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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019
https://archive.org/details/commonwealthhist03hart
E
John Adams
COMMONWEALTH HISTORY
MAS
HUSETTS
ALBERT N
J. R. DITT. D. IL. D., PO KIMBER OF MA ... . TTO
I NIEFD STATO .. 10 £
M ..........
VOLUMI
COMMONWEALA
2МАСА ИНОЕ YalgoO d Isnighto arit mong 115 attsaudosasM ,ogbirds)
THE STATE
JOHN ADAMS From the original by Copley Courtesy of the Fogg Art Museum Cambridge, Massachusetts
no Man's
COMMONWEALTH HISTORY of
MASSACHUSETTS
EDITED BY ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
A. B., LITT. D., LL. D., PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF GOVERNMENT, HARVARD UNIVERSITY ; MEMBER OF MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY; HISTORIAN OF THE UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENARY COMMISSION ; DESCENDANT OF STEPHEN HART, FREEMAN OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY IN 1632
VOLUME THIRD
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS [1775-1820]
-
THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY 156 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 1929
COPYRIGHT 1929 BY THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY
Printed in the United States of America
447381
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
BUNKER HILL AND SIEGE OF BOSTON (1775-1776)
By Thomas G. Frothingham · .
1
SITUATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SIEGE (APRIL, 1775) 1
REASONS FOR THE DECISIVE RESULT OF APRIL 19, 1775. 3
THE CLOSE SIEGE (APRIL, 1775) 4
GATHERING OF THE AMERICAN FORCES 5
THE ISSUE DEFINED 6
THE SITUATION BEFORE BUNKER HILL (MAY-JUNE, 1775)
7
BRITISH DECISION FOR A FRONTAL ASSAULT (JUNE 16, 1775) 8
UNEXPECTED FACTORS IN THE BATTLE (JUNE 17, 1775)
9
ON THE HILL BEFORE THE BATTLE (JUNE 16, 1775)
11
THE BRITISH ASSAULTS (JUNE 17, 1775) 15
13
UNPRECEDENTED LOSSES OF THE BRITISH
16
WASHINGTON IN COMMAND (JULY, 1775)
18
CONDITIONS IN BOSTON (JULY-OCTOBER,
21
WASHINGTON'S FLEET (1775-1776)
23
OCCUPATION OF DORCHESTER HEIGHTS (MARCH, 1776)
23
THE DECISIVE RESULT (MARCH, 1776) 24
THE EVACUATION (MARCH 17, 1776)
25
THE RESULTS OF THE SIEGE (1775-1776)
26
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
26
CHAPTER II
MASSACHUSETTS ON THE SEAS IN THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION (1775-1783)
By Octavius T. Howe
IRREGULAR PRIVATEERING (1775) 30
WASHINGTON'S COMMISSIONS (1775-1776) 31
CRUISES UNDER COMMODORE MANLY (1778) 33
35
PENOBSCOT EXPEDITION (1779)
36
PRIZE COURTS (1775-1776)
38
PRIVATEERS AND NAVAL SUPPLIES (1775-1779) 39
41
PRIZES (1775-1776) 43
LETTERS OF MARQUE (1777-1781)
44
MASSACHUSETTS COMMERCE DURING THE WAR (1775-1781)
45
NOVA SCOTIA TRADE (1775-1781)
48
INSURANCE (1775-1781)
EFFECT OF THE FRENCH ALLIANCE (1778-1781) 49
CREWS NO LONGER STRICTLY AMERICAN (1780-1783)
50
netto
DEC 2 6 1940
THE AMERICANS AFTER THE BATTLE
19
DIFFICULTIES OF THE BESIEGERS (1775-1776) 1775) 20
BLOCKADE THROUGH THE WINTER (1775-1776) 21
A SIEGE TRAIN AT LAST SUPPLIED (1776)
30
THE STATE NAVY (1775-1780)
CREWS AND PRIZE MONEY (1775-1781)
48
iii
1V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TREATMENT OF NOVA SCOTIANS (1781-1782) 51
PRISONERS OF WAR (1775-1783) 52
MERCANTILE CONDITIONS (1782-1783) 54 PRIVATEERING TOWN (1775-1784) 56
INFLUENCE OF PRIVATE ARMED VESSELS ON THE WAR 57 DISTINGUISHED MASSACHUSETTS NAVAL OFFICERS 5.8
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 61
CHAPTER III
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS
By Abner L. Braley 64
HOLDOVER GOVERNMENT (1774)
64
THE PROVINCIAL CONGRESSES (1774-1775) 65
FOUNDATION OF THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT (1774-1775) 66
APPEAL TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1775-1776) 67
ORGANIZATION OF A LEGISLATURE (1775)
68
ORGANIZATION OF A COUNCIL (1775) 69
ORGANIZATION OF THE EXECUTIVE (1775-1776) 69
QUESTION OF A NEW CONSTITUTION (1776-1778) 70
APPOINTMENTS OF MILITARY OFFICERS (1775) 72
APPOINTMENT OF CIVIL OFFICERS (1775-1779) 73
PERMANENCE OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT 73
THE BERKSHIRE CONSTITUTIONALISTS (1774-1776) 74
CONTINUANCE OF THE DISAFFECTION (1777-1778) 76
THREATS OF RESISTANCE (1779-1780) 77
HANCOCK AND THE ADAMSES (1775-1780) 77
RELATION OF GOVERNMENT TO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (1774-1775) 80
DISTURBANCE OF BUSINESS (1774-1777) 82 COMMERCIAL EFFECT OF REGULATION OF BUSINESS (1778-1779) 83 SOCIAL EFFECTS OF BUSINESS REGULATION 84
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 85
CHAPTER IV
MASSACHUSETTS AND INDEPENDENCY (1629-1780) By John Henry Edmonds 87
COLONY AND COMMONWEALTH 87
.
INDEPENDENCY IN THE BAY COLONY (1629-1647) 87
INDEPENDENCY IN THE CHARTER STRUGGLE (1661-1686) 88
INDEPENDENCY IN THE SECOND CHARTER (1689-1693) 89
INDEPENDENCY UNDER ROYAL GOVERNORS (1693-1720) 90
OFFICIAL ENGLISH OPINION ON INDEPENDENCE (1722) 90
PROGNOSTICATIONS OF NEW ENGLAND INDEPENDENCE (1728-1754) 91
BREAKING UP OF THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT (1760-1775) 93
APPROACH OF INDEPENDENCE ( JANUARY-MAY, 1776) 94
COOPER'S ACCOUNT OF THE TRANSACTION (MAY, 1776) 96
ACTION OF THE GENERAL COURT (JUNE 7, 1776) 97
BOSTON ON INDEPENDENCE (1776) 98
ACTION OF OTHER TOWNS (1776) 100
PRELIMINARIES IN THE GENERAL COURT (JULY-AUGUST, 1776)
103
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN CONGRESS (JUNE-JULY, 1776) ·
103
ACTION OF CONGRESS (JULY 1-JULY 4, 1776)
PUBLICITY OF THE DECLARATION (JULY 4-JULY 6, 1776) 104
105
TRANSMISSION OF THE DECLARATION TO THE MASSACHUSETTS
. COLONY (JULY 4-JULY 11, 1776) 106
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V
THE DECLARATION IN THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS (JULY, 1776) . . . .
107 . PUBLICATION OF THE DECLARATION IN MASSACHUSETTS 109 THE PROCLAMATION AT BOSTON (JULY 18, 1776) .
110 OTHER ACCOUNTS OF THE PROCLAMATION (JULY 18, 1776) 111 WHO READ THE PROCLAMATION (JULY 18, 1776) 112
SATISFACTION OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1776) .
113
THE AUTHENTICATED DECLARATION (JANUARY, 1777) .
114
PROPOSED STATE CONSTITUTION (1776-1778) 115
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION (1779-1780) 116
THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS (1780) 116
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
117
CHAPTER V
MASSACHUSETTS IN THE CONTINENTAL FORCES
(1776-1783)
By Louis C. Hatch 120
PROTECTION OF BOSTON (1775-1776) 120
STATE TROOPS (1775) .
THE BRITISH AT RHODE ISLAND (1776-1777) . · 121
121
EXPEDITION AGAINST RHODE ISLAND (1778)
122
OPERATIONS IN RHODE ISLAND (1777-1778) 123
124
NAVAL WARFARE IN MAINE (1775) 126
124
MASSACHUSETTS IN LONG ISLAND (1776)
THE CROSSING TO NEW YORK AND KIPS BAY (1776) 127
128
TRENTON AND PRINCETON (1777)
128
BURGOYNE CAMPAIGN (1777)
129
THE CONVENTION TROOPS (1778-1779)
130
GERMANTOWN (1777) 131
131
THE BOUNTY CONTROVERSY (1776)
133
EVILS OF THE BOUNTY SYSTEM (1776-1779)
135
RECRUITS (1775-1781)
135
CONTEMPORARY CRITICISM OF RECRUITS (1775-1777) 136
QUALITY OF MASSACHUSETTS TROOPS 137
OFFICERING THE TROOPS (1775-1781) 138
MAJOR GENERAL WARREN (1776) 138
SUPPLYING AMMUNITION (1775-1779) 139
SMALL ARMS (1775-1781) 140
141
MILITARY SERVICE OF JOHN ADAMS (1775-1778) 141
142
APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS BY CONGRESS (1775-1781)
143
MASSACHUSETTS AND WASHINGTON (1775-1778) 144
CRITICISM OF WASHINGTON (1777) ·
145
RENEWED OPPOSITION TO WASHINGTON (1777-1778) 145
HALF PAY CONTROVERSY (1777-1780)
146
HALF PAY QUESTION SETTLED (1780-1783) 147
NEWBURGH ADDRESSES (1783) 148
EFFECT OF THE NEWBURGH ADDRESSES (1783) 149
LATER SERVICES OF MASSACHUSETTS OFFICERS
150
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 150
CANNON (1776-1781)
PERIOD OF ENLISTMENT (1775-1778)
142
FOREIGN OFFICERS
THE FRENCH IN BOSTON (1778-1780)
MONTRESOR'S ISLAND AND PELL'S POINT (1776)
MONMOUTH (JUNE, 1778)
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER VI
MASSACHUSETTS IN THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
(1776-1781)
By John F. Sly . · 153
THE MASSACHUSETTS LEAD (1764-1774)
153
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1774) 155
MASSACHUSETTS SENTIMENT (1774-1775) 156
MILITARY PREPARATIONS (1775) ·
158
SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. (1775) 159
PREPARATIONS FOR INDEPENDENCE (1775-1776) 161
THE PART OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE DECLARATION OF 1776 162
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT IN MASSACHUSETTS (1775)
163
MASSACHUSETTS DELEGATES TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
(1774-1782) . .
164
THE PERSONNEL (1774-1781)
165
STEPS TOWARD A CONFEDERATION (1775-1776)
166
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION COMPLETED (1777-1778) 167
JOHN ADAMS AS A FOREIGN ENVOY (1775-1778)
168
SECOND MISSION OF JOHN ADAMS (1779-1781)
171
QUESTION OF EQUAL VOTE IN THE CONFEDERATION
APPORTIONING THE TAXES (1776-1778) 172
173
ADJUSTMENT OF VOTES AND TAXES (1778)
174
WESTERN LAND CLAIMS (1776-1781)
175
LAND CLAUSE IN THE ARTICLES (1776-1777)
176
MASSACHUSETTS PROTESTS ON LAND CLAUSE
(1778) 177
THE MARYLAND LAND AMENDMENT (1778) 178
LAND CESSIONS BY THE STATES (1780-1802)
178
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
179
CHAPTER VII
THE STATE CONSTITUTION
By Gaspar G. Bacon
182
PRELIMINARY STEPS (1774-1777) 182
THE LEGISLATIVE CONVENTION (1777-1778) 183
THE ESSEX RESULT (1778) .
.
184
DOCTRINE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS
186
THE CONVENTION CALLED (1778-1779)
187
PRELIMINARIES OF THE CONVENTION (1779)
189
THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS (OCTOBER 28-NOVEMBER 11, 1779)
190
METHOD OF RATIFICATION (1780)
191
THE ADDRESS OF THE CONVENTION (1780)
192
RESPONSE OF THE TOWNS (1780)
193
THE ARTICLE ON RELIGION (1780)
195
THE RELIGIOUS ISSUE (1780)
196
QUESTION OF SECTS (1780) 197
RELIGIOUS QUALIFICATION FOR OFFICE (1780)
198
PROVISIONS FOR PERSONAL LIBERTY
199
THE SEPARATION OF POWERS (1780)
199
THE EXECUTIVE VETO (1780) ·
201
TRIUMPH OF SEPARATION OF POWERS
202
THE SENATE AND COUNCIL (1780)
202
APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES (1780-1857) 203
PROPERTY QUALIFICATIONS FOR OFFICE (1780) 204
JUDICIAL TENURE (1780)
205
BODY OF THE CONSTITUTION (JANUARY 5-MARCH 2, 1780)
191
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
AMENDMENT AND INTELLECTUAL INTEREST (1780)
207
COUNT OF THE POPULAR VOTE (1780)
FINAL RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION (1780) 208
207
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONSTITUTION
209
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
210
CHAPTER VIII
JOHN ADAMS, NATIONAL STATESMAN (1735-1826)
By Edwin D. Mead
212
REASONS FOR INDEPENDENCE
THE TWO ADAMSES 212
THE ENGLISH ADAMS FAMILY
213
THE EMIGRATION TO MASSACHUSETTS
(1638)
214
THE PIONEER FAMILY (1638-1750) 215
THE STUDENT AND SCHOOLMASTER (1755-1758) 216
THE ADAMS SELF ESTIMATE 217
218
CHOICE OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION (1756-1764) 219
220
PUBLIC LIFE (1763-1765) 225
RELATIONS OF SAMUEL AND JOHN ADAMS (1773-1774) 226
IN THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1774) 227
INFLUENCE IN MASSACHUSETTS (1774-1775)
229
STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES (1775)
230
RELATIONS WITH JEFFERSON (1773-1775)
231
VIEWS ON INDEPENDENCE (1776)
OPINIONS ON WASHINGTON
234
INFLUENCE ON THE MASSACHUSETTS CONSTITUTION
(1777-1780) 235
236
ADAMS IN EUROPE (1779-1788)
238
VICE PRESIDENCY (1789-1797)
239
PRESIDENT ADAMS'S CABINET (1797-1801)
240
PRESIDENT ADAMS'S POLICY (1797-1801)
241
PEACE WITH FRANCE (1800) 242
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1800 244
RELATIONS WITH THOMAS JEFFERSON (1797-1817) 245
THE TWO VENERABLE SAGES (1817-1828) 246
RETIREMENT AND OLD AGE (1801-1826) 247
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
249
CHAPTER IX
THE MASSACHUSETTS LOYALISTS (1775-1783)
By Lawrence Shaw Mayo 251
DIVISION BY BIRTH AND REGION
SOCIAL DIVISION 252
THE BESIEGED LOYALISTS 253
A LADY LOYALIST (1775-1776) 255
FLEEING FROM THE WRATH TO COME (1776)
255
A LOYALIST JUDGE 256
A LOYALIST SHOPKEEPER 257
LOYALISTS ON THE SEA 259
HALIFAX IN 1776 260
WASHINGTON ON THE LOYALISTS (1776) 261
ABIGAIL SMITH ADAMS (1774-1783) 221
LETTERS OF JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS
DOMESTIC LIFE (1770-1774)
224
INFLUENCE ON POLICIES (1775)
232
RELATION TO THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION (1787)
(1775-1799) 233
251
AMBITIONS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
212
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE TEST LAW (1776)
261
PENALTIES ,
CONSERVATION OF LOYALIST PROPERTY
263
CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY
(1776-1779) 264
266
THE BLACK LIST (1778)
271
LOYALIST LIFE IN ENGLAND
(1776-1783)
272
THE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT .
RETURN OF A LOYALIST (1785) 273
THE NEW YORK LOYALIST COLONY
(1776-1783)
274
BRITISH INDEMNITY TO LOYALISTS
275
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER X
SOCIAL LIFE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
280
SOCIAL REVOLUTION (1775)
280
MEN OF 1775
281
HOUSES AND FURNITURE
282
DRESS
284
MARRIAGE
285 285
FAMILY LIFE
286
INDOOR LIFE
287
FAMILY READING
288
RELATION OF THE SEXES
290
EDUCATION OF BOYS
293
SLAVERY .
295
THE CHURCH A SOCIAL INSTITUTION
298
CHURCH SERVICES
OUTDOOR LIFE 300
TRAVEL . 301
JOHN ADAMS'S SUMMARY 301
302
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER XI
MASSACHUSETTS WOMEN OF THE REVOLUTION (1761-1789) By Kathleen Bruce
WHO WERE WOMEN OF THE REVOLUTION ?
306
SOCIAL STRATA BASED ON WEALTH 307
"THE QUALITY"
THE MIDDLE-CLASS AND FARMER'S FAMILIES 309
INEQUALITIES IN SOCIAL LIFE 310
311
EDUCATION OF WOMEN
313
ABIGAIL SMITH
316
MERCY WARREN
OTHER EDUCATED WOMEN 317
ANTI-TEA DEMONSTRATIONS 318
DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY (1768-1770) 319
ANTI-TEA LADIES (1773-1774) 320
WOMEN IN BOSTON (1775-1776)
321
282
CHILDREN
INDOOR RELAXATIONS .
291
EDUCATION OF GIRLS
294
ANTI-SLAVERY SENTIMENT
297
MASSACHUSETTS THRIFT AND STEADFASTNESS
304
306
308
SPECIAL SCHOOLS 314
262
EXILED FOREVER . (1778)
267
276
By Arthur R. Curnick
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1x
WOMEN IN THE SIEGE (1775-1776)
322
REVOLUTIONARY SEWING FOLK
324
WOMEN SOLDIERS
327
A STATEMAN'S WIFE
328
WOMEN LOYALISTS AND PATRIOTS
329
FRIVOLOUS WOMEN
330
FASHIONABLE AMUSEMENTS
331
THE MASSACHUSETTS GIRL
332
WOMEN IN POLITICS
333
EARLY SUFFRAGISTS
334
EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN
335
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
337
CHAPTER XII
ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS
By Davis Rich Dewey
341
PRE-REVOLUTIONARY FINANCE (1765-1773) 341
ISSUE OF BILLS OF CREDIT (1775) 342
DEPRECIATION OF CONTINENTAL CURRENCY
(1775-1781) 343
EFFORTS TO CONTROL PRICES (1776-1779)
345
THE LAST STAGE (1780-1789)
346
TAXATION (1777-1780)
347
LEGAL TENDER FOR TAXES (1780)
347
DISTRIBUTION OF TAXABLE WEALTH (1781) 348
REVENUE FROM IMPORT DUTIES (1774-1784)
349
POLICY OF PROTECTION (1785-1786)
350
PROHIBITION OF IMPORTS (1786-1789)
351
FINANCIAL PLIGHT OF THE GOVERNMENT
(1781-1787) 351
THE STATE DEBT (1781-1789) 352
FINANCIAL RELIEF (1790-1800)
353
SALE OF LAND IN NEW YORK
353
MATERIAL PROGRESS (1778-1781)
354
POPULATION (1781-1790) 355
SETTLEMENT (1781-1789) 356
METHODS OF FARMING (1750-1790) 356
357
IRON INDUSTRY (1775-1789)
CLOTH, LEATHER AND PAPER MANUFACTURES (1781-1800) 359
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES (1775-1789) 360
REVIVAL OF COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE (1775-1787) 361
BEGINNING OF BANKING (1781-1784) 362
METHODS OF BANKING BUSINESS
363
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
364
CHAPTER XIII
MASSACHUSETTS AND THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF 1787
By Arthur N. Holcombe 366
NEED FOR A MORE PERFECT UNION (1783-1787) 366
SPECIAL INTERESTS OF MASSACHUSETTS * 367
.
AGITATION FOR A CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION (1785-1787) 369
THE MASSACHUSETTS DELEGATION (1787) 370
THE DELEGATES IN THE CONVENTION (1787)
372
PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN THE WAR
323
WOMEN IN MEN'S PURSUITS
325
FARM LABOR (1780-1800)
358
DEARTH OF MANUFACTURES (1775) 359
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRIVATE INTERESTS OF THE DELEGATES (1787) 374
STATE ECONOMIC INTERESTS (1787) 375
THE NATIONALISTIC GROUP OF DELEGATES 376
THE CONFEDERATE GROUP
THE FEDERAL GROUP 378
378
FOUR PERIODS IN THE CONVENTION (1787)
380
PERIOD OF NATIONALIST SUPREMACY (MAY-JUNE, 1787)
381
THE VIRGINIA, PLAN
CHANGES IN THE VIRGINIA PLAN (1787)
384
THE NEW JERSEY PLAN (JUNE, 1787) 386
TRIUMPH OF THE FEDERALISTS (JUNE-JULY, 1787) 387
THE GREAT COMPROMISE (JULY, 1787) 388
CLASH OF SECTIONAL INTERESTS (JULY-AUGUST, 1787) 391
MASSACHUSETTS INTERESTS SAFEGUARDED 393
REVIVAL OF NATIONALIST ASCENDANCY (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER,
1787)
GERRY'S OPPOSITION (SEPTEMBER, 1787) 395
396
STRUGGLE FOR RATIFICATION (1787-1788) 398
RATIFICATION WITH AMENDMENTS (1788) 399
EFFECT OF MASSACHUSETTS SUPPORT 401
EFFECT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS CONSTITUTION OF 1780 401
EXTENT OF MASSACHUSETTS INFLUENCE 403
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 403
CHAPTER XIV
MASSACHUSETTS IN THE UNION (1789-1812)
By Claude M. Fuess . 407
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (1788) 407
STATUS OF MASSACHUSETTS (1789) 407
FIRST FEDERAL ELECTIONS (1788-1789) 408
REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS' (1789-1795)
409
MASSACHUSETTS IN FEDERAL ORGANIZATION MASSACHUSETTS FEDERALISTS (1789-1801)
(1789-1800) 410
411
THE ESSEX JUNTO (1789-1811)
412
MASSACHUSETTS ON THE TARIFF 1789-1793)
414
HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL POLICY (1790-1793)
415
INTERESTS OF MASSACHUSETTS (1789-1795)
415
WASHINGTON'S TOUR OF NEW ENGLAND (1789)
416
CHANGES IN CONGRESS (1791-1801)
418
SUABILITY OF THE STATES (1793)
419
THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY (1763-1798)
420
CHANGES IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
(1789-1798) 421
422
PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS (1797-1801)
424
ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS (1798-1799)
424
FRENCH WAR AND PEACE (1798-1800)
426
PARTIES IN CONGRESS (1799-1801)
426
MASSACHUSETTS IN NATIONAL ELECTIONS (1800-1804)
427
DISUNION SPIRIT IN MASSACHUSETTS (1801-1806)
428
NEUTRAL TRADE AND IMPRESSMENT (1803-1807) 430
THE EMBARGO (1807-1809) 431
ELECTION OF 1808 .
. POLITICAL FORTUNES OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1803-1809) · 433
434
APPROACH OF WAR WITH ENGLAND (1809-1812) 435
DIFFICULTIES WITH ENGLAND (1793-1796) 436
TRIUMPH OF FISHER AMES (1796) 437
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 438
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1800
413
MASSACHUSETTS REPUBLICANS (1793-1811)
383
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xi
CHAPTER XV
MASSACHUSETTS STATE GOVERNMENT (1789-1820)
By Clifford Chesley Hubbard 440
POLITICAL CONCENTRATIONS (1789-1812) 440
SUMMARY OF STATE POLITICAL PARTIES (1783-1824) 441
ELECTORAL AND POLITICAL METHODS (1780-1820) 443
JOHN HANCOCK AS GOVERNOR (1787-1793) 445
EFFECT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1794) 447
THE JAY TREATY (1794-1796)
SAMUEL ADAMS AS GOVERNOR (1793-1797) 449
448
MASSACHUSETTS DURING THE QUASI-WAR WITH FRANCE (1798-1800) . · . . .
. 451
PARTY ALIGNMENTS OVER THE VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS (1798-1799) 451 .
FREEDOM OF SPEECH UNDER A FEDERALIST JUDGE .
(1799) 453
ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SUMNER (1797-1799) 454
ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR STRONG (1800-1807) 455
DECLINE OF FEDERALISM (1803-1807) 456
THE EMBARGO AND MASSACHUSETTS POLITICS (1807-1810) ·
457 THE DEMOCRATS UNDER ELBRIDGE GERRY (1800-1813)
458
ATTITUDE OF MASSACHUSETTS DURING THE WAR OF 1812 (1811-1815)
459
STATE POLITICS DURING THE WAR OF 1812 ·
461
PROTEST AGAINST LOUISIANA (1813) 462
CALL OF THE HARTFORD CONVENTION (1814) 464
THE HARTFORD CONVENTION (1814-1815) 465
GOVERNORSHIP OF BROOKS (1816-1823) 466
END OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY 467
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
468
CHAPTER XVI
MASSACHUSETTS IN THE WAR OF 1812 By Gardner W. Allen 471
BEFORE THE WAR .
·
THE ATTITUDE OF MASSACHUSETTS 474
THE MILITIA QUESTION (1812-1814)
477
THE OPENING CAMPAIGN (1812)
478
THE WAR AT SEA AND THE CONSTITUTION
(1812) 479
THE ESSEX (1812-1814) 482
OTHER SEA FIGHTS (1812-1813)
483
THE NORTHERN FRONTIER (1813-1814)
484
LATER NAVAL OPERATIONS (1814-1815) 487
PREPARATION FOR DEFENSE (1814)
488
THE BRITISH INVASION (1814)
490
PRIVATEERING (1812-1814) 494
NOTED PRIVATEERS 496
. TRADING WITH THE ENEMY (1812-1814) .
497
GENERAL CONDITIONS (1811-1815) 498
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
499
CHAPTER XVII
SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND SOCIAL CHANGES (1789-1820) By James Ford .
501
EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION
501
SOCIAL STANDARDS IN 1788
502
471
UNPREPARED FOR WAR (1801-1812)
473
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS
EDUCATION
CULTURAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL DEVELOPMENT
504
INDIVIDUALISM
505
THE SLAVERY PROBLEM
506
LEGISLATION ON IMMIGRATION
508
SOCIAL EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS
510
CHILD LABOR .
EFFORTS AT REFORM OF CHILD LABOR
512
PUBLIC RELIEF OF THE POOR
513
DIFFICULTIES OF POOR REFORM
514
THE LAW OF SETTLEMENT (1789-1794)
518
CARE OF DEFECTIVES 519
PRIVATE CHARITIES
PROPHETIC RECOGNITION OF POOR CHILDREN AS PUBLIC WARDS 521
PROGRESS OF PUBLIC SENTIMENT
521
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
522
CHAPTER XVIII
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (1789-1820)
By Ruhl J. Bartlett . .
THE SITUATION AT THE END OF THE WAR 526
SLOW RECOVERY (1783-1793) 527
COMPETITION (1789-1807) .
528
REVIVAL OF THE COD FISHERIES (1789-1807)
529
EXPANSION OF MASSACHUSETTS PORTS (1783-1808)
530
THE WHALE FISHERY (1789-1812)
532
REVIVAL OF COMMERCE (1789-1808)
533
OPENING OF THE ORIENTAL TRADE (1785-1791) 534
COURSE OF THE CHINA TRADE (1790-1812) 536
EXPANSION OF ORIENTAL TRADE (1790-1808)
537
ELIAS HASKET DERBY (1770-1812)
538
NOTABLE MERCHANT PRINCES
538
COMMERCIAL POLITICS (1789-1800)
539
MASSACHUSETTS UNDER THE EMBARGO (1807-1809)
540
DEFIANCE OF THE EMBARGO (1807-1808)
542
MASSACHUSETTS ON IMPRESSMENTS AND PRIVATEERING (1805-1814) . 543
TRADE WITH THE ENEMY (1812-1815) 544
REVIVAL OF COMMERCE (1814-1820) 544
RECOVERY OF THE FISHERIES (1814-1820) 545
546
CHAPTER XIX
SEPARATION OF MAINE (1784-1820)
By Louis C. Hatch 548
OLD MASSACHUSETTS AND MAINE 548
ROADS AND TAXES
550
ATTENTION TO THE GRIEVANCES 551
POLITICAL GRIEVANCES 551
SEPARATION FIRST PROPOSED (1784)
552
MOVEMENT FOR A CONVENTION (1785) 553
SEPARATIST CONVENTION AT PORTLAND 555
JOINT CONVENTION (1786) 556
SEPARATION DEFEATED (1787) 557
503
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
526
511
516
TABLE OF CONTENTS
X111
MAINE AND THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION
558
SECOND MOVEMENT FOR SEPARATION (1814-1815)
561
FEDERALIST SENTIMENT (1815)
564
FINAL MOVEMENT FOR STATEHOOD (1816)
566
STATUTE FOR SUBMISSION, NOT SEPARATION (1816)
566
GRIEVANCES OF MAINE (1816-1820)
567
REPLIES OF UNIONISTS
568
RELIGIOUS AND TERRITORIAL ARGUMENTS
569
THE CONVENTION OF 1816
570
POPULAR VOTE
570
STATEHOOD IN SIGHT
571
ELECTIONS OF 1819
573
CONVENTION OF 1819
574
STATE AFFAIRS
576
LATER RELATIONS OF
MASSACHUSETTS AND MAINE 577
579
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .
.
APPENDIX : LIST OF OFFICERS FROM 1775 TO 1820
581
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Map of Massachusetts Compiled from Actual Surveys in 1801
Front and Back Covers Frontispiece
John Adams
Boston with its Environs in 1775 and 1776
Facing page 66 "
12
Ship America
66
66
58
Resolves Against General Gage as their Governor
60
104
Proclamation of John Hancock as Governor
66
126
Elbridge Gerry
164
Governor Bowdoin
66
220
Birthplace of John Adams at Quincy
66
66
234
William Brattle
66
66
258
Resolve Regarding Loyalists
264
Page from School Book
66
282
Christ Church ("Old North"
60
66
298
Mrs. John Adams
60
310
Mrs. James Warren
66
316
Bill of Exchange
66
352
Rufus King .
66
368
Nathaniel Gorham
374
Fisher Ames
412
Theodore Sedgwick .
418
John Hancock
66
66
444
Caleb Strong
66
66
458
Frigate "Essex"
66
478
David Porter
482
Naval Battles, War of 1812
488
Mail Stage Poster
510
First Cotton Mill in New England
510
Peter Faneuil
66
530
Elias Hasket Derby
538
Jacob Crowninshield
542
Map of Maine
66
556
66
58
A Privateersman Commission
68
John Warren
74
Proclamation of the Declaration of Independence
66
116
Israel Putnam
132
General Knox
66
192
Abigail Adams to Joseph Warren as to a Commission
282
Hancock House
Harrison Gray Otis
424
The Gerrymander
The "Constitution" and the "Guerriere"
454
478
The Battle of Bunker Hill
8
xiv
CHAPTER I
BUNKER HILL AND THE SIEGE OF BOSTON (1775-1776)
BY THOMAS G. FROTHINGHAM, Captain, U. S. R.
SITUATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SIEGE (APRIL, 1775)
The history of the siege of Boston has been too often told in the terms of the military operations of its times, and these could not give an adequate description. Now that more than one hundred and fifty years have elapsed since the evacuation of Boston, it is possible to look at these events with the perspective of modern military knowledge. From this point of view, it at once becomes evident that many aspects of the siege of Boston were far ahead of the times. In fact, things happened that were totally at variance with the prevailing European doctrines, and no formula of contemporary European military science could be applied to the unconventional warfare practiced by the American Colonists.
The word formula, in itself, is the most suitable to describe the European military tactics of the last half of the eighteenth century, because in that period all European military science had become formal and artificial to an extreme. In those days all warfare in Europe was as- signed to the regular armies, and it was decreed that all fighting must be carried on according to the rigidly fixed rules and the formal manoeuvres of Frederick the Great. The mere idea that the people of any country could pre- sume to fight against a regular army was a heresy, so con- trary to the accepted military doctrines that it was held to be out of the question.
1
2
BUNKER HILL AND SIEGE OF BOSTON
It is only by fully realizing these contemporary Euro- pean military articles of faith that we can understand the reason for the sudden and complete decisiveness of the British defeat of April 19, 1775, which brought on the Siege of Boston. The overturn was astounding from a European point of view. On April 18, General Gage was a Royal Governor, with military and naval forces which were considered ample to uphold his authority. In twenty- four hours all that had been ended forever; and General Gage had been reduced to the position of being merely the commander of a British army hemmed into Boston. Even this did not describe the full extent of the disaster. For General Gage had not only lost all authority outside of Boston, but he could no more hope for assistance from outside the town than if there had not been a loyalist in New England.
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