USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Chelmsford > History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts > Part 65
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In 1652, the General Court established a mint for silver coin. In order to retain such money at home it was made with about one-fourth more alloy than similar pieces in England.
The emission of the Colony bills of credit was inaugurated under the provisional government which held the reins after the downfall of Andros. The occasion for this step was the collapse of the expedition which set forth in the fall of 1690 under Sir William Phips with the expectation of capturing Quebec. Hutchin- son says: "The government was utterly unprepared for the return of the forces. They seem to have presumed, not only
623
TOWN MEETING, TAXES, POPULATION
upon success, but upon the enemy's treasure to bear the charge of the expedition. The soldiers were upon the point of mutiny for want of their wages. [See Davis: Currency and Banking in the Prov. of Mass. Bay Part I, p. 9.]
The currency emitted in 1690, before the arrival of the second charter, was generally spoken of as Colony or Old Charter Bills, and, according to the order of its emission, was denominated old, middle, and new tenor. The bills of public credit of this Colony formed a precedent for the founders of the Bank of England in 1694.
In 1686, 1714, and again in 1740, there were projects for the establishment of Land Banks to emit notes on real security. In 1740, a Manufactory Company was formed in Boston "for the ease of trade and commerce." Bills of credit to the extent of £150,000, called Manufactory Bills, were to be issued. This was called the Land Bank Scheme, because land was pledged for the redemption of the bills. The Governor resisted this and another, called the Hard Money Bank, especially the former. But the scheme found favor in the rural districts. Many towns took the notes. There were about one thousand subscribers.
The names below were taken from several pieces of paper that were saved out of the fire when the Boston Court House was burned in 1747. This, called also the Town House (the Old State House), was the successor of the building burned in 1711. This was rebuilt in 1714.
Sums received by the Commissioners of several of the Direc- tors and Partners of the late Manufactory Company :
Names. Towns. Assessment Oz. of silver.
Gershom Procter, Chelmsford 4 2
Joseph Barrett, Adm., do 1.10 42
Land Bank Proprietors.
Jos. Barrett
15.
Gersh. Procter
10.
[Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 136, p. 83 ff.]
The career of this bank and others was suppressed in 1741 by parliamentary intervention, "brutal in its disregard of the rights of the colonists," who were interested in them, and provoking great hostility, which was not without its effect as the Revolu- tionary period came on.
In the early days a piece of eight, the Spanish peso duro (hard dollar), passed at five shillings. In 1642, the General Court fixed its value at 4s. 8d. sterling, and later in the same year at 5s. In 1704, Queen Anne issued a proclamation by which the value of a piece of eight was made 4s. 6d. and the weight, 17 dwt. 12 gr. This coin bore the numeral 8 and the value 8 reals. The commercial sign $ is derived from this figure, the vertical lines on the 8 being the Pillars of Hercules stamped on some Spanish dollars. In 1750, the Province fixed the value of a Spanish dollar
624
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
at six shillings, which made the pound in New England currency equal to three and one-third Spanish dollars: $3.33} in United States money. Six shillings made a dollar; three shillings, half a dollar, which nomenclature continued in use until recent times.
In 1750, the value of Old Tenor in Lawful Money was:
Old Tenor
Lawful Money. £ s. d.
£. s. d. 72
equals
1
1.
equals
2.8
100.
equals
13.6.8
1000.
equals
133.6.8
A pistole full weight was worth
22.
An English shilling was worth
1.4
Feb. 27, 1781.
The Justices of the Supreme Court were appointed to deter- mine the value of the bills of public credit .-
From April 1, 1780, to April 20, one Spanish dollar was equal to 40 of the old emission; to April 25, 42; to April 30, 44; to May 5, 46; and so on to Feb. 27, 1781, 75.
(Signed) William Cushing
Nath. Peaslee (Sargeant)
David Sewal
James Sullivan
The amounts of the annual issues of Province bills depended on the military outlook. After the peace of Ryswick in 1697 and that of Utrecht, the Bostonians feared no attack by the French, and could undertake no expeditions against Port Royal or Quebec. But there was cause for agressive movements against the Eastern Indians, and from 1703 to 1728 there were large issues.
In 1711, there was a temporary loan of £50,000.
In 1714, there was a direct loan of £50,000.
In 1716, there was through Counties a loan of £100,000.
In 1721, there was through Towns a loan of £50,000.
In 1728, there was through Towns a loan of £60,000.
From 1702 to 1750, the emissions of bills including loans amounted to £4,634,700, and the withdrawals, £2,814,900. To overcome the disturbance this occasioned, bills of credit were distributed among the inhabitants on loans secured by real estate.
In 1721, the loan to Chelmsford (£401.10) was to be let out in sums of not more than £20, nor less than £5, at 5% interest. A sixth part of the income was to recompense the Trustees- Benj. Adams, Joshua Fletcher and Edward Spaulding. The yearly interest on the loan in Chelmsford, amounted to £16.14.07. [See Town Records.]
:
THE STODDARD HOUSE, THE REVOLUTIONARY MONUMENT ON THE COMMON, AND THE CHELMSFORD CLASSICAL SCHOOL, CHELMSFORD CENTRE
No. 37
THE ADAMS HOUSE, NORTH CHELMSFORD, MASS.
625
TOWN MEETING, TAXES, POPULATION
The trustees of this Town's part of the £60,000 loan of 1728 were Capt. Jonathan Richardson, Deacon Stephen Peirce and Capt. Samuel Chamberlain. Deacon Peirce became "impaired in his reason" and another was appointed in his stead. Not less than £5, nor more than £10, to be let out to one person.
This receipt is found in the Town records:
Boston, Septembr. 19th. 1735.
Received of the Trustees of Chelmsford by Mr Saml. Chamberlain Ninety-four Pounds, Seventeen Shillings, being the first fifth, £60.000. Loan, & Eighteen Pounds, Nineteen Shillings & four pence Interest sd. Loan.
first fifth
94:17.
Interest 18:19:4
The paper currency was so oppressive and embarrassing that Parliament passed an act to reimburse the colonies in specie, but the grant was insufficient to redeem all the paper money, so a tax of £75,000 was levied, of which Chelmsford paid £305.15 besides £29.7.6 to the Town's Representative. This was in 1748.
POSTAGE.
In 1792, the rates of postage were: For every single letter by land- Miles. Cents. Miles. Cents.
Under 30
6
150 to 200
15
30 to 60 8 200 to 250
17
60 to 100
10
250 to 350
20
100 to 150
12}
350 to 450
22
For more than 450 miles, 25 cents. If the letter were written on two or more pieces of paper, postage was charged on each piece. In 1845, the rate was 5 cents for 300 miles per } ounce. In 1851, the rate was 3 cents for less than 3,000 miles. In 1863, the rate was 3 cents for any distance.
The 2 cent rate came in 1883.
SURPLUS REVENUE.
The Surplus Revenue of 1837 was caused by the operation of the high tariff, and a new method of managing the public deposits. The sale of public lands also contributed to it. $28,000,000 or more of this surplus was distributed among the States, according to their electoral vote or on the basis of direct taxation, using the census of 1830. Massachusetts had 14 votes, and received $1,338,173.58. Chelmsford's population was 1387, and the Town's portion was $2,022.30; paid May 9, 1837, "Received per order Benj. Adams." The first two instalments
626
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
were to be deposited with the towns in proportion to their popula- tion by the last census, the last two according to the population by a new census to be taken in May, 1837. Chelmsford's portion was received in a single payment, according to the Treasurer's books at the State House. The towns were bound to refund the deposit when the U. S. Treasury called it in, but meanwhile they were to apply the money or the interest on the same to those public objects for which it is lawful to raise money, and for no other purpose. Massachusetts used the interest somewhat for the support of schools, but the principal has been used up mainly on Town expenses.
In the Town records, it is stated that the third instalment was $1,025.90, and that the fourth was never received. The money was loaned to the inhabitants in sums not exceeding $500 on mortgages on real estate. There seems to be a discrepancy between the State record and that of the Town. The two pay- ments mentioned, amounting to over $3,000, probably completed Chelmsford's full portion.
ACREAGE OF CHELMSFORD.
The tract originally asked for was six miles square, which would include 23,040 acres. The additional grant was less than half the original in extent, say 10,000 acres. Allen states that the measurement in 1781 gave 13,838 acres, 2,063 of which was in roads, ponds and sunken lands. Westford had been separated from Chelmsford, and since then other parts of the Town, including Lowell and Middlesex Village, have been cut off. In the report of the Valuation Committee of 1850, in the State Library, the acreage is given as 14,301, of which 323 acres was in roads and 1,563 covered by water. The Assessors' report for 1914 gives the number of acres of land assessed as 13,908. This, of course, does not include land owned by the Town-the Town Farm, land on which are located the Town Halls and schools and cemeteries, church property, ponds, waterways and roads, commons and public squares.
Symme's Map of Westford, 1753-5, gives a Plan of Chelms- ford in 1725, and states the area of the eastern part (Chelmsford) to be 19,519 acres, 116 rods; and that of the western part (West- ford) the same; making a total of over 39,000 acres.
VALUATION OF CHELMSFORD.
Polls 299
Population
1790
$ 9,512.75 (Polls)
1,144
1800
11,816.10
66
322
1,290
1810
12,659.10
1,396
1820
15,993.98
402
1,535
1830
355,751.00
Total
416
1,387
1840
443,684.77
443
1,697
1850
958,369.00
543
2,097
627
TOWN MEETING, TAXES, POPULATION
Polls
Population
1860
$1,371,136.00
Total
583
2,291
1870
1,695,075.00
593
2,374
1880
1,461,316.00
642
2,553
1890
1,772,035.00
758
2,695
1900
2,448,848.00
66
1,275
3,984
1910
4,524,105.00
1,347
5,010
1915
4,514,610.00
1,337
5,182
POPULATION.
1707-8, March 18. Number of polls.
Chelmsford,
137
Cambridge,
260
Billerica,
140
Concord,
223
Groton,
67
Charlestown, 270
Dracut,
15
Middlesex Co.,
[ 2,641
Dunstable,
20
Population, 10,564
1741. Chelmsford: Males, 415. Females, 438. Total, 853.
1763-5. There were in Chelmsford 133 houses, 176 families, 224 males under 16, 227 females under 16, 246 males above 16, 304 females above 16. Total, 997. Errors, 4+. Negroes: male, 7; female, 4. Total, 1,012.
In 1755, there were eight negro slaves in Chelmsford above 16 years of age. In Boston there were 989.
In 1776, there were 1,341 white people in Chelmsford, includ- ing 106 persons from Boston and Charlestown. (See page 298.) Middlesex County had within its borders 40,121 white people. In 1777, there were 319 males of 16 years and upwards. Strangers, 5. Quakers, 0.
In 1778, the number of polls in valuation was 255.
In 1781, the number was 240.
In 1784, the number of male polls in Chelmsford, rateable and not rateable, was 279. Supported by the Town, 2.
In 1790, the population of Chelmsford was 1,144. Males over 16, 327; under 16, 233. Females, 572. All other free persons, 12. Allen says the cause of the decrease in the population from 1776 to 1790 is to be found in the separation of seventeen families from Chelmsford to form the District of Carlisle, 1780.
The decrease in 1830 is accounted for by the fact that Lowell was set off in 1826.
[See U. S. Census, Am. Statist. Ass'n. Coll., and Allen, p. 184.] Town Expenses.
For the year ending Dec. 31, 1914, (ten months) accord- ing to the Assessors' report, the total expenses of the Town were $87,431.13 14,590.00
Less estimated receipts
$72,841.13
This includes the State tax
8,925.00
State Highway tax 526.59
County tax 4,894.48
628
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
Rate of taxation, $15.70 per $1,000.00.
Number of polls assessed. 1,384
Assessed on polls only 682
Residents assessed on property : Individuals 1,105
All others 20
1,125
Non-residents assessed on property : Individuals 356
All others 21
377
Total number assessed 2,184
For the year ending Dec. 31, 1915, total expenses
$82,362.16 less receipts, $12,752.21 (Rate $17.80). $69,609.95 For the year ending Feb. 28, 1914, total expenses $82,234.80 less receipts, $9,000 (Rate $16) ...... $73,234.80
For the year ending Feb. 28, 1913, total expenses $78,374.72 less receipts, $14,500 (Rate $14.20) 63,874.72 For the year ending Feb. 28, 1912, total expenses $91,644.25 less receipts, $7,160 (Rate $19.40) . 84,484.25
1914.
Number of horses assessed 486
Number of cows assessed 925
Number of sheep assessed 57
Number of neat cattle other than cows
225
Number of swine
151
Number of fowls
14,534
Number of dwellings 1,133
Number of acres of land
13,908
The writer made copies of the following documents, which are too extended to be included in this book, but they may be con- sulted at the Adams Library.
The United States Direct Tax of 1798.
"A General List of all Dwelling-Houses, which with the Out- Houses appurtenant thereto, and the Lots, on which the same are erected, not exceeding two acres in any case, were owned, possessed or occupied on the 1st day of October, 1798," &c., with the names of owners and occupants, and valuation.
List of Chelmsford Names, &c. Original in the Library of the N. E. Hist. Gen. Soc., Boston.
The First Census of the United States, 1790. Chelmsford Town.
Names of heads of families and number of males and females. Printed by the United States in "A Century of Population Growth," 1909.
CHAPTER XIII. TOPOGRAPHY.
HILLS, MEADOWS, BROOKS, AND PONDS.
ROBIN'S HILL.
W HAT follows is from a note on the Pennacook Indians, by John Farmer printed in the N.H.H.Soc. Coll., Vol. I, p. 225. John Farmer, the distinguished New England antiquary, was born in Chelmsford, June 12, 1789, the eldest son of John Farmer of this Town, who was descended from Edward who came from Warwickshire, England, to Billerica, in 1670.
"The Pennacook Indians were a more warlike tribe than the Wamesit Indians who lived around Pawtucket Falls in Chelmsford. They were opposed to the introduction of Christianity among them, and 'obstinately refused to pray to God.' "
"The Indians of the most peaceful character among the Pennacooks were the Robin family, a part of which lived in Chelmsford, and owned a hill in that town, which, for almost two hundred [now nearly three hundred] years has been known as Robin's Hill." The hill was so called when the first settlers came here in 1652. At the beginning of the settlement, through John Eliot's agency with the Indians and at Court, an exchange of land under improvement on Robin's Hill for an equal quantity under similar improvement at a place to be designated by the Indians within their grant, was agreed upon and ordered by the Court.
The height of Robin's Hill is 450 feet above sea level. Latitude: 42° 35' 06.252"; Longitude: 71° 21' 56.066".
Chelmsford Meeting House: Latitude: 42° 35' 50.493"; longitude : 71° 21' 12.322".
St. Anne's Church, East Chelmsford (Lowell): Latitude: 42° 38' 47"; longitude: 71º 19' 2".
Chelmsford, Middlesex Church: Latitude: 42° 38' 11.58"; longitude: 71° 21' 19.87".
A single pine tree formerly stood on the top of Robin's Hill, and formed a landmark which, it is said, was the first object sighted by vessels entering Boston Harbor.
The steel-framed watch tower now, in a way, takes its place as a landmark. The top of the tower is 30 feet from the ground; the cabin which surmounts it is 8 feet square. A 60-foot tower has been planned to take the place of this one. The Custom
630
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
House tower in Boston may be seen from the watch tower. Wachusett, Monadnock and the foot-hills of the White mountains stand out against the sky on the horizon. Forty-nine towns may be seen, and a territory of 400,000 acres is within the scope of the glass. Brush fires or forest fires may be located by triangulation within a few feet.
At the triangulation station on the summit of Robin's Hill close to the tower, there is an iron bolt in the rock. The station has three witness marks, that is, drill holes enclosed in squares cut in the rock, with arrows pointing toward the centre.
The name of this hill has been spelled Robin, Robins and Robin's. In the chapter entitled "The Beginning," it is printed as Mr. Perham wrote it. In the remaining portion of the History, "Robin's" has been employed, as having been used by Farmer, and is, the writer thinks, the correct form of the word.
The following lines were written for the Chelmsford Eagle.
ROBIN'S HILL.
Dear, oft remembered "Robin's Hill!"
How many memories cluster still
Around thy bold, yet graceful form,
Unshaken by the ages' storm.
Often in Childhood has my gaze
Lingered with joy, when sunset rays
Diffused their splendor 'round thy head,
Like veil of glory o'er thee spread.
Upon thy summit, how serene
And beautiful, the wide-spread scene!
The distant hills, in calm repose, In kingly garb of purple rose, And lake, and stream, and woodland, made
A picture that will never fade.
The ancient highway on the north,
Trod by our grandsires in their youth,
Had many charms in youthful eyes, Which still in later years we prize. On one hand lay the lime-pits old, Dug deep as men have dug for gold;
And I would wander there alone,
Charmed with the strangeness all their own,
And let my fancy roam at will,
Thro' deep ravine, o'er rocky hill;
To my imagination then, Smile not in scorn, ye wiser men;
In truth they really seemed as grand As Alpine wilds of Switzerland. Still further, where the ledge laid bare Its mossy breast to sun and air, And a few pine trees murmured low, And spread their sheltering arms, as though To guard a spot most sacred made, For there my saintly father prayed ;* His presence, and his purity, Have made it a Gethsemane.
Rev. John Parkhurst.
631
TOPOGRAPHY
And winding on around the hill, Beside the road a rock lies still, On which a curious track is seen, As though a foot had melted in, Which old time superstition said, Was by the Evil Spirit made; When in his wanderings to and fro, In respite from his home below, He passed this way, and on the stone His foot-print left, and only one; So that the inference may be drawn, He made no stay, but hastened on. Upon the hill's broad rocky crown, The lone pine stands, which marks to town. By those approaching it is seen Afar, and welcome has it been Full oft, to many a weary eye, Returning homeward joyfully. Long may it on its firm throne stand, And never avaricious hand Be raised this king of pines to slay, Till time shall crumble it away. Change with its ever busy hand, Has ridden boldly thro' the land; Old houses vanish, new ones rise, And steam, like magic, time defies; Faces familiar once and dear, Have passed, and left their places drear. A few brief years, and those who ran And played, as only children can, Around the hill, are scattered wide, And some have gained the other side;
But the old hill unchanged remains, Thro' winter's storms and summer's rains, An emblem faint of love and power, Which guards our lives from earliest hour, Till we up Zion's mount shall climb,
Past earthly hills, past earthly time.
-Martha L. Emerson.
TADMUCK.
"The Town of Westford was originally a part of Chelmsford and its early history is involved in the history of that town. From the land allotments recorded in Chelmsford and from old deeds, it appears that the meadow and plain in the southwest part of Westford were called Great Tadmuck; the swamp on the east side was called Tadmuck; and these were sometimes designated as Farther Tadmuck and Hither Tadmuck; and the region about the east burying-ground was known as Little Tadmuck. The hill on which the central village stands bore the name of Tadmuck. No proof has been found that this name was given to any territory north of Stony Brook, and no Indian name of this stream has been discovered. The early deeds also mention Nubanussuck Pond and Kissacook Hill, north and west of the brook, and these are each Indian appellations.
632
HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD
"Some of the favorite haunts of the Indians are still known, where they built their wigwams and planted their corn. These were generally near a stream or spring, but sometimes on a warm hillside. One of their resorts was on the east side of Boutwell's Meadow, about one mile from the Centre, and near the house of Oren Coolidge. Stone tools and flints have recently been found there, and are now in possession of Mr. Coolidge.
"Another resort was an island in Providence Meadow, on which their implements have been found. Still another on the slope near the lone tree west of George Drew's house, and there probably they raised patches of Indian corn, after the manner of Indian husbandry. Yet another was on the hill east of Eli Tower's, where a flat rock is shown upon which the squaws kindled their fires and baked Indian cake in the best style of Indian cookery.
"But Forge Pond was the rallying point of the tribes. It is to be regretted that the Indian name of this pond has not been preserved. On its banks they were accustomed to gather for feasting and dancing, and for purposes of Indian hospitality and friendship. On the eastern margin two places are shown where the encampments of lodges were fixed, which are indicated by slight excavations and the finding of arrow-heads. Old Andrew, the Indian, who sold his warre (weir) at the outlet to the Town of Groton before 1680, was doubtless a fisherman (an expert in the business), but driven away by the encroaching white man. No trace of their abiding at or near Nubanussuck is known to the compiler; but it is fair to presume that they often went there as well as to other ponds on the north part of the town. By those clear and quiet waters no doubt the Indian maidens had their toilet, and by the setting sun their graceful forms were mirrored in the limpid stream. These freeborn children of solitude have passed away, but still the waters shimmer in the sunlight and remind us of the sad fate of a vanished race." [Hodgman's "History of the Town of Westford," pp. 2, 3.]
OTHER LOCALITIES.
Heart pond was so named on account of its shape, the outline somewhat resembling that of the conventional heart. It has sometimes been called Baptist pond because most of those living near it were of that religious denomination.
The western bank of the Concord or Musketaquid river, where the English made their earliest settlements on the old Indian pasture, known later as the Wamesit Purchase, bounded "a plot of ground much resembling a heater," says Allen, "which gave rise to the name of Concord River Neck." "The Great Neck, or Neck Land, so called, includes the whole Indian planta- tion, lying northeast of original Chelmsford and between Concord river and Merrimack river. Concord River Neck lies between River Meadow brook and Concord river, extending southwest to the line between Chelmsford and the Indian plantation."
.
633
TOPOGRAPHY
Golden Cove (found in the Town records as early as 1688) is an ancient name for the locality where the brook of that name is crossed by the road to Lowell, but its origin is obscure. The sand which covered the bottom of the old fordway; the yellow lilies once numerous there; a story that the Indians had found gold there; these are some of the vague attempts to account for the name.
In 1660, a highway was laid out to "Verjeniah."
In 1716, "Voted that a hy way between Chelmsford and Concord shall be laid out by verginea meddows." (See Map No. 11.)
Merrimack plain was the name of the northwestern part of Newfield, and included all the land northwest of Deep brook.
Carolina plain, or South Carolina plain, as it once appears in the records, lies near Golden Cove. (See Map No. 11.) So called as early as 1720.
Frances hill should be thus spelled. In 1664, Solomon Keyes of Newbury took up his residence on a piece of land on the north side of this hill, and named the hill for his wife, who was Frances Grant, and whom he married the preceding year. He was the first premanent settler in what is now Westford.
Hills: Robin's, Frances, Chestnut, Drum, Flatt, Walnut, Tadmuck, Millstone, Ridge, Bare or Bear, Pine, Huckleberry, Rocky, Fort, Providence, Nashoba, Kissacook, Railtree, Rattlesnake, Sawpit, Black Brook, Meeting House, Wamesit Meeting House, Steven's, Proctor.
Ponds: Heart, Long Sought For, Round, Long, Nabnasset, Annanniesumsick (Newfield), Nonsuch, Providence, Keyes' (north part of Westford), Flushing, Birge's.
A region called Texas is in the southern part of what is now Westford.
Farther Tadmuck and Hither Tadmuck are swamps on the east side of Westford.
Little Tadmuck is in Westford, toward Chamberlain's corner, region around the east burying ground. Great Tadmuck meadow and plain in southwest part of Westford.
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