USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Chelmsford > History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts > Part 9
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86 | Part 87 | Part 88 | Part 89 | Part 90 | Part 91 | Part 92 | Part 93 | Part 94 | Part 95 | Part 96 | Part 97
78
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
Wannalancet, the son of Passaconaway, succeeded his father in office and was friendly to the English. Numphow, the Indian magistrate, held a monthly court in a log cabin in the vicinity of the Boott canal in the City of Lowell. Samuel, his son, who had been well instructed in English and in Christianity, gave instruction to his fellow-Indians in a log chapel near the west end of Appleton street in Lowell. Cowley was certain this stood near or upon the site of what is known as the Eliot church on Summer street. Mr. H. S. Perham thought there was not sufficient evidence to substantiate the opinion of Cowley. The writer has talked with both these men on the subject. Mr. Cowley claimed to have the evidence of some who had seen the log chapel before it disappeared in 1823 or 1824. John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians, who in 1647 had made his first visit to Pawtucket falls on the Merrimack was their staunch friend and in 1653, when the Chelmsford and Billerica grants were made, secured an ample reservation for the exclusive use of the Indians, where the City of Lowell now stands. There were two villages: Pawtucket, east of the falls, and Wamesit, east of Massick or Wamesit falls. The two were finally merged into one, known as Wamesit. The bounds of the reservation were enlarged in 1656 and 1660, and a few years later a ditch was dug to mark its limits. Eliot and Gookin did good work among the Indians, who, for ten years or more, gave promise of growth in civilization. General Daniel Gookin, appointed superintendent of the Indians, gives this description of the praying town at Wamesit.
"Wamesit is the fifth praying town; and this place is situate upon Merrimak river, being a neck of land, where Concord river falleth into Merrimak river. It is about twenty miles from Boston, north north west, and within five miles of Billerica, and as much from Chelmsford: so that it hath Concord river upon the west north west; and Merrimak river upon the north north east. It hath about fifteen families; and consequently, as we compute, about seventy five souls. The quantity of land belonging to it is about twenty-five hundred acres. The land is fertile and yieldeth plenty of corn. It is excellently accommodated with a fishing place; and there is taken variety of fish in their season, as salmon, shad, lamprey eels, sturgeon, bass, and divers others. There is a great confluence of Indians, that usually resort to this place in the fishing seasons.
"Of these strange Indians divers are vitious and wicked men and women; which Satan makes use of to obstruct the prosperity of religion here. The ruler of this people is called Numphow. He is one of the blood of their chief sachems. Their teacher is
79
EARLY GRANTS-THE INDIANS
called Samuel: son to the ruler, a young man of good parts, and can speak, read, and write English and Indian competently. He is one of those that was bred up at school, at the charge of the Corporation for the Indians. These Indians, if they were diligent and industrious,-to which they have been frequently excited,- might get much by their fish, especially fresh salmon, which are of esteem and good price at Boston in the season; and the Indians being stored with horses of a low price, might furnish the market fully, being at so small a distance. And divers other sort of fish they might salt or pickle, as sturgeon and bass; which would be much to their profit. But notwithstanding divers arguments used to persuade them, and some orders made to encourage them; yet their idleness and improvidence doth hitherto prevail.
"At this place, once a year, at the beginning of May, the English magistrate keeps his court, accompanied with Mr. Eliot, the minister: who at this time takes his opportunity to preach, not only to the inhabitants, but to as many of the strange Indians, that can be persuaded to hear him: of which sort, usually in times of peace, there are considerable numbers at that season. And this place being an ancient and capital seat of Indians, they come to fish; and this good man takes this opportunity to spread the net of the gospel, to fish for their souls.
"Here it may not be impertinent to give you the relation following. May 5th, 1674, according to our usual custom, Mr. Eliot and myself took our journey to Wamesit, or Pawtuckett; and arriving there that evening, Mr. Eliot preached to as many of them as could be got together out of Mat. xxii. 1-14, the parable of the marriage of the king's son. We met at the wigwam of one called Wannalancet, about two miles from the town, near Paw- tuckett falls, and bordering upon Merrimak river. This person, Wannalancet, is the eldest son of old Passaconaway, the chiefest sachem of Pawtuckett. He is a sober and grave person, and of years, between fifty and sixty. He hath been always loving and friendly to the English. Many endeavors have been used several years to gain this sachem to embrace the christian religion; but he hath stood off from time to time, and not yielded up himself personally, though for four years past he hath been willing to hear the word of God preached, and to keep the Sabbath .- A great reason that hath kept him off, I conceive, hath been the indisposition and averseness of sundry of his chief men and relations to pray to God; which he foresaw would desert him, in case he turned christian .- But at this time, May 6th, 1674, it pleased God so to influence and overcome his heart, that it being proposed to him to give his answer concerning praying to God, after some deliberation and serious pause, he stood up, and made a speech to this effect:
" 'SIRS: You have been pleased for four years last past, in your abundant love, to apply yourselves particularly unto me and my people, to exhort, press and persuade us to pray to God. I
80
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
am very thankful to you for your pains. I must acknowledge, said he, I have, all my days, used to pass in an old canoe (alluding to his frequent custom to pass in a canoe upon the river) and now you exhort me to change and leave my old canoe, and embark in a new canoe, to which I have hitherto been unwilling; but now I yield up myself to your advice, and enter into a new canoe, and do engage to pray to God hereafter.'
"This his professed subjection was well pleasing to all that were present, of which there were some English persons of quality; as Mr. Richard Daniel, a gentleman that lived in Billerica, about six miles off, and Lieutenant Henchman, a neighbor at Chelmsford, besides brother Eliot and myself, with sundry others, English and Indians. Mr. Daniel before named desired brother Eliot to tell this sachem from him, that it may be, while he went in his old canoe, he passed in a quiet stream; but the end thereof was death and destruction to soul and body. But now he went into a new canoe, perhaps he would meet with storms and trials, but yet he should be encouraged to persevere, for the end of his voyage would be everlasting rest. Moreover he and his people were exhorted by brother Eliot and myself, to go on and sanctify the sabbath, to hear the word, and use the means that God hath appointed, and encourage their hearts in the Lord their God. Since that time, I hear this sachem doth persevere, and is a constant and diligent hearer of God's word, and sanctifieth the sabbath, though he doth travel to Wamesit meeting every sabbath, which is above two miles; and though sundry of his people have deserted him since he subjected to the gospel, yet he continues and persists.
"In this town they observe the same civil and religious orders as in other towns, and have a constable and other officers.
"This people of Wamesit suffered more in the late war with the Mawkawks than any other praying town of Indians; for divers of their people were slain; others wounded; and some carried into captivity; which providence hath much hindered the prosperous estate of this place."
From this account it appears that their capital was on the east of Concord river, in what is now Belvidere. Allen states that Wamesit consisted of about 2500 acres, of which 1000 were estimated to be east of Concord river and 1500 on the west.
The English came to this region at an opportune moment, because, a few years previously, the number of Indians had been
25
CHELMSFORD
SOUTH TON
TOWN OF CHELMSFORD Scule so Aods to the inch. A. Crosby
Ww Fletcher
Inspeun
w. Fletcher Hes-
773M01
& B.Harthen
E.C.Byam
L.R. toward.
J.M. Fletcher
Lectckins
ram
Inder
D.A.
GP.Winn & Sisters
Aldreth
Busser
P J.P. Emerson
DETufts
Frukley
Sulleun.
xptuttona de Soldiers
Richardson
J.L. Preston
JUNIT CN.
R.R.CO.
B.Proctor
TISco.
Episc. Soc
CH Rolt
Jis. E.N. Fiske
J. Larcom/
Marshall
R.Proctor
FN.P. Dadman
J. C. Bartlett M. D.
Bartlett
Beaver
Lampiare
J.S.
j.C. Bartlett M.D:
Bro ok
&Manning
J.C.Burtlett M.D. Res.
EH.Warren
E.R. Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
J.Warren
R.Proctor
Parkchungek
Parkhurst
1
1800 A.
3. Parkl.urst
Mas.i. Mcoming
AJ Lamphere
J.S.Shed
JManning
SA.Marshall
~ $58
E.J.Warren
EN
PLAN OF CHELMSFORD FROM
ER.Harsha
E.R.
UDPchant
SO CHE TOWN Saule
J.R.
D.Perhun
wright Je.
MEAFletcher Wright
Prkctor
B.S.Sh
A.Parkhurst
J.C.Bartlett
Res.of J. A.Bartlett.
B.S.Sh
J. Laroom
J. Wan
E.P.
Marshall W
o JJ. War
Sullurer Jr.
ST.
TOWN
CEMETERY
Ик.И. В.
Depot
Ssk Emerson
CHAPEL
Store
xCc. wuson
WIntra
85.83A0.
No. 7
HELMSFORD. F CHELMSFORD Fils to the jach
WEST CHELMSFORD
20
a. Jeffrey
Woodward
TOWN OF CHELMSFORD
Mrs.Smith
Scale, 20 Rods to the inch
I.RSpaulding
E.P. BX Purker
Cwurina
Meridian
Vlongley
Shop
Paraanage
D. Raymond
BAPT.CAL
Justright
Dudley
W.H.Brown
Stor
&
p.o.
Apollard
1600
Mis. Ferrley
Privancha
Nuilor
CHELMSFORD WOOLEN MILLS
ELMSFORD to the ind.
1
CHURCH
N.R
R
R
T.A.Parkhurst
CEMETERY
S
Whidden
F
W.Agnew
J.J. Hoyl
SCHOOL
Mrs Gren Wheeler
G.C.Parker
Natueral Pool
Cooperative Mutual Homestead Co. Organized Aug 1874 H. P. Hunphrey,President 18 91 Ac
From 1895 to 1915 a hundred houses or more have been erected in the Centre Village shown in part on the left of this map. The other villages in the Town have grown in proportion. The Town Hall has been built on the vacant lot between the railroad and the house of Miss M. E. Richardson; All Saints' Church stands where the words "Episc. Soc." are on the map; the Congregational Church is on the land marked "G. P. Winn and Sisters;" the Central Block, below the house of Mrs. E. W. Fiske; and the large fireproof building of the Chelmsford Spring Company, above the mill pond on the lot marked "D. Perham." The Adams Library occupies the southern part of the lot marked "Res. of J. A. Bartlett."
Putnam
J.Winny
J.C
Pudterhel
LIB.
A.W.Parkhurst
Ferry
Roby
Roby Manufacturing
Blodgett.
PART OF ISFORD
F.& Lilley
E
STONY BROOK
A.G. Parkhurst
1800 A.
erst
7
85.85 AC,
RS'S COUNTY ATLAS, 1875
Butterfield
81
EARLY GRANTS-THE INDIANS
greatly reduced by a most sanguinary war begun about 1614 between the Pawtuckets and the Tarrantines of Maine, whose devastation was followed by a terrible pestilence, which so afflicted the Indians that they "died in heaps." Thousands of corpses were left unburied, and the terrors of the plague were greatly increased by the comet of 1618, which appealed to the superstition of the savages.
In the early settlement of New England, says Allen, the Pawtuckets consisted of about 3000; and, in 1674, 250. At Wamesit, when Mr. Eliot persuaded them to receive the Gospel, there were about 75 souls. Wannalancet resisted all Eliot's efforts, until 1674, when he received the Christian religion, and persevered in it, although some of his people abandoned him on that account. At the time of King Philip's war, the English and Indians in New England were about equal in number, probably 55,000 each.
In 1642, upon suspicion of conspiracy to exterminate the English, forty men were sent to arrest Passaconaway, but could not find him. Wannalancet was taken and tied with a rope, which he loosened and escaped. He was retaken, and his squaw captured. When the English saw they had been mistaken in their suspicions, they apologized to Passaconaway, and invited him to Boston. "Tell the English," he said, "when they restore my son and his squaw, I will talk with them."
Thinking the Mohawks were about to attack them, Wanna- lancet and a number of Indians descended the Merrimack, in 1669, and built a fort on what became known as Fort Hill, in Belvidere, Lowell. The English settlers became alarmed. The Indians of this region, numbering several hundred, and including the most dangerous, went against the Mohawks and were badly defeated. Wannalancet, however, was peaceably disposed, and friendly to the English, and escaped the fate of many of his race.
For the first twenty years, the relations between the people of Chelmsford and the Indians were friendly. Trade between them was mutually advantageous. By it the Indian obtained food in winter (when, from their improvidence, it was lacking); better utensils; and, too often, rum.
The Massachusetts Court held that trade with the Indians belonged to the Commonwealth and not to particular persons. From "The Returne of ye Committee betrusted to agree with such as presented to carry alonge ye Trade of Furrs," we learn
82
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
that "The exclusive right of Trading with the Indians on the Merrimack River was sold to Simon Willard, Thomas Henchman, ensign Thomas Wheeler and William Brenton for £25. on July 1, 1657." The trade of Concord sold for £5; that of Springfield and Norwottock for £20; Cambridge £2; Nashaway & Grotton £8.
THE INDIANS AND WICASSEE ISLAND.
From 1637, when the crushing blow was given to the Pequots, until 1675, the people of New England were at peace with the Indians. But as the years went by, the courage of the Indians revived. Though contrary to the law, the savages procured rum and muskets, both of which were elements in this revival.
1644, June 12. Passaconaway and Nanamocomuck signed a covenant submitting themselves and their subjects and pos- sessions to the Massachusetts Government.
1645. The military officers of the several towns were ordered to keep a daily watch against the Indians; and the Reverend Elders were requested to give advice concerning the Christianizing of the Indians.
1654. Persons licensed to sell intoxicating liquors to Indians were advised not to sell more than one pint to each individual.
1656. The sale of horses, boats and skiffs to the Indians was prohibited.
1659. John Eliot asked that Indians have no power to sell their land. But within a month (Nov. 8th) an order was issued permitting them to sell an island in Merrimack river (Wicassee) to John Evered to redeem Nanamocomuck, a son of Passaconaway, from imprisonment for a debt of £45. In 1663 there was made a grant of 3,000 acres on the same river at Naticot to Passaconaway and his associates.
In 1663 John Evered and Thomas Hinchman were appointed to lay out 100 acres for Wannalancet about twelve miles from the house of Evered, on a great hill near a great pond.
1665. The Indians, living on the "Island of Wicosucke," asked permission to exchange other lands for the island purchased by Mr. John Webb (Evered), Wannalancet to surrender 100 acres of land formerly granted him by the Court. This was granted, and the Court gave John Evered, alias Webb, 500 acres adjoining his own, if he release his right and interest in Wicosuche.
Wickasauke, Wicassee or Tyng's island, in the Merrimack river, opposite the northwestern part of Chelmsford, was owned
83
EARLY GRANTS-THE INDIANS
by the family of Passaconaway, and cultivated as a corn field. Wannalancet, the son and successor of that chief, occasionally made it a place of residence. As stated, Wannalancet's elder brother was in prison in Boston, having become surety to one John Tinker, for another Indian to the amount of £45. In order to have Nanamocomuck released from jail, Wannalancet obtained permission from the General Court to sell the island in 1659 to John Webb, alias Evered. Wannalancet was granted 100 acres on a hill, ten or twelve miles westward. The former owners came again into possession of the island, for the release of which the Court gave Mr. Webb 500 acres, and Wannalancet forfeited his 100 acres, above mentioned. After King Philip's war about sixty of the praying Indians from Wamesit were removed to this island or vicinity, under the care of Jonathan Tyng. They remained there about ten years, when they removed to St. Francis in Canada.
In 1680 Capt. James Oliver, admitted freeman 1640, member of the Artillery Company, petitioned the Court to grant him "the Island whereon the Indian Wianenset lately dwelt lying neer Dunstable," etc. The Court for his relief on account of his incapacity for getting a "livelyhud," granted to his Kinsman, Nathaniel Barnes, with whom he lived, "a small Island of upland containing about twenty acres (more or less) wch lyeth in Merimack River near to Mr. Jonathan Tings farme wch Island hath been commonly caled & knowne by ye name of Tinker's Island," etc. [Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 45, p. 174.]
October 18, 1681. The Court granted him two hundred acres "where it is to be found."
December 5, 1683. Tyng's island, called Weikeset, was granted to Mr. Jonathan Tyng, in full, for all accounts having to do with his care of the Indians. [Massachusetts Bay Records, Vol. V, p. 430.]
* * * "Whereas Mr. Jonathan Ting of Dunstable hath obtained of ye Honord Genll Court of the Massachusetts Bay a grant of a certaine Jland lying in Merimack River, near to the north east corner of Chelmsford land and partly right over and against a great commonfield in Chelmsford, lying upon said Merrimack River, which Iland is called & Known by ye name of Wekesoak Jland, which Jland hath been formerly planted by the indians" of which "the indian right & title did & do belong & appertaine to Wanalansit, and indian sachem." The latter sells to Jonathan Ting for the full & just sum of six pounds sterling, New England coyne-27th Oct. 1685. [Early Court Files, Number 2356.]
84
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
KING PHILIP'S WAR.
Although the English regarded the Indians as heathen, whose inheritance God would give to His people, yet the Rev. John Eliot and others knew that they had souls, and so were to be brought to a knowledge of the truth. The Indians as a rule resented the attempts of the English to Christianize them. "With jealous eye the Indian saw his hunting grounds vanish with each advance of the English, and the number of warriors diminish by the increase of 'praying Indians'." Massasoit, chief sachem of the Wampanoags, friendly to Plymouth, died in 1660, leaving two sons, Wamsutta and Metacom, christened as Alexander and Philip. The former died in 1662 at Plymouth, where he had been summoned to defend himself against a charge of plotting mischief with the Narragansetts. Thinking his brother had been poisoned, Philip, his successor, became the scheming enemy of the English. After several rumors and denials, it became evident in 1674 that a general Indian uprising had been planned. Mount Hope, a peninsula, running into Narragansett bay, was the territory occupied by Philip. Sausamon, a Christian convert from the Massachusetts' tribe, with his family, had been taught by Eliot. His son, John, was a teacher and preacher to the Indians at Natick. Coming to Plymouth, Sausamon revealed to Governor Winthrop the plot of Philip, who declared his innocence. A few days later Sausamon was murdered near Middleborough by three Wampanoags, Philip's men, who were found guilty and put to death. On June 20, 1674, the Indians attacked Swanzey, killed many and committed fiendish outrages. Indian war parties now spread over the country, and panic seized the English in Massachusetts as far as the Connecticut valley. Worcester and Brookfield had about a dozen houses each, and from Springfield to Northfield a number of small villages were exposed to the Indian attacks. Captain Edward Hutchinson, son of the famous Ann, was sent by Governor Leverett to treat with the Nipmucks at Brookfield. He was murdered, with eight of his men, as his mother and most of the family had been before. Philip, himself, took part in the assault on Brookfield. The large house in which the inhabitants were besieged held them for three days, when Major Simon Willard, more than seventy years old, ancestor of two presidents of Harvard college, on his way from Lancaster to Groton with forty-seven horsemen, being informed of the
85
EARLY GRANTS-THE INDIANS
situation, turned toward Brookfield and routed the Indians. Worcester, Groton, Mendon and Marlborough were destroyed. Attacks were made upon Springfield, Hatfield, Medfield, Hadley, Northampton, Sudbury, Chelmsford, Andover, Wrentham, Scituate, Middleborough and Bridgewater. At Sudbury Capt. Wadsworth, with seventy men, was surrounded by five hundred Nipmucks. He and fifty of his men were killed, six being burned alive over slow fires. By August, 1676, the Indians had been practically exterminated. Philip was shot by one of his own men on August 12th, and his head was exposed in Plymouth. A dozen sachems were hanged or shot and hundreds of Indians sold into slavery in the West Indies, among them Philip's little son. Of ninety towns, twelve had been destroyed, and more than forty others had suffered.
CHELMSFORD OFFICERS.
In 1655 Isaac Lerned was chosen Sergeant of the band, and Simon Tomson Clerk of the band in Chelmsford. Lerned, or Larned, was one of the first settlers of Chelmsford, and removed here from Woburn. He died November 29, 1657.
Simon Thompson, or Tomson, was of Ipswich in 1636, and was active in securing the removal of the Wenham people to Chelmsford. He returned to Ipswich. Both of these men were among the first trustees or selectmen of Chelmsford.
1659. 'Thomas Addams of Chelmsford, being presented by Joseph Parker, in the behalfe of that Towne for their Cheife Sergt & military Officer, This [County] Court being informed that the said Addams hath publiquely manifested himself to be Hessi- tant, as to the orders and practises of the churches in these places, do not judge meet to allow of ye said choyce, untill they shall be further sattisfied concerning the same-
The next year Mr. Adams was accepted by the Court, having solemnly engaged not to disseminate any of his principles or notions contrary to the practice of the churches. [Records of Middlesex Co. Court.]
Thomas Adams was born in England in 1612, married in Braintree in 1642, moved to Concord, and to Chelmsford in 1650-4. He was Ensign in 1678, and Lieutenant in 1682, in the company of which his brother, Samuel, was Captain. He was town clerk, selectman and representative. He died July 20, 1688, aged 76 years.
86
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
In 1660 Thomas Hinchman was clerk of the train band. He was made freeman in 1654, was a magistrate, and Major of the Middlesex Regiment; a representative in 1666, 1667, 1671 and 1676; died July 18, 1703, aged 74 years. He had an accurate knowledge of Indian affairs, and his influence with them was of much value to the English.
Edmond Hinchman, or Hincksman, of Chelmsford, died Oct. 27, 1668. His widow married the Rev. John Fiske. Major Thomas is supposed to have been the son of Edmond and the father of Capt. Thomas Hinchman.
The Hinchman property adjoined the Warren homestead, and Deacon Joseph Warren married Ruth Wheeler, daughter of Sergeant Thomas Wheeler and niece of Major Hinchman's wife.
1669, Oct. 12. "In answer to the motion in the petition of severall ye inhabitants of Concord, Chelmsford, Billirrikey, Lancaster, Groton, the court judgeth it meet, & doe order, that such persons living in the frontier townes within the county of Middlesex as are legally capacitated to lyst themselves troopers shall have liberty to doe the same, under Thomas Wheeler, Senior, of Concord, whom this Court appoints to be their leiftent; & for such others as are already listed in the other troope in that country that may find it more convenient to joyne in this new troope, they haue liberty so to doe, provided they doe it orderly & legally, & that a sufficient number be left in the old troope, according to lawe."
[Records of Massachusetts, Vol. IV, pt. 2, p. 439.]
"Sarjant Willjam Fletcher of Chelmsford, is appointed ensigne to the ffoot company there." Oct. 12, 1670.
[Records of Massachusetts Bay, Vol. IV, pt. 2, p. 466.]
William Fletcher, one of the first settlers, came from Concord, was a selectman, and died November 6, 1677. He had a son, William, born February 21, 1657.
Edward Tyng, prominent in the Indian wars, was Lieutenant in the 5th Company, Mass. Reg't, in 1675, for the Narragansett Campaign.
Edward and William Tyng came to America about 1639. In 1660 James Parker, of Chelmsford, sold Edward three thousand acres in what is now Tyngsboro. Dunstable was named for the English town, the home of his wife, Mary.
His sons, Jonathan and Edward, born in 1642 and 1649, were prominent in this region, as were William, son of the former, and Edward, son of the latter. William came to Chelmsford and
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.