USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Saugus > Town annual report of Saugus 1933 > Part 9
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(17) Cutting of Floor Framing For Pipes. In running pipes, conduits, wires, etc., no floor joist, header or trimmer shall be cut into more than two inches in depth or more than two feet from its support.
(18) Distance of Woodwork From Hot Air and Smoke Ducts or Pipes. No woodwork shall be placed at less than one
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inch from all ducts, flues, or pipes used or intended to be used to convey heated air.
(19) Shingles. No fire resisting shingles or roofing shall be laid over the wooden shingles of any roof.
CHAPTER VIII. LIGHT AND VENTILATION.
(1) No water-closet or toilet shall be placed in any room, or apartment in any building that has not sufficient light and direct communication with the external air either by window of not less than three square feet or air shaft, door or venti- lator sufficient to provide proper ventilation. On approval of the Inspector of Buildings and the Board of Health of plans submitted, toilets with artifical light and ventilation, giving twelve changes of air per hour, may be installed.
CHAPTER IX. MEANS OF EGRESS.
,(1) EGRESS. Every building shall have with reference to its height, condition, construction, surrounding, character of occupation and number of occupants, reasonable means of egress in case of fire, satisfactory to the Inspector of Buildings.
(See also District Police Regulations)
(2) GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. In addition to the provis- ions of statute and of state and metropolitan regulations, the District Police regulations and Fire Prevention Commissioner's Regulations, the requirements of this Division shall apply to all buildings except one, two and three family dwellings, group houses, tenement houses, garages, stables and barns.
(3) SCHOOL HOUSES. See State District Police Regula- tions.
(4) THEATRES, MOVING PICTURE HOUSES, OPERA HOUSE AND MUSIC HALLS. See District Police Regulations.
(5) CLOSET PROHIBITED UNDER STAIRS. Except in single houses, garages, stables and barns, the space beneath any stairway shall be left entirely open or be completely enclosed without door or other opening.
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CHAPTER X. MATERIALS, LOADS AND STRESSES,
(1) Quality of Materials. All materials shall be of such quality for the purpose for which they are to be used as to insure ample safety and security to life and limb and the neighboring property. The Inspector of Buildings shall have power to reject all materials which in his opinion are unsuit- able and may require tests to be made by the architect, builder or owner at their own expense to determine the strength of the structural materials before or after they are incorporated in a building and may require certified copies of the results of tests made elsewhere from the architect, builder or owner to determine the strength of the structural materials.
(2) Second Hand Material. Second hand structural mater- ials shall not be used without the approval of the Inspector of Buildings. All materials shall be free from imperfections whereby the strength may be impaired,
(3) Brick. All brick shall be hard, true shaped and well made. Old brick shall be thoroughly cleaned before being re- used.
(4) Portland Cement. Cement shall conform to the speci- fications adopted by the American Society for Testing Mater- ials, shall be tested by the methods recommended by the Amer- ican Society of Civil Engineers and must be fresh and free from lumps.
Portland Cement only shall be used where cement is required by the provisions of these ordinances.
In proportioning concrete or mortar, one barrel of cement of not less than 376 pounds net weight shall be considered as four cubic feet, or one bag of not less than 94 pounds net weight shall be considered one cubic foot.
(5) Sand. All sand used in mortar or concrete shall be clean, coarse, sharp, grit sand, free from loam or dirt and satisfactory to the Inspector of Buildings.
In proportioning materials for mortar or concrete, the quan- tities of sand and stone shall be determined by measure, and the cement and sand thoroughly mixed before adding water.
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TOWN DOCUMENTS.
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(6) Retempered Materials. All concrete and mortar shall be used immediately after mixing and no retempered concrete shall be used.
(7) Mortars. Cement mortar shall consist of one part cement to not more than three parts sand, and hydrated lime may be added to an amount not exceeding ten per cent of the quantity of cement.
Cement and lime mortar shall consist of one part cement, one part lime Putty and not more than three parts sand to each whole part of cement and lime.
(8) New Type of Material. No type or combination of structural material not herein provided for, shall be used in any structure until it has been tested and found to fulfill the minimum conditions and tests required by this Division for materials used for a like purpose.
The owner, architect or builder may be required to furnish at his own expense satisfactory tests of the strength or capac- ity of any structural materials not defined in this Division or of any material which is proposed to use in any structure.
(9) Dead Loads. Dead Loads shall consist of the weight of the walls, floors, roofs and partitions.
The weights of various materials shall be assumed as follows:
Birch
lbs. per cubic foot 42
Brickwork 120
Cinder filling, cement coated 72
Concrete, cinder, structural 108
Concrete stone 144
Granite 168
Limestone 150
Maple 42
Marble
168
Oak
48
Pine, yellow
42
Sandstone
144
Spruce
30
Terra cotta, architectural, voids unfilled 72
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Terra cotta, architectural, voids filled 120 Plastering on metal lath, exclusive of
furring, per square foot 8
(10) Floor Loads. Every permit shall state the purpose for which the building is to be used, and all floors and stairs shall be of sufficient strength to bear safely the weight to be imposed thereon in addition to the dead load, but shall support a minimum uniformly distributed live load per square foot as specified in the following table:
CLASS OF BUILDING. lbs per square foot 100
Armories, Assembly halls and gymnasiums
Fire Houses :
Apparatus floors 150
Residence and stable floors 50
Garages, private, not more than two cars 75
Garages, public 150
Grandstands 100
Hotels, lodging houses, boarding houses, clubs, con- vents, hospitals, asylums and detention buildings :
Public portions 75
Residence portions 40
Manufacturing :
Heavy 250
Light 125
Office Buildings :
First floors 125
All other floors 60
Public Buildings :
Public portion 100
Office portion 75
Residence buildings, including porches 40
Schools and colleges : Assembly halls 100
Classrooms, never to be used as assembly halls 50
Sidewalks 250
or 8,000 pounds concentrated, whichever
gives greatest moment or shear.
Stables, public or mercantile :
Street entrance floors 150
Feed room 150
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TOWN DOCUMENTS. [Dec. 31
Carriage room 50
Stall room 50
Stairs, corridors, and fire escapes from armories, as-
sembly halls and gymnasiums 100
Stairs, corridors, and fire escapes except from armo-
ries, assembly halls and gymnasiums 75
Storage :
Heavy 250
Light 125
Stores :
Retail 100
Wholesale 250
(11) Special Loads. The Building inspector may require design for heavier loads than the above minimum values if in his judgment the purpose of the building or vibrating machinery requires it. For buildings and structures not in the above table, the Inspector of Buildings shall establish live loads.
(12) Existing Buildings. The Inspector of Buildings may prescribe the maximum loads which may be imposed upon the floors of existing buildings.
(13) Posting of Loads. In every mercantile building the allowable live load, as approved by the Inspector of Buildings, shall be marked on metal plates and posted and maintained in conspicuous places on each floor to which they relate.
(14) Load requirements Limits. Every plank, slab and arch, and every floor beam carrying one hundred square feet of floor or less, shall be of sufficient strength to bear safely the combined dead and live load supported by it, but the floor live loads may be reduced for other parts of the structure in accordance with paragraph (15) of this section.
(15) Live Load Reductions.
(a) In all buildings except armories, garages, gymna- siums, storage buildings, wholesale stores and assembly halls, for all flat slabs over two hundred square feet in area, rein- forced in two or more directions and for all floor beams, gird- ers or trusses carrying over two hundred square feet of floor, ten per cent reduction.
(b) For the same, but carrying over three hundred square feet of floor, 15 per cent reduction.
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(c) For the same, but carrying over four hundred square feet of floor, twenty-five per cent reduction.
(d) These reductions shall not be made if the member carries more than one floor and therefore has its live load re- duced according to the table below.
(e) In public garages, for all flat slabs of over three hun- dred square feet area reinforced in more than one direction, and for all floor beams, girders and trusses, carrying over three hundred square feet of floor, and for all columns, walls, piers and foundations, twenty-five per cent reduction.
(f) In all buildings except storage buildings, wholesale stores and public garages, for all columns, girders, trusses, walls, piers and foundations, the total live loads may be re- duced as follows :
Carrying one floor-no reduction.
Carrying two floors-10 per cent reduction.
Carrying three floors-20 percent reduction.
Carrying four floors-30 per cent reduction.
(16) Roof Loads. Roofs shall be designed to support safe- ly minimum live loads as follows :
(a) Roofs with pitch of four inches or less per foot, a vertical load of forty pounds per square foot of horizontal pro- jections applied to half or to the whole of the roof.
(b) Roofs with pitch of more than four inches and not more than eight inches per foot, a vertical load of fifteen pounds per square foot of horizontal projection and a wind load of ten pounds per square foot of surface acting at right angles to one slope, these two loads being assumed to act either together or separately.
(c) Roofs with pitch of more than eight inches and not more than twelve inches per foot, a vertical load of ten pounds per square foot of horizontal projection and a wind load of fifteen pounds per square foot of surface acting at right angles to one slope, these two leads being assumed to act either to- gether or separately.
(d) Roofs with pitch of more than twelve inches per foot, a vertical load of five pounds per square foot of horizontal projection and a wind load of twenty pounds per square foot of surface acting at right angles to one slope, these two loads being assumed to act either together or separately.
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(17) ALLOWABLE WORKING STRESSES
KIND OF TIMBER
BENDING
SHEARING
Extreme fibre stress
Modulus of elasticity
Parallel to Grain
Perp. to Grain
Parallel to Grain
Columns under 15 diameters
COMPRESSION Columns over 15 diameters I
Long Leaf Pine
1,500
1,610,000
180
260
1,300
980
1300
I-60d
I
Short Leaf Pine
1,100
1,480,000
170
170
1,100
830
1300
I-60d I
White Pine
900
1,130,000
100
150
1,000
750
1000
I-60d
I
Spruce
1,000
1,310,000
150
180
1,100
830
1000
I-60d
I
White Oak
1,100
1,150,000
210
450
1,300
980
1300 I-60d
I
Chestnut
1,100
1,000,000
150
250
1,300
980
1000 I-60d
Northern Fir
Unit stresses for fir to be determined by test. Fir is not to be taken at over 800.
The extreme stress for Northern
I-length in inches.
d-Least transverse dimension in inches.
TOWN DOCUMENTS.
[Dec. 31
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(18) £ Wooden Columns. No wooden column shall have an unsupported length exceeding thirty times its least transverse dimension.
(19) Timber Quality. All timber used for structural pur- poses shall be sound, well milled, close grained, free from wind shakes, loose, decayed or pitch knots, or knots or other de- fects that will materially impair its strength and durability. In calculating the stresses in all timbers actual sizes shall be used.
(20) Stresses for Masonry. The following table contains the maximum allowable stresses for masonry. Granite with dressed beds, laid in cement mortar 800
Marble with dressed beds, laid in cement mortar 600
Limestone with dressed beds, laid in cement mortar 600 Sandstone with dressed beds, laid in cement mortar 400 Brickwork laid in cement mortar 250
Brickwork laid in cement and lime mortar Coursed granite rubble, laid in cement mortar
208
200
Ordinary rubble, laid in cement mortar
120
Ordinary rubble, laid in cement and lime mortar
100
Ordinary rubble, laid in lime and cement mortar
80
Ordinary rubble, laid in lime mortar 1
60
Concrete blocks, net bearing area
111
Terra cotta tile 250
(21) Concrete Blocks. All concrete blocks at the age of twenty-eight days shall have developed an average of 1,000 pounds ultimate compressive strength per square inch of gross sectional area of block, as used in wall, and shall not fall below 700 pounds per square inch in any test when testing at least six ordinary samples. For the purpose of such test the gross cross sectional area shall be considered as the product of the length times the width of the block. No allowance shall be made for such block shall not exceed 100 pounds per gross square inch.
(22) Cast Stone. Portland cement cast stone may be used as a substitute for natural stone. Such cast stone shall have a crushing strength of not less than 2,000 pounds per square inch, and an absorption of not more than four per cent. Pro-
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TOWN DOCUMENTS.
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per reinforcement must be provided, and provisions made for anchoring each stone.
(23) Sustaining Power of Soils. The safe sustaining power of soils and the required dimensions and the safe carry- ing capacity of each piece of material and of each form of con- struction shall be computed according to the following table :-
The safe sustaining power of soils and the required dimens- ions and the safe carrying capacity of each piece of material and of each form of construction shall be computed according to the standard prescribed in the following tables of this div- ision supplanted by such as may be required by the Inspector of Buildings.
(24) Testing of Soils. The Inspector of Buildings may order that the sustaining power of the soil be tested by and at the expense of the owner of the proposed structure. Where a test is to be made of the sustaining power of the soil the In- spector of Buildings shall be so notified.
(25) Maximum Load on Soils. When no tests are required the area of footings shall be so proportioned so that the load per square foot on the respective soils shall not exceed those given in the following table :
SUSTAINING VALUE OF SOILS
Tons per square foot
Soft clay, protected against lateral displacement
2
Ordinary clay
4
Fine grained wet sand (confined)
Dry sand and clay 4
4
Sand compact and well cemented 4
Firm coarse sand and gravel
6
Hard pan and shale 10
Solid ledge 100
CHAPTER XI. CONSTRUCTION. MASONRY.
(1) Workmanship. All work shall be done in a workman- like manner and shall be satisfactory to the Inspector of Build- ings.
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(2) Excavations. Every excavation shall be properly guarded and protected by the person responsible therefor, in such manner as may be approved by the Inspector of Build- ings.
(3) Footings. Shall be so designed that the loads will be as nearly uniform as possible and not in excess of the safe bearing capacity of the soil. Footings or base course for brick or concrete buildings shall not be less than twelve inches thick. Where metal is incorporated or forms a part of a footing or foundation, it shall be thoroughly embedded in concrete and must be placed at least three inches from any face.
Footing courses of stone or concrete are required under the foundation walls of all first or second class buildings. These footing courses shall not be less than four inches wider than the bottom of said foundation wall and not less than twelve inches thick.
(4) Pile Foundation.
(a) Wooden Piles. Wooden piles shall be of approved timber. They shall be sound and straight. The diameter at the butt shall be not less than 10 inches, and the diameter at the point shall not be less than five inches. Any pile over 20 feet in length shall not be less than 12 inches at the butt. The minimum distance between piles shall be two feet.
(b) Piles shall be driven to refusal if possible, and the method of driving shall be such as not to impair their strength. The maximum load carried by a pile driven through firm soil to rock or hard pan shall be computed by multiplying the av- erage of cross section in inches by 500 pounds ; but in no case shall such load exceed 15 tons. Piles driven through loose wet soil to solid rock or hard pan, shall be figured as columns un- supported laterally for their entire length.
(c) The safe sustaining power of a pile not driven to re- fusal which shall in no case exceed 10 tons, shall be determined by calculations based upon the following formula :
L- 2WH P I
in which
L-the allowable load in tons (maximum 10 tons) .
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W-the weight of the hammer in tons.
H-the fall of the hammer in feet (maximum 15 feet) .
P-the average penetration in inches under the last three blows after the pile has sunk to a point where succes- sive blows produce approximately equal penetrations.
The Inspector of Buildings shall be notified before any test is made of the sustaining power of piles, so that he may be present or represented thereat.
(d) The sustaining power of wooden piles driven by steam or pneumatic hammers or by jetting shall be determined by test as directed by the Inspector of Buildings.
(e) The tops of all piles shall be cut off on a level to insure constant immersion; in the piling for concrete or brick build- ings, there shall not be less than two rows under all external or party walls and they shall be spaced not over three feet on centers in the direction of the length of the wall. In piling for foundations of frame building, the piles may be staggered along the length of the wall and shall be spaced not over three feet on centers.
(f) Under frame buildings piles may be capped with tim- bers; the timbers shall be sound wood, not less than six inches thick and properly joined together. The tops of all such tim- bers shall be below the level of mean low water.
(5) Buildings on Piers, Etc. Buildings of third class con- struction not to be used as dwellings may be built on piers.
Corner piers shall be not less than twelve inches square and the intermediate piers not less than eight inches square. All footings of piers shall be started at least 3 feet 6 inches' below the surface of the ground exposed to frost and all footings shall be of solid masonry construction laid on solid piles or grillage; and if of stone, brick or concrete block construction, shall be laid in Portland cement mortar. Buildings may be laid on wood piles if in the opinion of the Inspector of Build- ings it is impractical to use masonry piers.
(6) Foundations and Foundation Walls. Every building or structure of first and second class construction and build- ings of third class construction to be used as dwellings here-
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after built in the Town of Saugus shall have a foundation resting on solid ground, piles, concrete or grillage or other base of sufficient strength to properly sustain the imposed weight and at least 31/2 feet below the level of the ground exposed to frost.
Foundation walls shall be built of stone, plain or reinforced concrete, brick or hollow block masonry.
Below the finished grade, foundation walls built of stone shall be not less than 24 inches thick at the bottom nor less than 20 inches thick at the finished grade, and in buildings of third class construction may be laid dry and pointed up on the inside with Portland cement mortar. Foundation walls of stone for buildings of first and second class construction must be laid in cement mortar below the finished grade. Foundation walls of stone must have sufficient headers extending through the wall so that it shall be properly bonded.
Foundation walls built of square stone with dressed level beds shall be of the same thickness as a brick foundation wall and shall be laid in cement mortar.
Below the finished grade, foundation walls of brick shall be at least 16 inches thick and shall be laid in cement mortar.
Below the finished grade foundation walls of plain or rein- forced concrete shall be at least 12 inches thick.
Below the finished grade foundation of hollow block mason- ry shall be at least 12 inches thick and laid in cement mortar.
(7) Underpinnings. Brick underpinnings for buildings not over two stories high shall be not less than eight inches thick, and under buildings of three or more stories in height shall be 12 inches thick their entire height, laid in cement and lime mortar.
Underpinnings of hollow block masonry shall be not less than eight inches, laid in cement and lime mortar.
Underpinnings of stone, except squared stone with level beds shall be not less than 16 inches thick, laid in cement and lime mortar. The thickness of squared stones with level dressed beds shall be not less than 12 inches.
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TOWN DOCUMENTS.
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Brick underpinnings for buildings not over two stories high shall be not less than 8 inches thick and under buildings of three or more stories high shall be not less than 12 inches thick.
(8) Protection Against Freezing. No masonry shall be built when the temperature is below 28 degrees F. on a rising temperature, or 32 degrees on a falling temperature, at the point where the work is in progress. No frozen materials shall be built upon. Lime shall not be used in any mortar in freezing weather in excess of ten per cent of the cement content.
(9) Wetting Brick. Bricks shall be thoroughly wet just previous to being laid, except in freezing weather, when they shall be thoroughly dry.
(10) Erection of Walls and Piers. Masonry building walls and piers shall be built to a line and carried up plumb. In each story, the walls shall be carried up full thickness to the top of the beams above. No wall of any building shall be built up more than two stories in advance of any other portion of the walls of the building, provided that where walls are car- ried independently by beams or girders at each floor, this pro- vision shall not apply. All walls meeting at an angle shall be securely toothed and bonded together, or shall be thoroughly tied together at vertical intervals of five feet by two by one- half inch or larger painted steel or iron ties at least three feet long.
(11) Piers. All piers shall be built of stone, concrete, or good hard brick laid in cement mortar. Every pier support- ing any beam, girder, arch, lintel, or column shall have a cap or a cast iron plate when necessary to properly distribute the load. Isolated piers, when unsupported laterally by earth shall not exceed in height 20 times their least dimensions. The use of monolithic stone posts for the support of columns, girders, or walls, is prohibited unless their lengths are one less than twice their minimum thickness.
(12) Supports. Buildings shall be supported in cellars and basements by suitable columns on proper footings or by masonry piers. Porches and piazzas shall be supported in a similar manner. Brick piers under main girders shall not be
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SPECIAL TOWN MEETING.
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less than 12 inches square if over seven feet high and no piers shall be less than 8 x 12 inches.
(13) Brick Masonry. All brick work shall be laid with full mortar joints in-
(a) English, or modified English bond, having at least every eighth course a full bearing course of whole brick.
(b) Flemish bond, having at least every fourth course of whole brick headers alternating with stretchers throughout the course.
(c) Running bond of face brick, having at least every eighth course of alternate full headers and stretchers.
(14) Party Walls, Etc. In the erection of wooden buildings in blocks of two houses, if more than two stories high, or in two story houses if in blocks, of more than two houses, to be occupied for dwelling purposes, the said buildings shall have brick or concrete party walls; for houses of more than two stories to be not less than 12 inches thick to top of first floor and eight inches thick above first floor, and for houses of two stories not less than eight inches thick to top of second floor, and carried up to under side of roof boards; and there shall be a space of four inches between the roof boards of adjacent buildings resting upon the same wall; such space shall be filled solid with mortar to top surface of roof boards. Two story double houses shall have either party walls as prescribed for two-story houses, in blocks of more than two houses, or shall have wood party walls with fire-proof masonry filling between studs and between floor joists resting on party walls. Twelve inch walls shall be required in all cases where walls are re- quired to carry floor joists.
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