of ministers there were enough, but not much church-going, and as yet no churches nor sec- tarian institutions of any kind except the catholic Ind- ian mission near Olympia. But with a population of
57 In Jan. 1871 a meeting was called at Columbia Hall, in Olympia, for the purpose of perfecting the organization of a pioneer association, the call being signed by 67 names of residents from a period antedating 1860. The committee on constitution and by-laws, consisting of Joseph Cushman, Elwood Evans, E. T. Gunn, Benjamin Harned, Levi Shelton, S. Coulter, W. W. Miller, and O. B. McFadden, reported Feb. 15th. The requisition for membership was a residence in the territory previous to Jan. 1, 1860, or on the Pacific coast prior to Jan. 1, 1855. Olympia Transcript, Feb. 18, 1871. David Phillips, first president of the society, died in March 1872. Seattle In- telligencer, March 11, 1872. A call similar to the first was made at Van- couver in October 1874, signed by Joseph Petrain, M. R. Hathaway, A. M. Andrew, John Proebstel, R. D. Fales, David Wall, William H. Traut, B. F. Preston, Guy Hayden, S. P. McDonald, H. L. Caples, John F. Smith, G. H. Steward, and S. B. Curtis. F. W. Bier, S. P. McDonald, and G. T. Mc- Connell were appointed a committee on constitution and by-laws. This society sought to limit the pioneer period to Jan. 1, 1856, the Columbia River section of the territory being a much older settlement than Puget Sound. By the same rule, the pioneers of eastern Washington ahould be allowed until 1865 or 1868. Vancouver Register, Aug. 7, 1874, Oct. 9, 1874.
58 Olympia Columbian, Nov. 4, 1853. Rabbeson afterward owned the Fairy. She was blown up in Oct. 1857, at Olympia.
69
PROSPECTS.
less than 4,000, not quite 1,700 of whom were voters, the ambitious young commonwealth was already talk- ing of a railroad from the Skookum Chuck coal-fields, discovered in 1850, to Olympia, and J. W. Trutch was engaged in surveying a route 59 in the autumn of 1853. In this chaotic but hopeful condition was the new territory of Washington, when on the 26th of November, 1853, Governor I. I. Stevens arrived at Olympia to set in motion the wheels of government.
5ยบ Olympia Columbian, Oct. 2 and 16, 1853.
CHAPTER III.
ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT.
1853-1855.
GOVERNOR ISAAC INGALLS STEVENS-HIS LIFE AND CHARACTER-RAILROAD SURVEYS-POLITICAL PARTIES-ELECTION-FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEM- BLY-ITS PERSONNEL AND ACTS-EARLY NEWSPAPERS-COUNTY ORGAN- IZATIONS-FEDERAL COURTS-LAND CLAIMS AND LAND TITLES-ROADS, MAILS, AND EXPRESS COMPANIES-SAN JUAN ISLAND-INDIAN TROUBLES -TREATIES AND RESERVATIONS-STEVENS IN EASTERN WASHINGTON.
ISAAC INGALLS STEVENS, the man who had been sent to organize the government of Washington, was one fitted by nature and education to impress himself upon the history of the country in a remarkable de- gree. He was born at Andover, Massachusetts, and educated in the military school of West Point, from which he graduated, in 1839, with the highest honors. He had charge for a few years of fortifications on the New England coast. He had been on the staff of General Scott in Mexico, and for four years previous to his appointment as governor of Washington had been an assistant of Professor Bache on the coast survey, which gave him the further training which was to make his name prominent in connection with the survey for the Northern Pacific railroad-the his- toric road of the continent-the idea of which had for thirty years been developing in connection with the Columbia River and a route to China.
Congress having at length authorized the survey of this and other routes to the Pacific, Stevens was placed in charge of the northern line, whose terminus, by the progress of discovery and events, was now ( 70 )
71
GOVERNOR AND POLITICS.
fixed at Puget Sound. He was to proceed from the head waters of the Mississippi to this inlet of the Pa- cific, and report not only upon the route, but upon the Indian tribes along it, with whom he was to establish friendly relations, and, when practicable, to treat. The manner in which the survey was conducted is spoken of in another portion of my work, and I pro- ceed here with the narration of territorial affairs.1 The day appointed by Governor Stevens for electing a delegate to congress and members of a council and house of representatives was the 30th of January, 1854, the members chosen to convene at Olympia February 27th following. In the time intervening, two political parties organized and enacted the usual contest over their candidates. The democratic candidate for dele- gate to congress, Columbia Lancaster, is not unknown to the reader. He had served the county of Lewis in the council of the Oregon legislature, if service it could be called, in which he did nothing but cover him- self with ridicule. His whig opponent was William H. Wallace,2 and the independent candidate M. L. Sim-
1 The officers appointed to assist Stevens in the survey of a railroad route were W. T. Gardiner, capt. Ist dragoons; George B. Mcclellan, brev. capt., assigned to duty as capt. of eng .; Johnson K. Duncan, 2d lieut 3d art .; Rufus Saxton, Jr, 2d lieut 4th art .; Cuvier Grover (brother of L. F. Grover of Oregon), 2d lieut 5th art .; A. J. Donelson, 2d lieut corps of engineers; John Mullan, Jr, brev. 2d lieut Ist art .; George .F. Suckley and J. G. Cooper, surgeons and naturalists; John Evans, geologist; J. M. Stanley, artist (the same who was in Oregon in 1847-8); G. W. Stevens and A. Remenyi, astron- omers; A. W. Tinkham and F. W. Lander (brother of Judge Lander), civil engineers; John Lambert, draughtsman. Washington (City) Republic, May 7, 1833. The survey was to be commenced from both ends of the route, to meet somewhere west of the Rocky Mountains. McClellan, who had charge of the west end of the line, arrived in S. F. in June 1853, and proceeded to explore the Cascade Range for passes leading to Puget Sound, starting from Vancouver, and dividing his party so as to make a reconnoissance on both sides of the range the same season. The narratives of these surveys contained in the Pacific R. R. reports are interesting. Several persons connected with the expeditions remained on the Pacific coast; others have since revisited it in an official capacity, and a few who are not mentioned here will be men- tioned in connection with subsequent events.
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