USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Chelmsford > History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts > Part 14
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July 31, Dunstable asked for protection for Samuel Adams' corn mill, "without the use of which the Town cannot subsist." In August six hundred men were furnished for the frontier towns.
The General Court ordered the selectmen to furnish ammuni- tion to their respective towns.
In the first number of "Publick Occurences" issued at "Boston, Thursday, Sept. 25th. 1690," the oldest newspaper in the United States (which was suppressed by the Governor and Council four days later, because it "contained Reflections of a very high nature.") is the following item:
"While the barbarous Indians were lurking about Chelmsford, there were missing about the beginning of this month a couple of Children belonging to a man of that Town, one of them aged about eleven, the other aged about nine years, both of them supposed to be fallen into the hands of the Indians."
132
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
HINCHMAN'S PETITION.
To his Excellency Sr. William Phips, Knt. Capt Generall and Govnr. in Chiefe of their Majties Province of the Massachu- setts-bay, in Newengland, with the Honod. Council Sitting in Boston.
The Humble petition of Thomas Hinchman of Chelmsford, on behalf of himselfe, and the Captaines, and Soldiers of the Regiment under his Command &c,
Sheweth, That Wheras yor Petitionr. with his Regiment were employed in the Service of the Crown of England, by Com- mission and orders from Sr. Edmund Andros. Knt, Late Capt. Genll. and Govr. of this their majties Territory & Dominion, for the defence of the said Territory against the Common Enemy in the yeares 1688 & 1689, there became due to yor Petitionrs Considerable Sums for wages and Billeting and other incident Charges in the said Service, much of which remaines unpaid to this day, which the Continued Alarms from the Enemy ever since and the heavy Taxes that have been and still are like to be Imposed upon us, render the more intollerable:
And for as much as there hath never yet been any way stated by authority for the adjusting of those accompts-
Yor Petitionrs do Humbly pray yor Excellency & the Honod Council wilbe pleased to appoint and Impower meet persons for the Auditing & Adjusting all accompts of wages & Disbursmts in the said Service for the time aforesaid, within the said Regiment, and that speedy and Effectual care may be taken for payment of such arreares as shall appeare to be justly due.
And yor Petitionrs shall ever pray &c
Tho: Hinchman
[Probable date, 1692. No record of an answer has been found.] [Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 70, p. 168.]
"Chelmesford November 30. 1691
A record of the last devision of the town stock of powder shot and flints acording to the acount that Decan foster gave to the selectmen is as followeth."
Then are given 89 names; and also these 5 under "Powder lent to the garasons and shott as followeth"
Left. Barett
Mr Adams
Mr Haward 2 pond pouder & 3 punds shot each.
insingh Stevens Capt Richason
The longer list includes "Mistres Shone" and "Mistres Adams."
Thomas Chamarling, the second, received three pounds of powder, six pounds of shot and six flints.
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PROVINCE WARS
The amounts given out varied from one to five pounds of powder, from one to ten pounds of shot, and from four to ten flints.
Account of the Number of men now in pay Under Thomas Hinchman & where posted.
Vizt.
At Lancaster
Six men
6
At Groton
Six men
6
At Dunstable Town
Seven men .
7
At Mr Tyng's Garrison
Six men
6
At Nath. Howards
Three men .
3
At Edwd. Colburns
four men
4
At Sergt Varnum's
four men
4
At Sam. Hunt's
Two men
2
At Chelmsford
four men
4
42
Of wch number are out of pay, but most of them ready at a days Warning for service
78
120
Impressed at sundry times by Warr't. from the Governor & Council viz. Sept. 10th. '91 21 men
Nov. 20 36 men
Febr. 6 21 men
July 15. '92
42 men
In all
120
They were lately dismissed to ease charges, till futher Orders from His Excellency & ordered to be in readiness for service as above said.
Novembr 17th 1692
Tho, Hinchman.
[Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 70, p. 184.]
David Jeffries, writing from Boston, Sept: 16, 1692, to Lieut. Gov. John Usher, says :- * * * ye 14th Inst. at night a Post came to towne fro Major. Hinksman wch. gave an acott. of about 80 or 100 Indians, yt our scouts, had made discovery of in ye night siting per theire fires hammering of slugs for theire gunns-our scouts was soe neare them yt they could see ye Indians & heare them talke, yesterday morning we had news yt ye Indians had Killed two men at Groton. Jera: Bowers is gone out wth about 100 men after them * * *
[Groton in the Indian Wars.]
134
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
There were nineteen garrisons at Chelmsford, as shown by the following list:
SETTLEMENT OF THE GARRISON IN THE WEST REGIMENT OF MIDDLESEX.
Chelmsford, March 16th. 169}.
Jerathmiel Bowers & with him
[Midst of Town]
Jno. Wright
Ebenezer Wright
Joseph Wright
8. men
Abraham Parker
Jno. Shipley
Moses Parker
Stephen Peirce
6. men
Samuel Butterfield and with him
Nathaniel Butterfield Joseph Hide Benjamin Bagnet and their familys
Ï
Major Thomas Hincksman Thomas Parker
7. men
Andrew Spauldin and
Ensign - - Spauldin
Jno. Perrum
Widdou Stevens
Solomon Kye
15. men
Jonathan Baratt and
Lieut - - Baratt
Jno. Baratt
Thomas Core
Jno. Core
Samuel Baratt
13. men
Mrs. Adams and with her
Moses Barnes
Daniel Waldoe
6: men.
James Procter
James Harwood
Two Souldiers
Capt. Josiah Richardson and wth him Jno. Spauldin
Josiah Richardson
11. men
Tho; Scotborn and their familys
Moses Baratt, and Samuel Gold
Peter Talbert
William Power
Joseph Baratt
9. men
Thomas Baratt
Thomas Reed
Samuel Chamberlain & yr. familys
-
[Midst of Town]
Samuel Foster Deacon and his three sons. Jno. Parker Jno. Kide. and their familys
6. men
Joseph Farewell and with him Samuel Flechers William Flechers Jno. Bates and their familys
9. men
Benjamin Parker Daniel Gallusha
[Great Brook.]
Solomon Kye Junr.
Joseph Spauldins
William Underwood and their familys
Zach; Fair
Jno. More Ambrose Swallow
[West End, Elija Richardson place.]
Nathaniel Hill and with him Sergeant Samuel Fletcher Josiah Cleaveland and their familys 1
7. men
Mr. Tho; Clark and wth him
Joseph Parker and their familys
Jno. Burgess, and their familys
8. men
PROVINCE WARS
135
[Stoney Brook.]
[Benj. Haywood's]
Jno. Spauldin and wth him
Benjamin Spauldin
Joshua Fletcher
Joseph Butterfield
Israel Procter
Thomas Chamberlain Junr
12. men
Pellatiah Adams
Arthur Crouch
Samuel Underwood
Jonathan Adams
Joseph Parkis Thomas Blogett
Jacob Waren
Edward Spauldin
Samuel Burge
[Nashoba]
Mr. Nathaniel Haywood and his Man, with two Souldiers there
Posted. 4 men
Peter Dill
James Bowen or Burn (?)
7. men
[West End]
Robert Proctor and with him
Thomas Chamberlain Thomas Chamberlain Junr
Abraham Byum
8. men Samuel Varnum and
Peter Procter
Gershom Procter and their familys
Jno. Whittaker Jno. Walker Ezra Colburn
10. men
Edward Colburn and with him Jno. Colburn: 3 men (158 Men.) [Original owned by N. H. Hist. Soc.]
In 1889 this was printed by the N. E. Hist. Gen. Society. The localities as indicated within the brackets are by Mr. H. S. Perham, who noted on the printed copy that it had been com- pared with the original. [See Hinchman's letter, page 166.]
According to an act of the General Court, March 12, 1694-5, inhabitants of the frontier towns were prohibited from deserting them without permission on pain of forfeiting their property. This included Chelmsford.
The people had all they could do to obtain a livelihood at this time with short crops and attacks by the Indians along the frontier near Chelmsford.
Raids by the Indians had been made on Billerica and Tewks- bury, and a number of people killed. Colonel Joseph Lynde with three hundred horse and foot scoured the neighborhood, August 24, 1695, but failed to secure the enemy. He is said to have fortified Lynde's hill in Belvidere. He had a guard of forty men at each of the three fords between Chelmsford and Andover, and ranged the woods "on the northern side of the great swamp," and guarded this town. He camped on Prospect hill "that lies between Chelmsford and the river." [See his report, Courier-Citizen Hist. of Lowell, p. 122.]
/
Ephraim Hildrick and wth him Lieut Hildrick
Timothy Adams
9. men
Jacob Waren Junr
Joseph Hildrick and
Water Bower (Power ?) with their familys
136
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
LIEUT. GOV. WILLIAM STOUGHTON'S ORDER TO CAPT. JAMES CONVERSE, SEPT. 5, 1695.
I order That at your next passing over Merrimack with your Company towards Dunstable &c That you advise with Maj'r. Henchman and Mr Jona Ting concerning the posting yor men in the several Frontiers of Dunstable, Bilrica, Chelmsford, Groton, Lancaster and Marlboro for the better enforcemt of th Garrisons there and maintaining a good brisk Scout for the discovery of the Enemy to prevent their annoying of those Towns during the Harvest Season. .
[Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 51, p. 44.]
1696. November 19, £10, was granted to Jonathan Tyng for journeys and posts to neighboring towns (including two journeys to Chelmsford) to settle garrisons.
Wannalancet died in 1696 and was buried by Jonathan Tyng on the Tyng estate. A memorial tablet on a granite boulder to mark the spot has been placed by the Massachusetts Society of Colonial Dames. [See Old Residents' Contributions, Vols. VI and III.]
PETITION OF JONATHAN TYNG FOR AN ALLOWANCE FOR SUPPORTING WANNALANCET.
To the right Honorle. Wm. Stoughton Esq Lt. Governr. and Comandr In Cheife, &c: together with ye Hond Council and ye Representatives assembled in Genll Court, now setting in Boston May ye 27, 1697
The pettetion of Jonathan Ting of Dunstable Humbley Sheweth,
That some time in ye yeare (1692) Wanalanset ye Indian Sagamore (belonging to patucket vpon Merremack) came in to dunstab with some other Jndians, and a flagg of truce, and sd Sagamore was desirous to stay with ye English, ye other Jndians promised to come again, but did not, this being before Wm phipps his arivall, your petetetior In formed ye then Governmt. brought sd Sagamore to ye Hond. Mr Danford, who ordered him to be kept At ye prison in Cambridge, where he remained for some time, ye sd Sagamore petetioned that he might be removed to your petetioner's hous, upon sd Wm's Arival & addressd his Excelencey concerning this Matter who ordered him back to Dunstable to your petetionrs hous and orded me to supply him with nessessary provisions & promised it should be payd out of ye public, your petetionr also pd his expenses coming to Boston and his returne, Kept him with food and good pt of his cloathing for almost four years, who then dyed. I was also at some small charge to bury him, he haveing shewed him selfe friendly to ye English, in the former warr and now, authorety would not suffer him now in his old age to be Jll treated.
137
PROVINCE WARS
My prayer to this Hononrle Court is yt you would please to ordr. me out of the publick tresury of ye province some meet compensation for my aforsd exspence, which I dispensed pr ordr of Authorety.
So shall your pettetionr pray &c. £20. allowed Tyng.
[Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 30, p. 426.]
[This Petition is written in the hand of the Rev. Thomas Clarke.] To ye honrable ye Lft Governr. Council &
Representatives in Generall Cort assembled.
The humble petition of the Inhabitts. of Chelmsford sheweth That whereas yor petitioners have been ever forward to the paymt of all ye publiq Assesmts for the support of his majestys Governmt, maintenance of ye warr &c as in duty wee were bound but by reason of the long continuance of the warr and the Enemys making greater assawlts & Depredations upon these frontier pts & our daily fears of being Invaded wch puts us upon still greater charges of building and repairing our fortifications, being also exposed to extream difficultys & Hazards in managing our hus- bandry, it having also pleased god to cut us very short in our harvest of late years (altho thro his great compassion wee hope wee have this year sufficient to maintain life) having also suffered great losses in Hay by fires, so that ye estate of the Town is much exhausted by these means & because these accumulated calamitys & a prospect of greater have driven away no less than ten familys not onely out of the Town but most of them out of province, (many more being upon the wing) which weakens and much discourages us, wee do therefore (being desirous yet to maintain our station in this onc flourishing Town) & not without grateful acknowledgmts of ye care yt hath been taken for our defence, (wch through gods blessing wee have found ye benefit of) presume to spread before your honrs our distressing circumstances; & to supplicate humbly yt the wisdom & clemency of this honrable Generll Cort shall appear meet, to whose pleasure wee humbly submit & upon whose fatherly compassions wee cast ourselves, praying God almightys presence & blessing may crown all your publiqe managmts.
Chelmsford 12th. Oct. 1697 Thomas Clark Nataniell Hill - Selectmen
Thomas Hinchman Et Ceteris
Joseph Farwell Senr
Samll ffoster Senr
Steven Peirce -
Edward Spaulding left Will. ffletcher
We have Requested Capt Bowers or Representative humbly to prefer this petition for us Octr. 19th. 1697 Read Joseph heldreth Constable.
[Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 70, p. 358.]
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HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
In 1698 various towns were reinforced for the defence of the frontier. Eight men were ordered to Chelmsford. The Council advised that there be forthwith a levy made of 150 soldiers in two companies, one to be posted on the frontiers about Chelmsford, Groton and Lancaster, the other about Andover, Haverhill and Amesbury. An assault was expected along the Merrimack. Jo English brought word that about seventy French and Indians were on the way from Canada, sixteen of them to attack Deerfield, and the rest to strike the river towns.
[Acts and Resolves, Vol. VIII.]
RESOLVE ALLOWING £6 TO JOSEPH ENGLISH.
Resolved By ye House of Representatives that Joseph English an Indian escaping from Frentch Captivity and makeing his way home giveing intelligence of ye motions of the Enemy with intent to doe mischiefe upon ye Frontiers at this tyme that there be six pounds drawn out of the Publique treasurie & put into ye hands of Majr. James Converse & Capt. Jerathmell Bowers to be by ym improved for to suply sd Indian & his wife & children with cloathing as a Recompence for his good Seruas
June 14. 1698
(Council Concurred)
[Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 30, p. 437a.]
King William's war, called an unrighteous war, brought only disaster, sorrow and desolation to the English settlements. It came to an end in 1697 by the treaty of Ryswick, by which Acadia was restored to France.
QUEEN ANNE'S WAR.
This war began in 1702 when England declared war against France and Spain. The French had the sympathy of the New England Indians, who made constant vigilence necessary in the frontier settlements to guard against raids and massacres. "For the first time the Indians were well armed and guided by a superior intelligence."
The war ended in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht. Newfound- land and Acadia came into the possession of England, whose prestige was strengthened in North America.
1702. November 19. A bill was passed providing snow- shoes for the men of the frontier towns at the charge of the Province. The Indians were more active and troublesome in
139
PROVINCE WARS
the winter, and companies were organized for service upon the snow. William Tyng commanded the first Massachusetts com- pany, and received for services from December 28 to January 25, 1703-4, £71.11.0, 25 shillings of which was paid to a "chyrugion." The company brought back five scalps and received as bounty £200. In the Granite State Magazine, Vol. I, is a list, with personal sketches, of forty-four men in this company, who, in 1735, with sixteen others named, were the grantees of Tyngstown, which included the greater part of the present Manchester, N. H. The adjustment of the province line in 1741 voided this charter, and Massachusetts gave the grantees the township now Wilton, Maine. The sketches of men who were born or lived in Chelms- ford are here given:
1. John Shepley, son of John, was born in Chelmsford, Mass., in 1677. A few years later the family removed to Groton, Mass., where the father, mother and all the children except John were killed by the Indians, July 27, 1694. John, then seventeen years of age, was carried into captivity where he re- mained three and one-half years, when he returned to Groton. In memory of the massacre of his kindred, undoubtedly he was a willing recruit in Captain Tyng's company. Subsequently he was prominent in the town and church affairs of Groton. He was a representative nine years. He died September 14, 1736. Among his descendants is the late Ether Shepley, a former United States Senator and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Maine.
2. Joseph Parker, Groton, son of Capt. Joseph and Margaret Parker, was born in Chelmsford, March 30, 1653. The family removed to Dunstable in 1675, where Joseph, Sr., was a constable seven years. Joseph, Jr., had considerable experience in Indian warfare. He removed from Dunstable to Groton and there died about 1725, leaving a large estate.
10. Joseph Perham, Groton, son of John and Lydia (Shepley) Perham, was born in Chelmsford, December 22, 1669. He lived in Dunstable and, by revision of town lines, in Nottingham West, now Hudson. At the time of his service in Captain Tyng's company he was a resident of Groton.
11. Joseph Butterfield, Dunstable, son of Joseph and Lydia (Ballard) Butterfield, was born in Chelmsford, June 6, 1680. He removed early in life to Dunstable, living in the section of the town now Tyngsborough, where he died in 1757. His daughter, Deborah, was the wife of Col. Samuel Moor of Litchfield.
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HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
12. John Spalding, Chelmsford, son of Andrew and Hannah (Jefts) Spalding, was born August 20, 1682. He lived through life in Chelmsford. He died March 7, 1760.
13. John Spalding, Jr., Chelmsford, son of John and Hannah (Hale) Spalding, was born in Chelmsford, February 15, 1659. Late in life he removed to Plainfield, Conn. His son, Samuel, born August 5, 1686, represented his father's interests in Tyngs- town.
14. Henry Spalding, Chelmsford, son of Andrew and Hannah (Jefts) Spalding, was born November 2, 1680. He was a brother of No. 12. He married a daughter of Thomas Lund, Sr.
16. Ebenezer Spalding, Chelmsford, son of Lieut. Edward and Margaret (Barrett) Spalding, was born January 13, 1683. He lived in Chelmsford and later in Nottingham West, now Hudson.
17. Samuel Davis, Groton, son of Samuel and Mary Davis, was born in Groton, January 8, 1669-70. He removed from Groton to Chelmsford in 1707. Many of his descendants have resided in New Hampshire.
22. Nathaniel Butterfield, Chelmsford, son of Nathaniel and Deborah (Underwood) Butterfield, was born about 1676 [1673]. He lived in Chelmsford, where he died in 1749.
23. Jonathan Butterfield, Chelmsford, was probably a son of Nathaniel and Deborah (Underwood) Butterfield, and a brother of No. 22.
26. Jonathan Parker, Chelmsford, son of John and Mary Parker, was born in Chelmsford, January 2, 1683. His right appears to have been improved by Thomas Parker. I do not find that he had a son Thomas but he had a brother of that name.
27. Peter Talbot [or Talbird], Chelmsford, was an emigrant from England. He lived several years in Dorchester, but at the time of his service in the snow-shoe company, under Capt. William Tyng, he was a resident of Chelmsford. At that time he must have been fully fifty years of age. His right in the township was given to his son, George Talbot, who lived several years in Stoughton.
28. Stephen Keyes, Chelmsford. There is no record of his birth and it has been thought that he probably was a son of Elias Keyes of Sudbury. He received land in Chelmsford in the right of Solomon Keyes, and it is possible he was a son of Solomon
141
PROVINCE WARS
and Frances (Grant) Keyes. He was married March 7, 1706, by Jonathan Tyng, Esq., to Anna Robbins. He died in Chelmsford, February 6, 1714.
29. Benoni Perham, Chelmsford, lived in Chelmsford. He was living in 1722 and died a short time after that date [1723]. His son, Samuel, represented his interest in the grant of Tyngs- town.
32. Josiah Richardson, Chelmsford, son of Capt. Josiah and Remembrance (Underwood) Richardson, was born in Chelms- ford May 18, 1665. He was a town clerk and selectman of Chelms- ford, where he died October 17, 1711. His wife was a daughter of Deacon John Blanchard.
36. Henry Farwell, son of Henry Farwell of Chelmsford, Mass., was born about 1665. He was one of the early settlers of Dunstable. In the later years of Queen Anne's war his house was one of the seven garrisons in Dunstable. His son, Oliver was one of the victims of the Indian ambush at Naticook, September 5, 1724. His son, Josiah, was a lieutenant in Captain Lovewell's Company, and was killed by the Indians in the fight at Pigwacket, May 8, 1725.
38. John Richardson, Chelmsford, son of Capt. Josiah and Remembrance (Underwood) Richardson, was a brother of No. 32. Josiah Richardson was born in Chelmsford, February 14, 1669-70, where he died September 13, 1746.
40. Ephraim Hildreth, Chelmsford, removed from Chelms- ford to Dracut in 1712, and there died September 26, 1740. He was town clerk of Dracut, a major of the militia, and an active man in town and business affairs. He was one of the proprietors of Concord and an influential factor among the proprietors of Tyngstown. At one time he was the owner of the saw-mill.
41. Samuel Chamberlain, Chelmsford, son of Thomas and Sarah (Proctor) Chamberlain, was born in Chelmsford, January 11, 1679. He was a prominent citizen and styled Capt. Samuel Chamberlain in Chelmsford records. He died April 12, 1767. There was a Samuel Chamberlain of about the same age, a son of Samuel and Elizabeth Chamberlain, who was styled in Chelmsford records Lieut. Samuel Chamberlain. The Tyngstown proprietors' records call the grantee Capt. Samuel Chamberlain, which makes it reasonably certain that the Samuel first named was the soldier and grantee.
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HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
42. Stephen Pierce, Chelmsford, son of Stephen and Tabitha (Parker) Pierce and grandson of Thomas Pierce of Woburn, was born in Chelmsford in 1678. He lived in Chelmsford and was the owner of many acres of land. He died September 9, 1749. This Stephen Pierce was the grandfather of Gov. Benjamin Pierce of Hillsborough, who was the father of President Franklin Pierce.
43. Timothy Spalding, Chelmsford, son of John and Hanna (Hale) Spalding, was born about 1676. He lived in the part of Chelmsford now Westford, where he died April 14, 1763. He was a brother of No. 13.
44. Paul Fletcher, Chelmsford, was the son of Joshua. His father was twice married: First, in 1668, to Gussies Jewell; second, in 1682, to Sarah Willey. I cannot state which of the wives was the mother of Paul. The Fletcher genealogy states that Paul Fletcher was a snow-shoe man in 1724. The date is an error.
45. Judge John Tyng, son of Major William and Lucy (Clarke) Tyng, born in Chelmsford, January 28, 1704-5, and graduated from Harvard University in 1725. He lived in Tyngsboro', where he died in 1797, aged ninety-two years. He was a colonel of the militia, a representative of Dunstable, Mass., which then included Tyngsboro', and speaker of the house. He was a delegate to the convention at Boston, in 1768, "for the preservation of the public peace and safety," and a delegate to the Provincial Congress, which assembled at Cambridge and Watertown in 1775, but he is best known as a judge of the courts of Middlesex county, which office he held many years.
46. Col. Eleazer Tyng, Dunstable, son of Col. Jonathan and Sarah (Usher) Tyng, was born in the part of Dunstable now called Tyngsboro', April 30, 1690, and graduated at Harvard University in 1712. He was a magistrate and a colonel; an active and useful man. He was buried in the Tyng burial ground, about one mile below Tyngsboro' Village. Upon a broad, horizontal tablet is inscribed, "Underneath are entombed the remains of Eleazer Tyng, Esq., who died May 21, 1782, aged 92; Mrs. Sarah Tyng, who died May 23, 1753, aged 59; John Alford Tyng, Esq., who died Sept. 4, 1775, aged 44." John Alford Tyng, Esq., was a son of Colonel Eleazer. Fox's Dunstable is in error in calling him Judge Tyng. The judge, John Tyng, is No. 45.
47. Thomas Colburn, son of Edward Colburn of Chelmsford, was born in 1674. He lived in Dunstable, where he died Novem-
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PROVINCE WARS
ber 2, 1770. The committee of the General Court were instructed to admit six men who served under Capt. John Lovewell and were omitted in the grants of Pembroke, N. H., and Petersham, Mass. In the same connection there appears in the Massachusetts Archives the petition of Zaccheus Lovewell, Thomas Colburn, Peter Powers, Josiah Cummings, Henry Farwell, Jr., and Nicholas Crosby, alleging that they served against the Indian enemy under Captain Lovewell, either on his first or second march, and that all the other soldiers of Captain Lovewell's companies have been rewarded in grants of land. Thomas Colburn appears to have been the only one of the six petitioners who was made a grantee of Tyngstown.
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